Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              H. AVI AUUUbl, iai
ii. xvi Aiimixi. mi
Vol. XVI AUGUST, 1915 No. 188
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT
Director of the Laboratories
CONTENTS
PACK
Report upon the Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants 155
Exploration in Western South America 172
Late Summer Lectures, 1915 175
Notes, News and Comment . 175
Accessions 176
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XVI August, 1915 No. 188
REPORT UPON THE CULTIVATION OF DRUG AND
DYE PLANTS
DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, PRES.,
Sir:— I have the honor to submit the following report, on
behalf of the Scientific Directors:
Upon being notified by the Director- in- Chief that the Board
of Managers had referred to the Scientific Directors for investi­gation
the general subject of the cultivability for commercial
purposes, in the vicinity of New York, of standard medicinal
and dye plants, I prepared a list of all the foreign and domestic
drugs which are pretty certain to do well under cultivation in
the region in question, and which at the same time show some
possibility of being sufficiently important and valuable to justify
the procedure.
Another list was made of those which, although not certain to
grow here, appeared likely to do so.
These lists were submitted to the Bureau of Plant Industry of
the United States Department of Agriculture, to ascertain
whether their studies and experience counter- indicated any of
my assumptions, and I was informed that they did not.
Following a general discussion of the subject of drug produc­tion,
each of these plants was discussed briefly, as to its impor­tance
and value and the proper soil and other conditions for its
[ Journal for July ( 16: 123- 154) was issued Aug. 7, 1915]
155
156
growth. At the end of each item was added a reference to the
publication or publications of the Department of Agriculture
and the page thereof where that subject is treated.
A list was then secured of all publications of the Department
of Agriculture which bear on this general subject and an attempt
was made to secure them. All that were available for free dis­tribution
were asked for and obtained. Those which could be
obtained only by purchase were ordered from the Bureau of
Publications and were paid for in advance. Most of them have
been received and the others are promised as soon as the stock
is renewed. These publications, together with the list of those
still to be obtained, were placed in the library for deposit in a
pamphlet box devoted to this subject. This list was suppli-mented
by a rather complete bibliographical list compiled by
Mr. F. B. Kilmer of the scientific staff of Messrs. Johnson &
Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Most of those not
obtainable are already in the library as parts of the regular series
of Department publications, so that the references to them in
the list referred to will make it possible for them to be consulted.
An attempt was also made, and is now in progress, to secure
other documents on the subject, and these will be placed in the
same file.
It now seems desirable to continue this study during the
summer, and also to follow the experiments which are being
made by several of our managers, and to present an illustrated
lecture based thereon, on the cultivation of medicinal plants in
the vicinity of New York, in our fall or winter course of public
lectures.
Public interest in the cultivation of drugs in the United States
is steadily and rapidly increasing. It affects various classes of
people and is dependent upon various considerations, some of
which are sound, while others are quite the reverse. Among
the large number of persons who have communicated with me
on this subject during the past decade, by far the greater number
are those who have had little or no personal acquaintance with
agriculture, although many of them have carried on small horti-
157
cultural operations at their homes. They include pharmacists,
physicians and business men with country places, but mostly
people who have lived in the city and have removed thence to
the country, and desire to engage in some form of cultivation of
the soil. They would not think of engaging in the production
of ordinary farm crops, because of the much labor involved and
the smallness and uncertainty of the returns. Very often, too,
they disdain so commonplace an occupation as " farming."
They would be glad to engage in fruit- raising, but realize that
it requires knowledge and experience that they do not possess.
What they desire is some form of soil tillage that means quick
and large profits, with no risk and just enough light and pleasant
labor to constitute a rural recreation.
All such persons may count upon a certain failure from their
attempts to grow drugs for profit. It must be understood that
methods for the cultivation of each drug have to be worked
out by painstaking experiment, based upon a thorough knowl­edge
of the habits and requirements of the plant in its natural
habitat. Success in the cultivation of ordinary farm- crops,
the methods of which have been established by centuries of
experience, requires personal knowledge, experience and care,
and this is true to a much greater extent of the cultivation of
drugs of which comparatively little is known by anyone.
On the other hand, there are excellent reasons why the culti­vation
of certain drug plants should be developed in this country,
and there is good reason to believe that in some cases this can
be done with profit to those undertaking it. Those who engage
in this work must select drugs with knowledge of the following
subjects:
1. That there is a steady and reasonably large demand for
the product.
2. That the soil and climate where it is to be cultivated are
adapted to its growth.
3. That they are sufficiently familiar with its individual re­quirements
to be able to grow it successfully.
158
4. That its market price is such as to leave a profit over the
cost of producing and marketing it.
Upon the last consideration, the following facts have an im­portant
bearing.
The enforcement of modern federal and state drug statutes
have put an end to the use of spurious, adulterated and badly
collected, cured and preserved drugs. This has had the effect
of generally advancing prices. It has had the more important
effect of compelling the dealer and manufacturer to be cautious
in his acceptance of stocks offered him, and has largely increased
the possibility of his becoming saddled with something that he
cannot use. Both his convenience and safety are thus promoted
by being able to purchase an article of the identity, purity and
quality of which there is no question. This gives to the culti­vator
a great advantage over the collector of the wild product
in finding a sale and in getting a good price.
The supply of wild product is always uncertain. Crops often
fail, owing to natural conditions of growth, some new condition
that directs the labor of collectors into new lines, an unsatis­factory
result in the preceding season and a variety of accidents.
This establishes conditions favorable to a speculative market,
which always works to the disadvantage of the regular merchant
or manufacturer. For this reason again, the cultivator of drugs
would be given the preference, since it would be possible to con­tract
with him for supplies in advance of production.
Again, there are good reasons for believing that by the same
processes of selecting, hybridizing, breeding and cultivating
that have done so much for other vegetable products, the medici­nal
activity of drugs may be increased, so that a given amount
will bring a higher price.
At such a time as the present, when the European war has
interefered very seriously with the supply of many drugs, our
attention is specially drawn to the above facts. In the notes
which follow regarding particular drugs, all these considerations
have received due attention. Besides the drugs proper, I in­clude
a number of products which are rather condimental than
medicinal in their general use.
159
Products Known to be Capable of Easy and Successful Culture
near New York
BURDOCK ROOT, Arctium Lappa L., and other species of Arctium.
Has an enormous medicinal use, notwithstanding that it is
practically inactive; to be grown in rich soil, where ordinary
root crops would thrive. Grow from seed; the rows 2 feet apart
and plants a foot apart in the row; gather in the fall. ( Farmers'
Bull. 663: 16; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 64.)
CIMICIFUGA, Cimicifuga racemosa ( L.) Nutt.
Seeds probably cannot be bought, and must be collected in
the fall from our woodlands, where the plant abounds. Cultivate
in rich sandy loam, plants 2 feet apart. It is not likely that the
results would be financially profitable. The underground
portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 35.)
SYMPHYTUM or COMFREY, Symphytum officinale L.
Plant in rows 2 feet apart, plants 1 foot apart in tow; requires
rich light soil; profit doubtful; demand light. The underground
portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 57.)
SENEGA, Polygaia Senega L.
Seeds must be collected, as they are not commercial. Plant
in light loamy soil, rows a foot apart, plants 3 inches apart in
row, would probably be profitable. The roots are used. ( Far­mers'
Bull. 663: 33.)
DANDELION, Taraxacum Taraxacum ( L.) Karsten.
The wild plant in this country does not produce roots of good
size and quality. Cultivation would probably do so, but the
price is so low that it is doubtful if it would pay. Should be
grown about like carrots. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 22; Bur. Plant
Industry, Bull. 107: 60.)
DIGITALIS, Digitalis purpurea L.
Very largely used and fair prices paid; demand for drug of
fine quality strong. Plant seed in drills and transplant to field
when well established; set in rows 2 feet apart, plants 18 inches
apart in rows; gather leaves when plant is beginning to bloom
160
and dry carefully in shade. ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull, i : 202 and 206;
Farmers' Bull. 663: 22.)
ACONITE, Aconitum Napellus L.
Very largely used, but price rather low; a fair return might
be expected. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, six inches apart in
rows; collect tubers in fall of second year; dry carefully, to avoid
mouldiness; rich, light loam preferable.
CRAMP BARK, Viburnum Opulus L.
The common Snow- ball shrub is the cultivated form of this
species, which is common in a wild state in the northern United
States and Canada, and known as " High- bush Cranberry."
The bark is largely used. For years the entire market supply
has been spurious ( Acer spicatum Lam.): The drug authorities
will certainly stop the use of the latter and a demand for the
genuine will grow up. An article known to be authentic should
find a good market, at a fair price, the collection of the wild bark
in quantity being difficult. It grows best in swamps where
spring freshets overflow the land. It is a tall shrub, forming
thickets.
CHENOPODIUM or AMERICAN WORMSEED, C. ambrosioides L.
or C. anthelminticum L.
Would probably pay well; seeds easily obtained and plants
would grow well in almost any soil. Cultivate about like bush
beans; seeds must be threshed off like grain. ( Farmers' Bull.
663: 37; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 535; Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agric. 26: 4.)
CANADIAN HEMP, Apocynum cannabinum L.
It is almost impossible to get the genuine and pure drug from
wild sources. Demand is moderate, but there would be sale
for a fair amount. Plant 1 foot apart, in rows 2 feet apart.
The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull.
107: 55-)
ANGELICA, Angelica Archangelica L.
This is a very profitable crop in Europe, but I do not know of
any attempts to grow it here. It is worth a trial. Seeds easily
161
obtained from Europe; plant in rich soil, in rows 3 feet apart,
plants one foot apart in row. Both the underground portion
and the fruits are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 14.)
LOVAGE, Levisticum Levisticum ( L.) Lyons.
Remarks made concerning Angelica apply to this, but only
the roots are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 28.)
AMERICAN GREEN HELLEBORE, Veratrum viride Ait.
A profitable industry could probably be developed. Seeds
esaily collected; requires deep, moist soil; swamp- lands could be
utilized for the purpose. The underground portion is used.
( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 18.)
BLUE FLAG, Iris versicolor L.
It is so abundant and cheap that it is doubtful if its cultivation
would pay, but it could be grown similarly to the last preceding.
The underground portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 16.)
UNICORN ROOT, Aletris farinosa L.
Largely used; wild supply abundant and cheap, but very
liable to admixture of other things. It is doubtful if it would
pay. Plant 3 inches apart, in rows a foot apart. Collect
rhizomes with roots, in fall. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 13; Bur.
Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 19.)
CONVALLARIA, Convallaria majalis L.
Very easily grown in any light soil. Allow it to form a dense
bed and then uproot it, leaving enough roots for reproduction.
The underground portion is used. Largely used and would
probably pay.
VALERIAN, Valeriana officinalis L.
Would probably pay well; is enormously used; grow in any
good soil; plant a foot apart in rows 2 feet apart. The under­ground
portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 36.)
CAULOPHYLLUM, Caulophyllum thalictroides ( L.) Michx.
Not very much used and very cheap and abundant. Would
probably not pay, but easily grown, like cimicifuga. The
underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107:
37-)
162
HYDRASTIS, Hydrastis Canadensis L.
Largely used, extremely scarce and very high- priced; difficult
to grow and requires great care, by methods already well- defined
by the Bureau of Plant Industry. One willing to take the neces­sary
amount of trouble, would probably make very large profits.
( Farmers' Bull. 663: 25; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905:
534; Bur. Plant Industry, Circular 6; Bull. 107: 31).
GINSENG, Panax quinquefolius L.
Remarks concerning Hydrastis apply to this also. ( Farmers'
Bull. 663: 24; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 49; Farmers'
Bull. 551.)
FRANGULA BARK, Rhamnus Frangula L.
Can be easily grown in swamp lands, replacing ordinary
brook- alder; bark abundant and cheap, but very liable to ad­mixture
with other barks which are hard to distinguish. Manu­facturers
would probably welcome supplies from cultivators,
of known quality.
PEPPERMINT and SPEARMINT, Mentha piperita L. and M. spicata L,
Already established in cultivation on a large scale in this
country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 31 and 34; Bur. Plant Industry,
Bull. 90; 19; 219: 28 and 29.)
MUSTARD, Sinapis alba L. and Brassica nigra ( L.) Koch.
European supplies so abundant and cheap that cultivation
here is a matter of close competition, but there is no good reason
why it should not succeed. ( Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 6.
and 7.)
STRAMONIUM, Datura Stramonium L.
Grows readily in waste- lands, on ash dumps and in similar
places; demand large, but price very low. It is worth a trial.
The leaves should be collected in the late summer and dried in
the shade. ( Journ. Indust. & Eng. Chem. 5: ( Dec. 1913); 8th
Int. Cong. Appl. Chem. 17: 57; Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 156 and
108: Farmers' Bull. 663: 35; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905:
535; Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 13; Bur. Plant Industry Bull.
219: 30.)
WW
163
HOREHOUND, Marrubium vulgare L.
Imported in enormous quantities; grows easily in almost any
soil and would probably pay fairly well; plant a foot apart, in
rows 3 feet apart; collect the entire above- ground portion of the
plant when in full flower and dry quickly. ( Farmers' Bull. 663:
26; Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 219: 23.)
SERPENTARIA or VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT, Aristolochia Serpentaria
L. and A. reticulata Nutt.
Since this region formerly yielded considerable of this drug
in a wild state, there is no doubt that it would flourish here.
There is a large demand for it at good prices, and it is very apt
to contain other roots, as it is received from the native collectors.
It should be grown in a sandy loam. Seeds are probably not
purchasable, and must be collected. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 107:
26; Farmers' Bull. 663: 34.)
Promising Drugs
The following could probably be cultivated successfully about
New York, though there is not sufficient evidence to justify a
positive statement.
BELLADONNA ROOT and LEAVES, Atropa Belladonna L.
These are exceedingly important drugs, being used in enor­mous
quantity and being indispensable in medicine. Even
before the European war, it was quite difficult to secure them in
sufficient supply, and they are now almost unobtainable.
Efforts to grow them in the neighborhood of San Francisco
have met with perfect success, the product being of superior
quality, bringing a high price and yielding a handsome profit.
Efforts to grow it at New Brunswick, New Jersey, have not been
found commercially successful up to the present, although the
attempt has not been abandoned. The plants should have an
ordinary light rich soil, and should be set 2 feet apart in rows 4
feet apart. ( Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 538; Journ.
Agricultural Research No. 2 ( Nov. 20, 1913); Jour. Indust.
& Eng. Chem. 6 ( June 1914); Am. Jour. Phar. 79: 523; Proc.
A. Ph. A. 57: 833; Pac. Phar. 5: 157; 6: 159; 7: 332; Eli Lilly Sci.
164
Bull, i : 169; Farmers' Bull. 663: 15; Yearbook, U. S. Dept.
Agric. 1905: 538; Journ. Agric. Res. No. 2. ( Nov. 20, 1913.)
SPIGELIA or PINK- ROOT, Spigelia Marilandica L.
Most of that supplied is either wholly spurious or largely
adulterated. The spurious is so closely similar to the genuine as
to cause extreme difficulty in the trade, microscopical examina­tion
being necessary to identification. A brand of known purity
and good quality would sell readily and at a high price. This
is the northern limit of its natural home, but it could doubtless
be cultivated successfully. It should be grown in a light sandy
loam. Seeds are probably not purchasable and must be collected.
The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 100:
5; 107: 52; Farmers' Bull. 663: 31.)
COLCHICUM, Colchicum autumnale L.
This is very largely used, both the seeds and the corm, and
could be sold in almost any quantity, although the price is low.
It is cultivated hereabout as a garden flower, and seeds and bulbs,
both of which are used medicinally, are readily obtainable. It
requires a rich light soil.
SAGE, Salvia officinalis L.
New York is rather far north for this plant to do well, but it
could doubtless be grown with fair success. The demand for it,
rather as a condiment than a drug, is unlimited, and it could
probably be grown at a profit. It requires a light rich soil.
The seeds could readily be obtained abroad, even if not in this
country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 33.)
THYME, Thymus vulgaris L.
The same remarks may be made regarding common garden
thyme as about the last mentioned. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 35.)
Origanum hirtum Link and 0. Onites L.
Both of these have the odor and taste of thyme, and both are
enormously imported and used as condiments, mostly under the
name of " thyme," although largely also as " origano." If they
can be grown hereabout, the business should be profitable. They
165
come from Austro- Hungary and Italy, so it is somewhat doubt­ful
if they would grow here. They do well in almost any soil.
ARNICA, Arnica montana L.
Both the rhizomes and flowers, but mostly the flowers, are
enormously used. The plant would doubtless grow well in
this section, in almost any soil, but the cost of labor would be
liable to prevent a profit. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 15.)
CASCARA SAGRADA, Rhamnus Purshiana DC.
This shrub grows well in the vicinity of Washington, D. C,
and does fairly well in the severe climate of Detroit. It would
doubtless do very well in the sandy soil of Long Island or New
Jersey. The amount of the bark that is annually used is almost
incredible, and the native supplies are being rapidly exhausted.
It must ultimately be cultivated. Seeds can readily be obtained
in the northwest, in August or September. It will grow well in
any soil. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 139: 38 and 39; Yearbook, U. S.
Dept. Agric. 1905, 534; Farmers' Bull. 663: 20.)
CAPSICUM or CAYENNE PEPPER, Capsicum fastigiatum Blume.
It is somewhat doubtful if this could be grown with a profit
in the vicinity of New York, but it could be made very profitable
in Florida, where it bears continuously. There is a limitless
demand for it. The native sources, in Zanzibar, as a result of
political and other changes, have become depleted, and there
will be an opportunity for others to supply it.
PYRETHRUM or INSECT FLOWERS, Chysanthemum cinerariifolium
( Irev.) Bocc.
The value of this crop is beyond question, if only we could
cultivate it successfully. At present the project is not practi­cable,
although some success has been attained in California.
( Farmers' Bull. 663: 26.)
CONIUM or POISON HEMLOCK, Conium maculatum L.
The fruit of this plant is used and is an important medicine.
The plant is grown in the field like wheat or rye, and is cut and
threshed like ordinary grain. Its culture in this country has
probably never been attempted. The commercial drug is very
166
liable to admixture and a clean and well- preserved article would
be well received. The great difficulty experienced in securing
conium of full activity would give a great advantage to the
producer of a perfectly reliable article. ( Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agriculture 26: 11; Farmers' Bull. 663: 21.)
ANISE, Pimpinella Anisum L.
This is a similar fruit to the last, closely related and grown
and harvested in the same way. It is rather doubtful if it
would do well so far north as New York.
ASPIDIUM or MALE FERN, Dryopteris Filix- mas ( L.) Schott.
This is a very important drug, and is largely used. The
commercial article is very poor, in most cases. A brand known
to be genuine and good would probably be taken, even at a high
price. It is a large fern, growing usually in rich mountain soil.
It would doubtless grow in any rich soil in this vicinity. ( Bur.
Pl. Ind. Bull. 107: 11.)
SANTONICA, Artemisia pauciflora ( Ledeb.) Weber.
This is the immature flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora
of Turkestan. It is rather doubtful if it will grow in this im­mediate
vicinity, but the experiment is worth trying, if seeds
can be obtained, which will be a matter of great difficulty. The
drug is used in enormous quantities for the extraction of its active
constituent, santonin. For two years past, the genuine has
been very scarce and high. Large shipments of a spurious
variety have been rejected and ordered reshipped out of the
country. The subject is one of great interest.
ERGOT, Claviceps purpurea ( Fries) Tulasne.
This is a parasitic fungus, replacing the grain of rye. A
pound of it is worth about as much as two bushels of rye. The
practicability of getting it established upon rye in this country
is problematical, although not very doubtful. Experiments
are well worth making.
CANNABIS INDICA, Cannabis sativa L.
This is a very largely used drug, but at present the use : s
permitted of only that grown in the East Indies. The question
167
of authorizing the use of that grown in the United States is now
being debated. Should this be done, its cultivation here should
be experimented with ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. I: 93; Farmers' Bull.
663: 19.)
CONE FLOWER, Brauneria pallida ( Nutt.) Britton.
This hardy perennial of the Kansas plains yields a root that
has come into enormous use during the last decade. The natural
supplies have become greatly reduced and the price high, and
cultivation would doubtless become profitable. It requires a
rich deep soil. The plants should be set about a foot apart, in
rows 2 feet apart. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 23.)
LARKSPUR, Delphinium, sps.
There is a steady, large and permanent demand for larkspur
seed for the destruction of body parasites. The plant grows
well in such soils as those of central Jersey and Long Island, but
the soil should be fairly well fertilized. Plant in rows 2 feet
apart. Harvest the pods before they burst open, or many seeds
will be lost.
CARAWAY, Carum Carni L.; CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum L.;
DtLL, Anethum graveolens L.; and FENNEL, Foeniculum
Foeniculum ( L.) Karsten.
All these fruits ( so- called seeds) are used in enormous quan­tities
and can hardly be produced in excessive amounts. They
are to be grown in drills, like grain, and similarly harvested.
Their cultivation is old and extensive and they are to be regarded
as staple farm crops. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 20, 21, 23, and 24).
Drug Plants the Cultivation of Which is Not Recommended
The following drug plants, although readily grown, would
probably be unprofitable, owing to the slight demand, to their
great abundance as weeds with a consequent low price, or to
some other factor.
CATNIP, Nepeta Cataria L., is a very common weed, is not
largely used, and sells at a very low price.
HENBANE, Hyoscyamus niger L., is very subject to the attacks
168
of insects. Since the herbage is the medicinal part, the use of
insecticides is not permissible.
ROMAN CHAMOMILE, Anthemis nobilis L., is now very little
used and the cost of production in this country would probably
be prohibitive.
GERMAN CHAMOMILE, Matricaria Chamomilla L., is very
largely used, but the cost of harvesting would doubtless be too
great.
CALENDULA or MARIGOLD, Calendula officinalis L. The last
statements will apply to this drug, also.
TANSY, Tanacetum vulgare L., is a common roadside weed and
can be collected at a price that would render profitable culti­vation
very doubtful.
AMERICAN PENNYROYAL, Hedeoma pulegioides ( L.) Pers., is a
common weed. The amount used as a drug is small, but great
quantities of the oil are used. This oil can be produced much
more cheaply abroad, so the cultivation of this plant is not likely
to be remunerative.
ELECAMPANE, Inula Helenium L., is so abundant in wet rocky
pastures and woodlands that it can be gathered in a wild state
more cheaply than it could be cultivated.
CALAMUS, Acorus Calamush., is so very abundant in swamps
that not the slightest hope of successful competition with the
wild product can be entertained.
ORRIS ROOT, Iris Germanica L., I. pallida Lam. and / . flor­entina
L., does well here but the curing and preparation of the
crop is a very critical and expensive process.
ALTHEA or MARSHMALLOW, Althea officinalis L., also requires
a large amount of expensive labor for its preparation, and would
probably not be produced at a profit.
BONESET or THOROUGHWORT, Eupatorium perfolialum L.,
is of very easy cultivation, but so very common and abundant
as a weed that its profitable cultivation is impossible.
LAVENDER, Lavandula angustifolia ( L.) Miller, can be made to
grow in this section, but only with great care, and is liable to be
entirely destroyed by severe winter weather.
169
LOBELIA, Lobelia inflata L., grows well here but it is a common
weed. The demand is so small as to be readily met, at a very
low price, by natural supply.
POKEROOT, Phytolacca decandra L., is such a common and
abundant weed, and in such light demand, that it could not be
cultivated with advantage.
WINTERGREEN, Gaultheria procumbens L., is in very great
demand, but the wild supply is abundant, and its cultivation is
very difficult.
Dye Plants
A careful consideration of this field fails to reveal any dye plant
of value or importance that is likely to do well in this region.
The trial of alkanet ( Alkanna tinctoria ( L.) Tausch.) is suggested
and appears to be advisable. I doubt, however, if the product
would be good, even if it could be grown. A tropical or subtropi­cal
climate appears to be requisite for the free formation of
vegetable coloring matters.
Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture on
the Subject of Drug Plants, etc.
The following publications on drug plants and closely related
subjects have been issued by the Department of Agriculture.
The editions of nearly all of these are entirely exhausted at the
Department, but it may be possible to obtain copies by purchase
from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C, at the prices specified.
Cultivation of Drug Plants in the United States. By Rodney
H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for
IQ03, PP- 337- 346, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 325.)
Price, 5 cents.
The Adulteration of Drugs. By Lyman F. Kebler. In Year­book
of the Department of Agriculture for 1903, pp. 251- 258.
( Yearbook Separate No. 331.) Price, 5 cents.
Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel and G. Fred Klugh. In Bulletin
51, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 35- 46, 2 pis. 1904. Price,
5 cents.
170
Weeds Used in Medicine. By Alice Henkel. Farmers' Bulletin
No. 188. 45 pp., 31 figs. 1904.
Peppermint. By Alice Henkel. In Bulletin 90, Bureau of
Plant Industry, pp. 19- 29, 3 figs. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
Progress in Drug- Plant Cultivation. By Rodney H. True.
In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1905, pp.
533- 540,3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 401.) Price, 5 cents.
The Drug Known as Pinkroot. By W. W. Stockberger. In*
Bulletin 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41- 44, 6 figs.,
2 pis. 1906. Price, 5 cents.
Growing and Curing Hops. By W. W. Stockberger. Farmers'
Bulletin 304. 39 pp., 20 figs. 1907.
American Root Drugs. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 107,
Bureau of Plant Industry. 80 pp., 25 figs., 7 pis. 1907.
Price, 5 cents.
The Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of
Drug Plants. By Albert C. Crawford. Bulletin 112, Bureau
of Plant Industry. 32 pp. 1907. Price, 5 cents.
The Cultivation and Handling of Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel
and G. Fred Klugh. Circular 6, Bureau of Plant Industry.
I Q PP- i 7 ngs - 1908. Price, 5 cents.
The Sources of Arsenic in Certain Samples of Dried Hops. By
W. W. Stockberger. In Bulletin 121, Bureau of Plant In­dustry,
pp. 41- 46. 1908. Price, 5 cents.
American Medicinal Barks. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 139,
Bureau of Plant Industry. 59 pp., 45 figs. 1909. Price,
15 cents.
Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures. By L. F. Kebler, F. P.
Morgan, and Philip Rupp. Farmers' Bulletin 377. 16 pp.
1909.
The Necessity for New Standards of Hop Valuation. By W. W.
Stockberger. Circular 33, Bureau of Plant Industry. 11 pp
1909. Price, 5 cents.
Habit- Forming Agents: Their Indiscriminate Sale and Use a
Menace to the Public Welfare. By L. F. Kebler. Farmers'
Bulletin 393. 19 pp., 5 figs. 1910.
171
The Source of the Drug Dioscorea, with a Consideration of the
Dioscoreae Found in the United States. By Harley Harris
Bartlett. Bulletin 189, Bureau of Plant Industry, 29 pp.,
8 figs. 1910. Price, 10 cents.
Camphor Cultivation in the United States. By S. C. Hood and
R. H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture
for 1910, pp. 449- 460, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No.
551.) Price, 5 cents.
American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs. By Alice Henkel.
Bulletin 219, Bureau of Plant Industry. 56 pp., 36 figs.
1911. Price, 15 cents.
Wild Volatile- Oil Plants and Their Economic Importance:
I.— Black Sage; II.— Wild Sage; III.— Swamp Bay. By
Frank Rabak. Bulletin 235, Bureau of Plant Industry,
37 PP-. 5 ngs- 1912. Price, 5 cents.
The Diseases of Ginseng and Their Control. By H. H. Whetzel
and J. Rosenbaum. Bulletin 250, Bureau of Plant Industry.
44 pp., 5 figs., 12 pis. 1912. Price, 15 cents.
Some Effects of Refrigeration on Sulphured and Unsulphured
Hops. By W. W. Stockberger and Frank Rabak. Bulletin
271, Bureau of Plant Industry. 21pp. 1912. Price, 5 cents.
Individual Variation in the Alkaloidal Content of Belladonna
Plants. By Arthur F. Sievers. In the Journal of Agricul­tural
Research, November, 1913, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129- 146,
1 fig. Price, 25 cents.
American Medicinal Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds. By Alice
Henkel. Bulletin 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 16 pp.,
12 figs. 1913. Price, 5 cents.
The Cultivation of American Ginseng. By Walter Van Fleet.
Farmers' Bulletin 551, 14 pp., 3 figs. I9! 3-
Goldenseal under Cultivation. By Walter Van Fleet. Farmers'
Bulletin 613, 15 pp., 5 figs. 1914.
Other References
The Improvement of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The
Lilly Sci. Bulletin 1: 25- 43.
172
Propagation of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club 41: 105- 129.
Breeding of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci.
Bull. 1: 117- 119.
Commercial Possibilities of Growing Medicinal Plants. By
F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 163- 172.
The Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. By F. B. Kilmer. Nat.
Assoc, in Mfrs. of Med. Products. Feb. 8, 1915.
( See also bibliographical list of F. B. Kilmer, Sci. Dept. Johnson
& Johnson.)
H. H. RUSBY,
Chairman
EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA
DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF:
Sir: In order to carry forward our original plan of exploring
the cactus regions of America under the joint auspices of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington and the New York Botanical
Garden, I sailed from New York City, June 10, 1914, accom­panied
by Mrs. Rose, on the United Fruit Company's steam­ship
" Santa Marta". The first stop was made at Kingston,
Jamaica, where we took advantage of the few hours' stay to
visit the Hope Botanical Gardens, where the very genial Director,
Mr. William Harris, showed us the various native cacti of this
island, which he has brought together. In some of the large
trees of the Gardens fine specimens of 2 native species, Hylo­cereus
triangularis and Selenicereus grandiflorus, were seen which
grew to their very tops. Along the public road to the Gardens
several species were seen in their native surroundings. Le-maireocereus
hystrix, so much used as a hedge plant in Jamaica,
was in full bloom.
Five days were spent in Panama where, in company with Mr.
Henry Pittier, we visited old Panama. From here living material
of a Hylocereus and an Acanthocereus were sent back to the
New York Botanical Garden.
173
We sailed from Balboa June 22, and made our first landing on
the South American coast at Paita, Peru. This port came as
near being in the absolute desert as any place I had ever seen.
John Ball stated at the time of his visit in about 1875 that he
found 13 species of plants growing along the coast at that point;
but I was able to find only 3, and these very scarce. The dis­appearance
of some of the plants is doubtless due to the fact
that many flocks of sheep and goats are brought down from the
mountains to Paita, which devour practically everything in their
path.
On June 26 a stop was made at Pacasmayo, also on the Peru­vian
coast, where the town is at the mouth of a small stream.
Above the town are the orchards and gardens, but the hills,
which are old elevated sea- beaches, are perfectly barren. Along
the stream and sides of the valley are a few straggling shrubs
which have to contend against not only the aridity but also
the ever encroaching sand dunes which cross the valley and
climb over the hills. One acacia plant which I saw, almost
covered with sand, was about 100 feet in diameter.
We stopped the next morning at Salaverry; but the dry plain
and drier hills showed not a single green plant to entice the
botanist away from the town. A few algae were picked up on
the rocks near the landing.
On June 28 we arrived at Callao, the port of Lima, and the
principal one on the Peruvian coast. Here we were met by a
representative of W. R. Grace & Company, who was very kind
to us, helping us to pass our baggage and starting us on our way
to Lima. Throughout our South American trip we were in
touch with this firm, which makes a specialty of looking after
the interests of American travelers. It is not surprising that
such a firm has made a great success in South America. For the
next month we made Lima our base from which were made
various trips, especially along the central railway of Peru. Col­lections
were made at Santa Clara, Chosica, Matucana and at
Oroya. We found the Cactaceae extended from the low hills
near the coast up to about 4,200 meters' altitude, but the greatest
I
174
distribution was found between Chosica and Matucana, at ar
altitude of 850 to 2,370 meters.
From Lima we went by steamer to Mollendo, Peru, and from
there by train to Arequipa, which we made our base for nearly
six weeks. Arequipa is the center of a most wonderful display
of cacti. We made frequent excursions both above and below
the city. From Arequipa we also went inland as far as La Paz,
Bolivia, from whence we made trips to Comanche and Oruro,
Bolivia. From Arequipa we made another trip to Cuzco, Peru,
stopping en route at Juliaca.
After finishing our work in southern Peru, we went to Val­paraiso,
Chile, and then to Santiago, where considerable time
was spent in studying the cactus types of the late Rudolph
Philippi, which are now deposited in the Museo Nacional de
Chile. From Santiago a long excursion was made up along the
Longitudinal Railway of Chile, and collections were made at
Los Vilos, Choapa, Illapel, Coquimbo, La Serena, and Copiapo.
Professor Francisco Fuentes was detailed by the Chilean Govern­ment
to accompany me on this expedition. We then made an
expedition from Santiago to La Ligua and on to Los Molles.
This was made chiefly for the purpose of collecting at the type
locality the very rare species known as Cereus castaneus. The
venerable Director of the Jardin Botanico, Mr. Johannes Sbh-rens,
was delegated by his Government to accompany us on
that trip.
Upon completion of our work in central Chile, we spent 8 days
at Antofagasta, Chile, obtaining a number of interesting cacti
on the hills above the town. Some very interesting seaweeds
from near the beach were gathered, one of which is an undescribed
species. A trip was made from here along the railway through
the nitrate pampas as far as Calama.
Leaving Antofagasta, one day was spent at Iquique, where
specimens were obtained of Cereus iquiquensis at the type locality.
Our departure from Iquique closed our collecting work, and
we returned to the United States, arriving in Washington Novem­ber
28, 1914, after an absence of almost six months.
J. N. ROSE
175
LATE SUMMER LECTURES, 1915
Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum
Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons,
at four o'clock, as follows:
Aug. 7. " Flowers of Late Summer," by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Aug. 14. " Fighting the Gypsy Moth," by Dr. W. E. Britton.
Aug. 21. " Fungous Diseases in the Flower Garden," by
Dr. Mel T. Cook.
" The Agriculture of the North American Indians,"
B. Stout.
" The Possibilities of Nut Growing in New York,"
C. Deming.
" The Use of Mushrooms for Food," by Dr. W. A.
. " Flowers That Should Be Planted in the Fall,"
by Mr. George V. Nash.
Sept. 25. " Some Economic Uses and Possibilities of Sea­weeds,"
by Dr. M. A. Howe.
Aug.
by Dr.
Sept.
by Dr.
Sept.
Murrill,
Sept.
28.
A.
4- W
.
11.
18.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
Dr. Winifred J. Robinson recently spent several days at the
Garden in looking up material and equipment for a course in
botany at the Women's College of Delaware of which she is dean.
She will spend some time at Newfane, Vermont, with Dr. Ger­trude
Burlingham in collecting Russulae, after which she will go
to San Francisco to attend the meetings of the Western Science
Association and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae.
Miss Friedolina Jud and Mr. Roy C. Faulwetter have each
been granted a scholarship for one month during the summer
for assisting in the investigations in plant breeding.
During the spring and summer " pine mice" have been very
destructive especially of herbaceous plants growing in the ex­perimental
plots. In response of inquiries to the Biological
176
Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, it is
learned that this mouse has of late been especially destructive
of garden vegetables, bulbs, and shrubbery over a considerable
area of eastern United States. On this account the Department
of Agriculture has just issued Farmers* Bulletin No. 670, describ­ing
the habits of injurious meadow and pine mice together with
practical methods of destroying them.
Meteorology for July.— The total precipitation for the month
was 3.49 inches of which 1.75 inches fell on the night preceding
the 1st. The maximum temperatures for each week were 88°
on the 10th, 850 on the 18th, Q$° on the 18th, and p5° on the 31st.
The minimum temperatures were 540 on the 9th, 590 on the
13th, 530 on the 25th, and 620 on the 27th.
ACCESSIONS
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
55 specimens " Taraxica Scandinavica Exsiccata," fascicle IV. ( Distributed by
Dr. Hugo Dahlstedt.)
45 specimens of algae, chiefly marine, from Chile and Peru. ( Collected by Dr.
and Mrs. J. N. Rose.)
7 specimens of hepatics from Texas. ( Given by Dr. Frederick McAllister.)
21 specimens of mosses from Sanford, Florida. ( By exchange with Mr. Severin
Rapp.)
1 specimen of Philadelphus from California. ( By exchange with the University
of California.)
12 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I specimen of Tetracarpum from Salvador. ( By exchange with the United
States National Museum.)
5 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Mr. C. C. Deam.)
1 specimen of Stomoisia cornuta from Canada. ( Given by Miss Sarah B.
Stevens.)
1 specimen of Tissa rubra from Long Island, New York. ( Given by Mr. W. E.
Mackenna.)
1,017 specimens of lichens from the Underwood herbarium. ( Purchased from
the Underwood Estate.)
1 specimen of Sarcodes sanguinea from Lake Tahoe, California. ( Given by
Mrs. Wendell T. Bush.)
197 specimens of fungi from New Mexico. ( By exchange with the United
States National Museum.)
"# wff!
177
3 photographs of herbarium sheets. ( By exchange with Mr. Earl E. Sherff.)
30 specimens of polypores from New York City and vicinity. ( Collected by
Mr. Percy Wilson.)
10 specimens of fungi from New York. ( By exchange with the New York State
Museum.)
2 specimens of fungi from Oregon. ( By exchange with the New York State
Museum.)
1 specimen of Hapalopilus rutilans from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy
Wilson.)
z specimen of Inonotus radiatus from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy
Wilson.)
1 specimen of Fomes ungulatus from the New York Botanical Garden. ( Collect­ed
by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
1 specimen of Russula Morgani from Pennsylvania. ( By exchange with Dr. D.
R. Sumstine.)
1 specimen of Clathrus cancellatus from Remedios, Cuba. ( By exchange with
Brother Leon.)
1 specimen of Lactaria glyciosma from North Carolina. ( By exchange with
Mr. E. R. Memminger.)
6 specimens of polypores from California. ( By exchange with Dr. E. P. Mein-ecke.)
1 specimen of Hypodendrum fiammans from California. ( By exchange with
Dr. E. P. Meinecke.)
1 specimen of woody fungus from Washington. ( By exchange with Mr. Henry
Schmitz.)
1 specimen of fleshy fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. F. J.
McCarthy.)
57 specimens of plant rusts within one hundred miles of New York City. ( Col­lected
by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
1 specimen of Pleurotus geogenius from Minnesota. ( By exchange with the
Minnesota Mycological Society.)
Fritz Achelis,
Edward D. Adams,
Charles B. Alexander,
John D. Archbold,
Vincent Astor,
John W. Auchincloss,
George F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Edmund L. Baylies,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
C. K. G. Billings,
George Blumenthal,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Thomas W. Churchill,
Hon. W. A. Clark,
C. A. Coffin,
Samuel P. Colt,
Edmund C. Converse,
Paul D. Cravath,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Dr. James Douglas,
A. F. Estabrook,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
James B. Ford,
Henry W. de Forest,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry C. Frick,
Prof. W. J. Gies,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Anson W. Hard,
Members of the Corpora
J. Horace Harding,
J. Montgomery Hare,
Edward S. Harkness,
Prof. R. A. Harper,
T. A. Havemeyer,
A. Heckscher,
Henry R. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
Pierre Jay,
Walter B. Jennings,
Otto H. Kahn,
Prof. James F. Kemp,
Darwin P. Kingsley,
Edw. V. Z. Lane,
Dr. Albert Pt. Ledoux,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Adolph Lewisohn,
Hon. Seth Low,
David Lydis,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
V. E. Macy,
Edgar L. Marston,
W. J. Matheson,
Dr. William H. Maxwell,
James McLean,
Emerson McMillin.
Ogden Mills,
Ogden L. Mills,
J. Pierpont Morgan,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Theodore W. Myers,
Frederic R. Newbold,
C. D. Norton,
Eben E. Oleott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Lowell M. Palmer,
George W. Perkins,
Henry Phipps,
James R. Pitcher,
M. F. Plant,
Charles F. Rand,
Ogden Mills Reid,
Edwin A. Richard,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. RehifT,
James A. Scrj- njser,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Albert R. Shattuck,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William Sloane,
Nelson Smith,
Valentine P. Snyder,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Frederick Straus3:
F. K. Sturgis,
B. B. Thayer,
Charles G. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson
M3Tles Tieruey,
Louis C. Tiffany,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Felix M. Warburg,
Paul M. Warburg,
Bronson Winthrop.
Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry
Mrs. Robert Bacon,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett,
Mrs. James L. Breese,
Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. A. A. Low,
Mrs. V. Everit Macy,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Miss Harriette RogerB,
Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. Archibald D. Russell
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. George Cabot Ward
H o n o r a r y Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson
P U B L I C A T I O N S
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of tho N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, monthly, illustrated, con­taining
notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem­bers
of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in ex­change.]
Now in its sixteenth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general in­terest,
and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seventh volume.
B u l l e t i n of t h e N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the
Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume.
N o r t h A m e r i c a n F l o r a . Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com­pleted
in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts.
Subscription price, JS1.50 per p a r t ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for £ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae
( p a r s ) .
Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915. Polyporaceae— Agari­caceae
( pars). ( Farts I and 2 no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 10, part I, 1914. Agaricaceae ( pars).
Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae.
Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars).
Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars).
Vol. 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona-ceae—
Rosaceae ( pars).
Vol. 25, p a r t i , 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part i, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae.
Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915. Carduaceae ( pars).
M e m o i r s of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the
Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 4 9 2 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi - f- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. I I I . Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New
York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29
plates. 1909-
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager.
viii - f- 378 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography,
by Norman Taylor, vi - f- 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
C o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. £ 5.00 per volume. In the eighth volume.
RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH
175. The Vegetation of Mona Island, by N. L. Britton.
176. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region— IV. Forests ot
the Subalpine and Montane Zones, by P. A. Rydberg.
177. Mosses of Bermuda, by Elizabeth G. Britton.
178. Notes on Rosaceae— IX, by P. A. Rydberg.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK. Hew YOHK CITY