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H. AVI AUUUbl, iai ii. xvi Aiimixi. mi Vol. XVI AUGUST, 1915 No. 188 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PACK Report upon the Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants 155 Exploration in Western South America 172 Late Summer Lectures, 1915 175 Notes, News and Comment . 175 Accessions 176 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTKH, PA. THB NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY THB NBW ERA PRINTING COI THB NEW ERA PRINTING COI O F F I O B R S 1 8 16 PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON t ANDREW CARNEGIE Vic » PEESIDKNTS J F R A N C I S LYNDE STETSON TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON B O A R D OF- M A N A G E R S 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1916 GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1917 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. DK FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM Term expires January, 1918 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFORD MORRIS ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON W. J. MATHESON FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS THE MAYOR OP THE CITY OF NEW YORK HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL THE PRESIDENT OP THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS HON. GEORGE CABOT WARD 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. R. A. HARPER THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE G A R D B N S T A F F DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development, Administration) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plant; DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XVI August, 1915 No. 188 REPORT UPON THE CULTIVATION OF DRUG AND DYE PLANTS DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, PRES., Sir:— I have the honor to submit the following report, on behalf of the Scientific Directors: Upon being notified by the Director- in- Chief that the Board of Managers had referred to the Scientific Directors for investigation the general subject of the cultivability for commercial purposes, in the vicinity of New York, of standard medicinal and dye plants, I prepared a list of all the foreign and domestic drugs which are pretty certain to do well under cultivation in the region in question, and which at the same time show some possibility of being sufficiently important and valuable to justify the procedure. Another list was made of those which, although not certain to grow here, appeared likely to do so. These lists were submitted to the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, to ascertain whether their studies and experience counter- indicated any of my assumptions, and I was informed that they did not. Following a general discussion of the subject of drug production, each of these plants was discussed briefly, as to its importance and value and the proper soil and other conditions for its [ Journal for July ( 16: 123- 154) was issued Aug. 7, 1915] 155 156 growth. At the end of each item was added a reference to the publication or publications of the Department of Agriculture and the page thereof where that subject is treated. A list was then secured of all publications of the Department of Agriculture which bear on this general subject and an attempt was made to secure them. All that were available for free distribution were asked for and obtained. Those which could be obtained only by purchase were ordered from the Bureau of Publications and were paid for in advance. Most of them have been received and the others are promised as soon as the stock is renewed. These publications, together with the list of those still to be obtained, were placed in the library for deposit in a pamphlet box devoted to this subject. This list was suppli-mented by a rather complete bibliographical list compiled by Mr. F. B. Kilmer of the scientific staff of Messrs. Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Most of those not obtainable are already in the library as parts of the regular series of Department publications, so that the references to them in the list referred to will make it possible for them to be consulted. An attempt was also made, and is now in progress, to secure other documents on the subject, and these will be placed in the same file. It now seems desirable to continue this study during the summer, and also to follow the experiments which are being made by several of our managers, and to present an illustrated lecture based thereon, on the cultivation of medicinal plants in the vicinity of New York, in our fall or winter course of public lectures. Public interest in the cultivation of drugs in the United States is steadily and rapidly increasing. It affects various classes of people and is dependent upon various considerations, some of which are sound, while others are quite the reverse. Among the large number of persons who have communicated with me on this subject during the past decade, by far the greater number are those who have had little or no personal acquaintance with agriculture, although many of them have carried on small horti- 157 cultural operations at their homes. They include pharmacists, physicians and business men with country places, but mostly people who have lived in the city and have removed thence to the country, and desire to engage in some form of cultivation of the soil. They would not think of engaging in the production of ordinary farm crops, because of the much labor involved and the smallness and uncertainty of the returns. Very often, too, they disdain so commonplace an occupation as " farming." They would be glad to engage in fruit- raising, but realize that it requires knowledge and experience that they do not possess. What they desire is some form of soil tillage that means quick and large profits, with no risk and just enough light and pleasant labor to constitute a rural recreation. All such persons may count upon a certain failure from their attempts to grow drugs for profit. It must be understood that methods for the cultivation of each drug have to be worked out by painstaking experiment, based upon a thorough knowledge of the habits and requirements of the plant in its natural habitat. Success in the cultivation of ordinary farm- crops, the methods of which have been established by centuries of experience, requires personal knowledge, experience and care, and this is true to a much greater extent of the cultivation of drugs of which comparatively little is known by anyone. On the other hand, there are excellent reasons why the cultivation of certain drug plants should be developed in this country, and there is good reason to believe that in some cases this can be done with profit to those undertaking it. Those who engage in this work must select drugs with knowledge of the following subjects: 1. That there is a steady and reasonably large demand for the product. 2. That the soil and climate where it is to be cultivated are adapted to its growth. 3. That they are sufficiently familiar with its individual requirements to be able to grow it successfully. 158 4. That its market price is such as to leave a profit over the cost of producing and marketing it. Upon the last consideration, the following facts have an important bearing. The enforcement of modern federal and state drug statutes have put an end to the use of spurious, adulterated and badly collected, cured and preserved drugs. This has had the effect of generally advancing prices. It has had the more important effect of compelling the dealer and manufacturer to be cautious in his acceptance of stocks offered him, and has largely increased the possibility of his becoming saddled with something that he cannot use. Both his convenience and safety are thus promoted by being able to purchase an article of the identity, purity and quality of which there is no question. This gives to the cultivator a great advantage over the collector of the wild product in finding a sale and in getting a good price. The supply of wild product is always uncertain. Crops often fail, owing to natural conditions of growth, some new condition that directs the labor of collectors into new lines, an unsatisfactory result in the preceding season and a variety of accidents. This establishes conditions favorable to a speculative market, which always works to the disadvantage of the regular merchant or manufacturer. For this reason again, the cultivator of drugs would be given the preference, since it would be possible to contract with him for supplies in advance of production. Again, there are good reasons for believing that by the same processes of selecting, hybridizing, breeding and cultivating that have done so much for other vegetable products, the medicinal activity of drugs may be increased, so that a given amount will bring a higher price. At such a time as the present, when the European war has interefered very seriously with the supply of many drugs, our attention is specially drawn to the above facts. In the notes which follow regarding particular drugs, all these considerations have received due attention. Besides the drugs proper, I include a number of products which are rather condimental than medicinal in their general use. 159 Products Known to be Capable of Easy and Successful Culture near New York BURDOCK ROOT, Arctium Lappa L., and other species of Arctium. Has an enormous medicinal use, notwithstanding that it is practically inactive; to be grown in rich soil, where ordinary root crops would thrive. Grow from seed; the rows 2 feet apart and plants a foot apart in the row; gather in the fall. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 16; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 64.) CIMICIFUGA, Cimicifuga racemosa ( L.) Nutt. Seeds probably cannot be bought, and must be collected in the fall from our woodlands, where the plant abounds. Cultivate in rich sandy loam, plants 2 feet apart. It is not likely that the results would be financially profitable. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 35.) SYMPHYTUM or COMFREY, Symphytum officinale L. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, plants 1 foot apart in tow; requires rich light soil; profit doubtful; demand light. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 57.) SENEGA, Polygaia Senega L. Seeds must be collected, as they are not commercial. Plant in light loamy soil, rows a foot apart, plants 3 inches apart in row, would probably be profitable. The roots are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 33.) DANDELION, Taraxacum Taraxacum ( L.) Karsten. The wild plant in this country does not produce roots of good size and quality. Cultivation would probably do so, but the price is so low that it is doubtful if it would pay. Should be grown about like carrots. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 22; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 60.) DIGITALIS, Digitalis purpurea L. Very largely used and fair prices paid; demand for drug of fine quality strong. Plant seed in drills and transplant to field when well established; set in rows 2 feet apart, plants 18 inches apart in rows; gather leaves when plant is beginning to bloom 160 and dry carefully in shade. ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull, i : 202 and 206; Farmers' Bull. 663: 22.) ACONITE, Aconitum Napellus L. Very largely used, but price rather low; a fair return might be expected. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, six inches apart in rows; collect tubers in fall of second year; dry carefully, to avoid mouldiness; rich, light loam preferable. CRAMP BARK, Viburnum Opulus L. The common Snow- ball shrub is the cultivated form of this species, which is common in a wild state in the northern United States and Canada, and known as " High- bush Cranberry." The bark is largely used. For years the entire market supply has been spurious ( Acer spicatum Lam.): The drug authorities will certainly stop the use of the latter and a demand for the genuine will grow up. An article known to be authentic should find a good market, at a fair price, the collection of the wild bark in quantity being difficult. It grows best in swamps where spring freshets overflow the land. It is a tall shrub, forming thickets. CHENOPODIUM or AMERICAN WORMSEED, C. ambrosioides L. or C. anthelminticum L. Would probably pay well; seeds easily obtained and plants would grow well in almost any soil. Cultivate about like bush beans; seeds must be threshed off like grain. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 37; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 535; Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 4.) CANADIAN HEMP, Apocynum cannabinum L. It is almost impossible to get the genuine and pure drug from wild sources. Demand is moderate, but there would be sale for a fair amount. Plant 1 foot apart, in rows 2 feet apart. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 55-) ANGELICA, Angelica Archangelica L. This is a very profitable crop in Europe, but I do not know of any attempts to grow it here. It is worth a trial. Seeds easily 161 obtained from Europe; plant in rich soil, in rows 3 feet apart, plants one foot apart in row. Both the underground portion and the fruits are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 14.) LOVAGE, Levisticum Levisticum ( L.) Lyons. Remarks made concerning Angelica apply to this, but only the roots are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 28.) AMERICAN GREEN HELLEBORE, Veratrum viride Ait. A profitable industry could probably be developed. Seeds esaily collected; requires deep, moist soil; swamp- lands could be utilized for the purpose. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 18.) BLUE FLAG, Iris versicolor L. It is so abundant and cheap that it is doubtful if its cultivation would pay, but it could be grown similarly to the last preceding. The underground portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 16.) UNICORN ROOT, Aletris farinosa L. Largely used; wild supply abundant and cheap, but very liable to admixture of other things. It is doubtful if it would pay. Plant 3 inches apart, in rows a foot apart. Collect rhizomes with roots, in fall. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 13; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 19.) CONVALLARIA, Convallaria majalis L. Very easily grown in any light soil. Allow it to form a dense bed and then uproot it, leaving enough roots for reproduction. The underground portion is used. Largely used and would probably pay. VALERIAN, Valeriana officinalis L. Would probably pay well; is enormously used; grow in any good soil; plant a foot apart in rows 2 feet apart. The underground portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 36.) CAULOPHYLLUM, Caulophyllum thalictroides ( L.) Michx. Not very much used and very cheap and abundant. Would probably not pay, but easily grown, like cimicifuga. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 37-) 162 HYDRASTIS, Hydrastis Canadensis L. Largely used, extremely scarce and very high- priced; difficult to grow and requires great care, by methods already well- defined by the Bureau of Plant Industry. One willing to take the necessary amount of trouble, would probably make very large profits. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 25; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 534; Bur. Plant Industry, Circular 6; Bull. 107: 31). GINSENG, Panax quinquefolius L. Remarks concerning Hydrastis apply to this also. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 24; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 49; Farmers' Bull. 551.) FRANGULA BARK, Rhamnus Frangula L. Can be easily grown in swamp lands, replacing ordinary brook- alder; bark abundant and cheap, but very liable to admixture with other barks which are hard to distinguish. Manufacturers would probably welcome supplies from cultivators, of known quality. PEPPERMINT and SPEARMINT, Mentha piperita L. and M. spicata L, Already established in cultivation on a large scale in this country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 31 and 34; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 90; 19; 219: 28 and 29.) MUSTARD, Sinapis alba L. and Brassica nigra ( L.) Koch. European supplies so abundant and cheap that cultivation here is a matter of close competition, but there is no good reason why it should not succeed. ( Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 6. and 7.) STRAMONIUM, Datura Stramonium L. Grows readily in waste- lands, on ash dumps and in similar places; demand large, but price very low. It is worth a trial. The leaves should be collected in the late summer and dried in the shade. ( Journ. Indust. & Eng. Chem. 5: ( Dec. 1913); 8th Int. Cong. Appl. Chem. 17: 57; Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 156 and 108: Farmers' Bull. 663: 35; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 535; Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 13; Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 219: 30.) WW 163 HOREHOUND, Marrubium vulgare L. Imported in enormous quantities; grows easily in almost any soil and would probably pay fairly well; plant a foot apart, in rows 3 feet apart; collect the entire above- ground portion of the plant when in full flower and dry quickly. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 26; Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 219: 23.) SERPENTARIA or VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT, Aristolochia Serpentaria L. and A. reticulata Nutt. Since this region formerly yielded considerable of this drug in a wild state, there is no doubt that it would flourish here. There is a large demand for it at good prices, and it is very apt to contain other roots, as it is received from the native collectors. It should be grown in a sandy loam. Seeds are probably not purchasable, and must be collected. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 107: 26; Farmers' Bull. 663: 34.) Promising Drugs The following could probably be cultivated successfully about New York, though there is not sufficient evidence to justify a positive statement. BELLADONNA ROOT and LEAVES, Atropa Belladonna L. These are exceedingly important drugs, being used in enormous quantity and being indispensable in medicine. Even before the European war, it was quite difficult to secure them in sufficient supply, and they are now almost unobtainable. Efforts to grow them in the neighborhood of San Francisco have met with perfect success, the product being of superior quality, bringing a high price and yielding a handsome profit. Efforts to grow it at New Brunswick, New Jersey, have not been found commercially successful up to the present, although the attempt has not been abandoned. The plants should have an ordinary light rich soil, and should be set 2 feet apart in rows 4 feet apart. ( Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 538; Journ. Agricultural Research No. 2 ( Nov. 20, 1913); Jour. Indust. & Eng. Chem. 6 ( June 1914); Am. Jour. Phar. 79: 523; Proc. A. Ph. A. 57: 833; Pac. Phar. 5: 157; 6: 159; 7: 332; Eli Lilly Sci. 164 Bull, i : 169; Farmers' Bull. 663: 15; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 538; Journ. Agric. Res. No. 2. ( Nov. 20, 1913.) SPIGELIA or PINK- ROOT, Spigelia Marilandica L. Most of that supplied is either wholly spurious or largely adulterated. The spurious is so closely similar to the genuine as to cause extreme difficulty in the trade, microscopical examination being necessary to identification. A brand of known purity and good quality would sell readily and at a high price. This is the northern limit of its natural home, but it could doubtless be cultivated successfully. It should be grown in a light sandy loam. Seeds are probably not purchasable and must be collected. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 100: 5; 107: 52; Farmers' Bull. 663: 31.) COLCHICUM, Colchicum autumnale L. This is very largely used, both the seeds and the corm, and could be sold in almost any quantity, although the price is low. It is cultivated hereabout as a garden flower, and seeds and bulbs, both of which are used medicinally, are readily obtainable. It requires a rich light soil. SAGE, Salvia officinalis L. New York is rather far north for this plant to do well, but it could doubtless be grown with fair success. The demand for it, rather as a condiment than a drug, is unlimited, and it could probably be grown at a profit. It requires a light rich soil. The seeds could readily be obtained abroad, even if not in this country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 33.) THYME, Thymus vulgaris L. The same remarks may be made regarding common garden thyme as about the last mentioned. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 35.) Origanum hirtum Link and 0. Onites L. Both of these have the odor and taste of thyme, and both are enormously imported and used as condiments, mostly under the name of " thyme," although largely also as " origano." If they can be grown hereabout, the business should be profitable. They 165 come from Austro- Hungary and Italy, so it is somewhat doubtful if they would grow here. They do well in almost any soil. ARNICA, Arnica montana L. Both the rhizomes and flowers, but mostly the flowers, are enormously used. The plant would doubtless grow well in this section, in almost any soil, but the cost of labor would be liable to prevent a profit. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 15.) CASCARA SAGRADA, Rhamnus Purshiana DC. This shrub grows well in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, and does fairly well in the severe climate of Detroit. It would doubtless do very well in the sandy soil of Long Island or New Jersey. The amount of the bark that is annually used is almost incredible, and the native supplies are being rapidly exhausted. It must ultimately be cultivated. Seeds can readily be obtained in the northwest, in August or September. It will grow well in any soil. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 139: 38 and 39; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905, 534; Farmers' Bull. 663: 20.) CAPSICUM or CAYENNE PEPPER, Capsicum fastigiatum Blume. It is somewhat doubtful if this could be grown with a profit in the vicinity of New York, but it could be made very profitable in Florida, where it bears continuously. There is a limitless demand for it. The native sources, in Zanzibar, as a result of political and other changes, have become depleted, and there will be an opportunity for others to supply it. PYRETHRUM or INSECT FLOWERS, Chysanthemum cinerariifolium ( Irev.) Bocc. The value of this crop is beyond question, if only we could cultivate it successfully. At present the project is not practicable, although some success has been attained in California. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 26.) CONIUM or POISON HEMLOCK, Conium maculatum L. The fruit of this plant is used and is an important medicine. The plant is grown in the field like wheat or rye, and is cut and threshed like ordinary grain. Its culture in this country has probably never been attempted. The commercial drug is very 166 liable to admixture and a clean and well- preserved article would be well received. The great difficulty experienced in securing conium of full activity would give a great advantage to the producer of a perfectly reliable article. ( Bull. U. S. Dept. Agriculture 26: 11; Farmers' Bull. 663: 21.) ANISE, Pimpinella Anisum L. This is a similar fruit to the last, closely related and grown and harvested in the same way. It is rather doubtful if it would do well so far north as New York. ASPIDIUM or MALE FERN, Dryopteris Filix- mas ( L.) Schott. This is a very important drug, and is largely used. The commercial article is very poor, in most cases. A brand known to be genuine and good would probably be taken, even at a high price. It is a large fern, growing usually in rich mountain soil. It would doubtless grow in any rich soil in this vicinity. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 107: 11.) SANTONICA, Artemisia pauciflora ( Ledeb.) Weber. This is the immature flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora of Turkestan. It is rather doubtful if it will grow in this immediate vicinity, but the experiment is worth trying, if seeds can be obtained, which will be a matter of great difficulty. The drug is used in enormous quantities for the extraction of its active constituent, santonin. For two years past, the genuine has been very scarce and high. Large shipments of a spurious variety have been rejected and ordered reshipped out of the country. The subject is one of great interest. ERGOT, Claviceps purpurea ( Fries) Tulasne. This is a parasitic fungus, replacing the grain of rye. A pound of it is worth about as much as two bushels of rye. The practicability of getting it established upon rye in this country is problematical, although not very doubtful. Experiments are well worth making. CANNABIS INDICA, Cannabis sativa L. This is a very largely used drug, but at present the use : s permitted of only that grown in the East Indies. The question 167 of authorizing the use of that grown in the United States is now being debated. Should this be done, its cultivation here should be experimented with ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. I: 93; Farmers' Bull. 663: 19.) CONE FLOWER, Brauneria pallida ( Nutt.) Britton. This hardy perennial of the Kansas plains yields a root that has come into enormous use during the last decade. The natural supplies have become greatly reduced and the price high, and cultivation would doubtless become profitable. It requires a rich deep soil. The plants should be set about a foot apart, in rows 2 feet apart. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 23.) LARKSPUR, Delphinium, sps. There is a steady, large and permanent demand for larkspur seed for the destruction of body parasites. The plant grows well in such soils as those of central Jersey and Long Island, but the soil should be fairly well fertilized. Plant in rows 2 feet apart. Harvest the pods before they burst open, or many seeds will be lost. CARAWAY, Carum Carni L.; CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum L.; DtLL, Anethum graveolens L.; and FENNEL, Foeniculum Foeniculum ( L.) Karsten. All these fruits ( so- called seeds) are used in enormous quantities and can hardly be produced in excessive amounts. They are to be grown in drills, like grain, and similarly harvested. Their cultivation is old and extensive and they are to be regarded as staple farm crops. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 20, 21, 23, and 24). Drug Plants the Cultivation of Which is Not Recommended The following drug plants, although readily grown, would probably be unprofitable, owing to the slight demand, to their great abundance as weeds with a consequent low price, or to some other factor. CATNIP, Nepeta Cataria L., is a very common weed, is not largely used, and sells at a very low price. HENBANE, Hyoscyamus niger L., is very subject to the attacks 168 of insects. Since the herbage is the medicinal part, the use of insecticides is not permissible. ROMAN CHAMOMILE, Anthemis nobilis L., is now very little used and the cost of production in this country would probably be prohibitive. GERMAN CHAMOMILE, Matricaria Chamomilla L., is very largely used, but the cost of harvesting would doubtless be too great. CALENDULA or MARIGOLD, Calendula officinalis L. The last statements will apply to this drug, also. TANSY, Tanacetum vulgare L., is a common roadside weed and can be collected at a price that would render profitable cultivation very doubtful. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL, Hedeoma pulegioides ( L.) Pers., is a common weed. The amount used as a drug is small, but great quantities of the oil are used. This oil can be produced much more cheaply abroad, so the cultivation of this plant is not likely to be remunerative. ELECAMPANE, Inula Helenium L., is so abundant in wet rocky pastures and woodlands that it can be gathered in a wild state more cheaply than it could be cultivated. CALAMUS, Acorus Calamush., is so very abundant in swamps that not the slightest hope of successful competition with the wild product can be entertained. ORRIS ROOT, Iris Germanica L., I. pallida Lam. and / . florentina L., does well here but the curing and preparation of the crop is a very critical and expensive process. ALTHEA or MARSHMALLOW, Althea officinalis L., also requires a large amount of expensive labor for its preparation, and would probably not be produced at a profit. BONESET or THOROUGHWORT, Eupatorium perfolialum L., is of very easy cultivation, but so very common and abundant as a weed that its profitable cultivation is impossible. LAVENDER, Lavandula angustifolia ( L.) Miller, can be made to grow in this section, but only with great care, and is liable to be entirely destroyed by severe winter weather. 169 LOBELIA, Lobelia inflata L., grows well here but it is a common weed. The demand is so small as to be readily met, at a very low price, by natural supply. POKEROOT, Phytolacca decandra L., is such a common and abundant weed, and in such light demand, that it could not be cultivated with advantage. WINTERGREEN, Gaultheria procumbens L., is in very great demand, but the wild supply is abundant, and its cultivation is very difficult. Dye Plants A careful consideration of this field fails to reveal any dye plant of value or importance that is likely to do well in this region. The trial of alkanet ( Alkanna tinctoria ( L.) Tausch.) is suggested and appears to be advisable. I doubt, however, if the product would be good, even if it could be grown. A tropical or subtropical climate appears to be requisite for the free formation of vegetable coloring matters. Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture on the Subject of Drug Plants, etc. The following publications on drug plants and closely related subjects have been issued by the Department of Agriculture. The editions of nearly all of these are entirely exhausted at the Department, but it may be possible to obtain copies by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, at the prices specified. Cultivation of Drug Plants in the United States. By Rodney H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for IQ03, PP- 337- 346, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 325.) Price, 5 cents. The Adulteration of Drugs. By Lyman F. Kebler. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1903, pp. 251- 258. ( Yearbook Separate No. 331.) Price, 5 cents. Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel and G. Fred Klugh. In Bulletin 51, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 35- 46, 2 pis. 1904. Price, 5 cents. 170 Weeds Used in Medicine. By Alice Henkel. Farmers' Bulletin No. 188. 45 pp., 31 figs. 1904. Peppermint. By Alice Henkel. In Bulletin 90, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 19- 29, 3 figs. 1905. Price, 5 cents. Progress in Drug- Plant Cultivation. By Rodney H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1905, pp. 533- 540,3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 401.) Price, 5 cents. The Drug Known as Pinkroot. By W. W. Stockberger. In* Bulletin 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41- 44, 6 figs., 2 pis. 1906. Price, 5 cents. Growing and Curing Hops. By W. W. Stockberger. Farmers' Bulletin 304. 39 pp., 20 figs. 1907. American Root Drugs. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 107, Bureau of Plant Industry. 80 pp., 25 figs., 7 pis. 1907. Price, 5 cents. The Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of Drug Plants. By Albert C. Crawford. Bulletin 112, Bureau of Plant Industry. 32 pp. 1907. Price, 5 cents. The Cultivation and Handling of Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel and G. Fred Klugh. Circular 6, Bureau of Plant Industry. I Q PP- i 7 ngs - 1908. Price, 5 cents. The Sources of Arsenic in Certain Samples of Dried Hops. By W. W. Stockberger. In Bulletin 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41- 46. 1908. Price, 5 cents. American Medicinal Barks. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 139, Bureau of Plant Industry. 59 pp., 45 figs. 1909. Price, 15 cents. Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures. By L. F. Kebler, F. P. Morgan, and Philip Rupp. Farmers' Bulletin 377. 16 pp. 1909. The Necessity for New Standards of Hop Valuation. By W. W. Stockberger. Circular 33, Bureau of Plant Industry. 11 pp 1909. Price, 5 cents. Habit- Forming Agents: Their Indiscriminate Sale and Use a Menace to the Public Welfare. By L. F. Kebler. Farmers' Bulletin 393. 19 pp., 5 figs. 1910. 171 The Source of the Drug Dioscorea, with a Consideration of the Dioscoreae Found in the United States. By Harley Harris Bartlett. Bulletin 189, Bureau of Plant Industry, 29 pp., 8 figs. 1910. Price, 10 cents. Camphor Cultivation in the United States. By S. C. Hood and R. H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1910, pp. 449- 460, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 551.) Price, 5 cents. American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 219, Bureau of Plant Industry. 56 pp., 36 figs. 1911. Price, 15 cents. Wild Volatile- Oil Plants and Their Economic Importance: I.— Black Sage; II.— Wild Sage; III.— Swamp Bay. By Frank Rabak. Bulletin 235, Bureau of Plant Industry, 37 PP-. 5 ngs- 1912. Price, 5 cents. The Diseases of Ginseng and Their Control. By H. H. Whetzel and J. Rosenbaum. Bulletin 250, Bureau of Plant Industry. 44 pp., 5 figs., 12 pis. 1912. Price, 15 cents. Some Effects of Refrigeration on Sulphured and Unsulphured Hops. By W. W. Stockberger and Frank Rabak. Bulletin 271, Bureau of Plant Industry. 21pp. 1912. Price, 5 cents. Individual Variation in the Alkaloidal Content of Belladonna Plants. By Arthur F. Sievers. In the Journal of Agricultural Research, November, 1913, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129- 146, 1 fig. Price, 25 cents. American Medicinal Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 16 pp., 12 figs. 1913. Price, 5 cents. The Cultivation of American Ginseng. By Walter Van Fleet. Farmers' Bulletin 551, 14 pp., 3 figs. I9! 3- Goldenseal under Cultivation. By Walter Van Fleet. Farmers' Bulletin 613, 15 pp., 5 figs. 1914. Other References The Improvement of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bulletin 1: 25- 43. 172 Propagation of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 41: 105- 129. Breeding of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 117- 119. Commercial Possibilities of Growing Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 163- 172. The Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. By F. B. Kilmer. Nat. Assoc, in Mfrs. of Med. Products. Feb. 8, 1915. ( See also bibliographical list of F. B. Kilmer, Sci. Dept. Johnson & Johnson.) H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF: Sir: In order to carry forward our original plan of exploring the cactus regions of America under the joint auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the New York Botanical Garden, I sailed from New York City, June 10, 1914, accompanied by Mrs. Rose, on the United Fruit Company's steamship " Santa Marta". The first stop was made at Kingston, Jamaica, where we took advantage of the few hours' stay to visit the Hope Botanical Gardens, where the very genial Director, Mr. William Harris, showed us the various native cacti of this island, which he has brought together. In some of the large trees of the Gardens fine specimens of 2 native species, Hylocereus triangularis and Selenicereus grandiflorus, were seen which grew to their very tops. Along the public road to the Gardens several species were seen in their native surroundings. Le-maireocereus hystrix, so much used as a hedge plant in Jamaica, was in full bloom. Five days were spent in Panama where, in company with Mr. Henry Pittier, we visited old Panama. From here living material of a Hylocereus and an Acanthocereus were sent back to the New York Botanical Garden. 173 We sailed from Balboa June 22, and made our first landing on the South American coast at Paita, Peru. This port came as near being in the absolute desert as any place I had ever seen. John Ball stated at the time of his visit in about 1875 that he found 13 species of plants growing along the coast at that point; but I was able to find only 3, and these very scarce. The disappearance of some of the plants is doubtless due to the fact that many flocks of sheep and goats are brought down from the mountains to Paita, which devour practically everything in their path. On June 26 a stop was made at Pacasmayo, also on the Peruvian coast, where the town is at the mouth of a small stream. Above the town are the orchards and gardens, but the hills, which are old elevated sea- beaches, are perfectly barren. Along the stream and sides of the valley are a few straggling shrubs which have to contend against not only the aridity but also the ever encroaching sand dunes which cross the valley and climb over the hills. One acacia plant which I saw, almost covered with sand, was about 100 feet in diameter. We stopped the next morning at Salaverry; but the dry plain and drier hills showed not a single green plant to entice the botanist away from the town. A few algae were picked up on the rocks near the landing. On June 28 we arrived at Callao, the port of Lima, and the principal one on the Peruvian coast. Here we were met by a representative of W. R. Grace & Company, who was very kind to us, helping us to pass our baggage and starting us on our way to Lima. Throughout our South American trip we were in touch with this firm, which makes a specialty of looking after the interests of American travelers. It is not surprising that such a firm has made a great success in South America. For the next month we made Lima our base from which were made various trips, especially along the central railway of Peru. Collections were made at Santa Clara, Chosica, Matucana and at Oroya. We found the Cactaceae extended from the low hills near the coast up to about 4,200 meters' altitude, but the greatest I 174 distribution was found between Chosica and Matucana, at ar altitude of 850 to 2,370 meters. From Lima we went by steamer to Mollendo, Peru, and from there by train to Arequipa, which we made our base for nearly six weeks. Arequipa is the center of a most wonderful display of cacti. We made frequent excursions both above and below the city. From Arequipa we also went inland as far as La Paz, Bolivia, from whence we made trips to Comanche and Oruro, Bolivia. From Arequipa we made another trip to Cuzco, Peru, stopping en route at Juliaca. After finishing our work in southern Peru, we went to Valparaiso, Chile, and then to Santiago, where considerable time was spent in studying the cactus types of the late Rudolph Philippi, which are now deposited in the Museo Nacional de Chile. From Santiago a long excursion was made up along the Longitudinal Railway of Chile, and collections were made at Los Vilos, Choapa, Illapel, Coquimbo, La Serena, and Copiapo. Professor Francisco Fuentes was detailed by the Chilean Government to accompany me on this expedition. We then made an expedition from Santiago to La Ligua and on to Los Molles. This was made chiefly for the purpose of collecting at the type locality the very rare species known as Cereus castaneus. The venerable Director of the Jardin Botanico, Mr. Johannes Sbh-rens, was delegated by his Government to accompany us on that trip. Upon completion of our work in central Chile, we spent 8 days at Antofagasta, Chile, obtaining a number of interesting cacti on the hills above the town. Some very interesting seaweeds from near the beach were gathered, one of which is an undescribed species. A trip was made from here along the railway through the nitrate pampas as far as Calama. Leaving Antofagasta, one day was spent at Iquique, where specimens were obtained of Cereus iquiquensis at the type locality. Our departure from Iquique closed our collecting work, and we returned to the United States, arriving in Washington November 28, 1914, after an absence of almost six months. J. N. ROSE 175 LATE SUMMER LECTURES, 1915 Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: Aug. 7. " Flowers of Late Summer," by Dr. N. L. Britton. Aug. 14. " Fighting the Gypsy Moth," by Dr. W. E. Britton. Aug. 21. " Fungous Diseases in the Flower Garden," by Dr. Mel T. Cook. " The Agriculture of the North American Indians," B. Stout. " The Possibilities of Nut Growing in New York," C. Deming. " The Use of Mushrooms for Food," by Dr. W. A. . " Flowers That Should Be Planted in the Fall," by Mr. George V. Nash. Sept. 25. " Some Economic Uses and Possibilities of Seaweeds," by Dr. M. A. Howe. Aug. by Dr. Sept. by Dr. Sept. Murrill, Sept. 28. A. 4- W . 11. 18. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. Winifred J. Robinson recently spent several days at the Garden in looking up material and equipment for a course in botany at the Women's College of Delaware of which she is dean. She will spend some time at Newfane, Vermont, with Dr. Gertrude Burlingham in collecting Russulae, after which she will go to San Francisco to attend the meetings of the Western Science Association and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Miss Friedolina Jud and Mr. Roy C. Faulwetter have each been granted a scholarship for one month during the summer for assisting in the investigations in plant breeding. During the spring and summer " pine mice" have been very destructive especially of herbaceous plants growing in the experimental plots. In response of inquiries to the Biological 176 Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, it is learned that this mouse has of late been especially destructive of garden vegetables, bulbs, and shrubbery over a considerable area of eastern United States. On this account the Department of Agriculture has just issued Farmers* Bulletin No. 670, describing the habits of injurious meadow and pine mice together with practical methods of destroying them. Meteorology for July.— The total precipitation for the month was 3.49 inches of which 1.75 inches fell on the night preceding the 1st. The maximum temperatures for each week were 88° on the 10th, 850 on the 18th, Q$° on the 18th, and p5° on the 31st. The minimum temperatures were 540 on the 9th, 590 on the 13th, 530 on the 25th, and 620 on the 27th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 55 specimens " Taraxica Scandinavica Exsiccata," fascicle IV. ( Distributed by Dr. Hugo Dahlstedt.) 45 specimens of algae, chiefly marine, from Chile and Peru. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs. J. N. Rose.) 7 specimens of hepatics from Texas. ( Given by Dr. Frederick McAllister.) 21 specimens of mosses from Sanford, Florida. ( By exchange with Mr. Severin Rapp.) 1 specimen of Philadelphus from California. ( By exchange with the University of California.) 12 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) I specimen of Tetracarpum from Salvador. ( By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 5 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Mr. C. C. Deam.) 1 specimen of Stomoisia cornuta from Canada. ( Given by Miss Sarah B. Stevens.) 1 specimen of Tissa rubra from Long Island, New York. ( Given by Mr. W. E. Mackenna.) 1,017 specimens of lichens from the Underwood herbarium. ( Purchased from the Underwood Estate.) 1 specimen of Sarcodes sanguinea from Lake Tahoe, California. ( Given by Mrs. Wendell T. Bush.) 197 specimens of fungi from New Mexico. ( By exchange with the United States National Museum.) "# wff! 177 3 photographs of herbarium sheets. ( By exchange with Mr. Earl E. Sherff.) 30 specimens of polypores from New York City and vicinity. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 10 specimens of fungi from New York. ( By exchange with the New York State Museum.) 2 specimens of fungi from Oregon. ( By exchange with the New York State Museum.) 1 specimen of Hapalopilus rutilans from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) z specimen of Inonotus radiatus from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Fomes ungulatus from the New York Botanical Garden. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Russula Morgani from Pennsylvania. ( By exchange with Dr. D. R. Sumstine.) 1 specimen of Clathrus cancellatus from Remedios, Cuba. ( By exchange with Brother Leon.) 1 specimen of Lactaria glyciosma from North Carolina. ( By exchange with Mr. E. R. Memminger.) 6 specimens of polypores from California. ( By exchange with Dr. E. P. Mein-ecke.) 1 specimen of Hypodendrum fiammans from California. ( By exchange with Dr. E. P. Meinecke.) 1 specimen of woody fungus from Washington. ( By exchange with Mr. Henry Schmitz.) 1 specimen of fleshy fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. F. J. McCarthy.) 57 specimens of plant rusts within one hundred miles of New York City. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Pleurotus geogenius from Minnesota. ( By exchange with the Minnesota Mycological Society.) Fritz Achelis, Edward D. Adams, Charles B. Alexander, John D. Archbold, Vincent Astor, John W. Auchincloss, George F. Baker, Stephen Baker, Edmund L. Baylies, Eugene P. Bicknell, C. K. G. Billings, George Blumenthal, Prof. N. L. Britton, Prof. Edw. S. Burgess, Dr. Nicholas M. Butler, Andrew Carnegie, Prof. C. F. Chandler, William G. Choate, Thomas W. Churchill, Hon. W. A. Clark, C. A. Coffin, Samuel P. Colt, Edmund C. Converse, Paul D. Cravath, Cleveland H. Dodge, Dr. James Douglas, A. F. Estabrook, Samuel W. Fairchild, James B. Ford, Henry W. de Forest, Robert W. de Forest, Henry C. Frick, Prof. W. J. Gies, Daniel Guggenheim, Anson W. Hard, Members of the Corpora J. Horace Harding, J. Montgomery Hare, Edward S. Harkness, Prof. R. A. Harper, T. A. Havemeyer, A. Heckscher, Henry R. Hoyt, Archer M. Huntington, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Pierre Jay, Walter B. Jennings, Otto H. Kahn, Prof. James F. Kemp, Darwin P. Kingsley, Edw. V. Z. Lane, Dr. Albert Pt. Ledoux, Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Adolph Lewisohn, Hon. Seth Low, David Lydis, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, V. E. Macy, Edgar L. Marston, W. J. Matheson, Dr. William H. Maxwell, James McLean, Emerson McMillin. Ogden Mills, Ogden L. Mills, J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Theodore W. Myers, Frederic R. Newbold, C. D. Norton, Eben E. Oleott, Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Lowell M. Palmer, George W. Perkins, Henry Phipps, James R. Pitcher, M. F. Plant, Charles F. Rand, Ogden Mills Reid, Edwin A. Richard, John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Prof. H. H. Rusby, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. RehifT, James A. Scrj- njser, Isaac N. Seligman, Albert R. Shattuck, Henry A. Siebrecht, William Sloane, Nelson Smith, Valentine P. Snyder, James Speyer, Francis L. Stetson, Frederick Straus3: F. K. Sturgis, B. B. Thayer, Charles G. Thompson, Dr. W. Gilman Thompson M3Tles Tieruey, Louis C. Tiffany, W. K. Vanderbilt, Felix M. Warburg, Paul M. Warburg, Bronson Winthrop. Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Miss Harriette RogerB, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. George Cabot Ward H o n o r a r y Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of tho N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seventh volume. B u l l e t i n of t h e N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume. N o r t h A m e r i c a n F l o r a . Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price, JS1.50 per p a r t ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for £ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae. Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae ( p a r s ) . Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Farts I and 2 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 10, part I, 1914. Agaricaceae ( pars). Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae. Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars). Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars). Vol. 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona-ceae— Rosaceae ( pars). Vol. 25, p a r t i , 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part i, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae. Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915. Carduaceae ( pars). M e m o i r s of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 4 9 2 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi - f- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. I I I . Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909- Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii - f- 378 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi - f- 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. C o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. £ 5.00 per volume. In the eighth volume. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 175. The Vegetation of Mona Island, by N. L. Britton. 176. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region— IV. Forests ot the Subalpine and Montane Zones, by P. A. Rydberg. 177. Mosses of Bermuda, by Elizabeth G. Britton. 178. Notes on Rosaceae— IX, by P. A. Rydberg. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK. Hew YOHK CITY
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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1915-08 |
Description-Table Of Contents | Report upon the Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants; Exploration in Western South America; Late Summer Lectures, 1915; Notes, News and Comment; Accessions. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 16, no. 188 |
Type | text |
Transcript | H. AVI AUUUbl, iai ii. xvi Aiimixi. mi Vol. XVI AUGUST, 1915 No. 188 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR ARLOW BURDETTE STOUT Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PACK Report upon the Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants 155 Exploration in Western South America 172 Late Summer Lectures, 1915 175 Notes, News and Comment . 175 Accessions 176 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTKH, PA. THB NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY THB NBW ERA PRINTING COI THB NEW ERA PRINTING COI O F F I O B R S 1 8 16 PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON t ANDREW CARNEGIE Vic » PEESIDKNTS J F R A N C I S LYNDE STETSON TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON B O A R D OF- M A N A G E R S 1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1916 GEORGE W. PERKINS MYLES TIERNEY FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1917 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. DK FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM Term expires January, 1918 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFORD MORRIS ANDREW CARNEGIE W. GILMAN THOMPSON W. J. MATHESON FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS THE MAYOR OP THE CITY OF NEW YORK HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL THE PRESIDENT OP THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS HON. GEORGE CABOT WARD 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. R. A. HARPER THOMAS W. CHURCHILL PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE G A R D B N S T A F F DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development, Administration) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plant; DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XVI August, 1915 No. 188 REPORT UPON THE CULTIVATION OF DRUG AND DYE PLANTS DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, PRES., Sir:— I have the honor to submit the following report, on behalf of the Scientific Directors: Upon being notified by the Director- in- Chief that the Board of Managers had referred to the Scientific Directors for investigation the general subject of the cultivability for commercial purposes, in the vicinity of New York, of standard medicinal and dye plants, I prepared a list of all the foreign and domestic drugs which are pretty certain to do well under cultivation in the region in question, and which at the same time show some possibility of being sufficiently important and valuable to justify the procedure. Another list was made of those which, although not certain to grow here, appeared likely to do so. These lists were submitted to the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, to ascertain whether their studies and experience counter- indicated any of my assumptions, and I was informed that they did not. Following a general discussion of the subject of drug production, each of these plants was discussed briefly, as to its importance and value and the proper soil and other conditions for its [ Journal for July ( 16: 123- 154) was issued Aug. 7, 1915] 155 156 growth. At the end of each item was added a reference to the publication or publications of the Department of Agriculture and the page thereof where that subject is treated. A list was then secured of all publications of the Department of Agriculture which bear on this general subject and an attempt was made to secure them. All that were available for free distribution were asked for and obtained. Those which could be obtained only by purchase were ordered from the Bureau of Publications and were paid for in advance. Most of them have been received and the others are promised as soon as the stock is renewed. These publications, together with the list of those still to be obtained, were placed in the library for deposit in a pamphlet box devoted to this subject. This list was suppli-mented by a rather complete bibliographical list compiled by Mr. F. B. Kilmer of the scientific staff of Messrs. Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Most of those not obtainable are already in the library as parts of the regular series of Department publications, so that the references to them in the list referred to will make it possible for them to be consulted. An attempt was also made, and is now in progress, to secure other documents on the subject, and these will be placed in the same file. It now seems desirable to continue this study during the summer, and also to follow the experiments which are being made by several of our managers, and to present an illustrated lecture based thereon, on the cultivation of medicinal plants in the vicinity of New York, in our fall or winter course of public lectures. Public interest in the cultivation of drugs in the United States is steadily and rapidly increasing. It affects various classes of people and is dependent upon various considerations, some of which are sound, while others are quite the reverse. Among the large number of persons who have communicated with me on this subject during the past decade, by far the greater number are those who have had little or no personal acquaintance with agriculture, although many of them have carried on small horti- 157 cultural operations at their homes. They include pharmacists, physicians and business men with country places, but mostly people who have lived in the city and have removed thence to the country, and desire to engage in some form of cultivation of the soil. They would not think of engaging in the production of ordinary farm crops, because of the much labor involved and the smallness and uncertainty of the returns. Very often, too, they disdain so commonplace an occupation as " farming." They would be glad to engage in fruit- raising, but realize that it requires knowledge and experience that they do not possess. What they desire is some form of soil tillage that means quick and large profits, with no risk and just enough light and pleasant labor to constitute a rural recreation. All such persons may count upon a certain failure from their attempts to grow drugs for profit. It must be understood that methods for the cultivation of each drug have to be worked out by painstaking experiment, based upon a thorough knowledge of the habits and requirements of the plant in its natural habitat. Success in the cultivation of ordinary farm- crops, the methods of which have been established by centuries of experience, requires personal knowledge, experience and care, and this is true to a much greater extent of the cultivation of drugs of which comparatively little is known by anyone. On the other hand, there are excellent reasons why the cultivation of certain drug plants should be developed in this country, and there is good reason to believe that in some cases this can be done with profit to those undertaking it. Those who engage in this work must select drugs with knowledge of the following subjects: 1. That there is a steady and reasonably large demand for the product. 2. That the soil and climate where it is to be cultivated are adapted to its growth. 3. That they are sufficiently familiar with its individual requirements to be able to grow it successfully. 158 4. That its market price is such as to leave a profit over the cost of producing and marketing it. Upon the last consideration, the following facts have an important bearing. The enforcement of modern federal and state drug statutes have put an end to the use of spurious, adulterated and badly collected, cured and preserved drugs. This has had the effect of generally advancing prices. It has had the more important effect of compelling the dealer and manufacturer to be cautious in his acceptance of stocks offered him, and has largely increased the possibility of his becoming saddled with something that he cannot use. Both his convenience and safety are thus promoted by being able to purchase an article of the identity, purity and quality of which there is no question. This gives to the cultivator a great advantage over the collector of the wild product in finding a sale and in getting a good price. The supply of wild product is always uncertain. Crops often fail, owing to natural conditions of growth, some new condition that directs the labor of collectors into new lines, an unsatisfactory result in the preceding season and a variety of accidents. This establishes conditions favorable to a speculative market, which always works to the disadvantage of the regular merchant or manufacturer. For this reason again, the cultivator of drugs would be given the preference, since it would be possible to contract with him for supplies in advance of production. Again, there are good reasons for believing that by the same processes of selecting, hybridizing, breeding and cultivating that have done so much for other vegetable products, the medicinal activity of drugs may be increased, so that a given amount will bring a higher price. At such a time as the present, when the European war has interefered very seriously with the supply of many drugs, our attention is specially drawn to the above facts. In the notes which follow regarding particular drugs, all these considerations have received due attention. Besides the drugs proper, I include a number of products which are rather condimental than medicinal in their general use. 159 Products Known to be Capable of Easy and Successful Culture near New York BURDOCK ROOT, Arctium Lappa L., and other species of Arctium. Has an enormous medicinal use, notwithstanding that it is practically inactive; to be grown in rich soil, where ordinary root crops would thrive. Grow from seed; the rows 2 feet apart and plants a foot apart in the row; gather in the fall. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 16; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 64.) CIMICIFUGA, Cimicifuga racemosa ( L.) Nutt. Seeds probably cannot be bought, and must be collected in the fall from our woodlands, where the plant abounds. Cultivate in rich sandy loam, plants 2 feet apart. It is not likely that the results would be financially profitable. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 35.) SYMPHYTUM or COMFREY, Symphytum officinale L. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, plants 1 foot apart in tow; requires rich light soil; profit doubtful; demand light. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 57.) SENEGA, Polygaia Senega L. Seeds must be collected, as they are not commercial. Plant in light loamy soil, rows a foot apart, plants 3 inches apart in row, would probably be profitable. The roots are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 33.) DANDELION, Taraxacum Taraxacum ( L.) Karsten. The wild plant in this country does not produce roots of good size and quality. Cultivation would probably do so, but the price is so low that it is doubtful if it would pay. Should be grown about like carrots. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 22; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 60.) DIGITALIS, Digitalis purpurea L. Very largely used and fair prices paid; demand for drug of fine quality strong. Plant seed in drills and transplant to field when well established; set in rows 2 feet apart, plants 18 inches apart in rows; gather leaves when plant is beginning to bloom 160 and dry carefully in shade. ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull, i : 202 and 206; Farmers' Bull. 663: 22.) ACONITE, Aconitum Napellus L. Very largely used, but price rather low; a fair return might be expected. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, six inches apart in rows; collect tubers in fall of second year; dry carefully, to avoid mouldiness; rich, light loam preferable. CRAMP BARK, Viburnum Opulus L. The common Snow- ball shrub is the cultivated form of this species, which is common in a wild state in the northern United States and Canada, and known as " High- bush Cranberry." The bark is largely used. For years the entire market supply has been spurious ( Acer spicatum Lam.): The drug authorities will certainly stop the use of the latter and a demand for the genuine will grow up. An article known to be authentic should find a good market, at a fair price, the collection of the wild bark in quantity being difficult. It grows best in swamps where spring freshets overflow the land. It is a tall shrub, forming thickets. CHENOPODIUM or AMERICAN WORMSEED, C. ambrosioides L. or C. anthelminticum L. Would probably pay well; seeds easily obtained and plants would grow well in almost any soil. Cultivate about like bush beans; seeds must be threshed off like grain. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 37; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 535; Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 4.) CANADIAN HEMP, Apocynum cannabinum L. It is almost impossible to get the genuine and pure drug from wild sources. Demand is moderate, but there would be sale for a fair amount. Plant 1 foot apart, in rows 2 feet apart. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 55-) ANGELICA, Angelica Archangelica L. This is a very profitable crop in Europe, but I do not know of any attempts to grow it here. It is worth a trial. Seeds easily 161 obtained from Europe; plant in rich soil, in rows 3 feet apart, plants one foot apart in row. Both the underground portion and the fruits are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 14.) LOVAGE, Levisticum Levisticum ( L.) Lyons. Remarks made concerning Angelica apply to this, but only the roots are used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: p. 28.) AMERICAN GREEN HELLEBORE, Veratrum viride Ait. A profitable industry could probably be developed. Seeds esaily collected; requires deep, moist soil; swamp- lands could be utilized for the purpose. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 18.) BLUE FLAG, Iris versicolor L. It is so abundant and cheap that it is doubtful if its cultivation would pay, but it could be grown similarly to the last preceding. The underground portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 16.) UNICORN ROOT, Aletris farinosa L. Largely used; wild supply abundant and cheap, but very liable to admixture of other things. It is doubtful if it would pay. Plant 3 inches apart, in rows a foot apart. Collect rhizomes with roots, in fall. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 13; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 19.) CONVALLARIA, Convallaria majalis L. Very easily grown in any light soil. Allow it to form a dense bed and then uproot it, leaving enough roots for reproduction. The underground portion is used. Largely used and would probably pay. VALERIAN, Valeriana officinalis L. Would probably pay well; is enormously used; grow in any good soil; plant a foot apart in rows 2 feet apart. The underground portion is used. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 36.) CAULOPHYLLUM, Caulophyllum thalictroides ( L.) Michx. Not very much used and very cheap and abundant. Would probably not pay, but easily grown, like cimicifuga. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 37-) 162 HYDRASTIS, Hydrastis Canadensis L. Largely used, extremely scarce and very high- priced; difficult to grow and requires great care, by methods already well- defined by the Bureau of Plant Industry. One willing to take the necessary amount of trouble, would probably make very large profits. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 25; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 534; Bur. Plant Industry, Circular 6; Bull. 107: 31). GINSENG, Panax quinquefolius L. Remarks concerning Hydrastis apply to this also. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 24; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 107: 49; Farmers' Bull. 551.) FRANGULA BARK, Rhamnus Frangula L. Can be easily grown in swamp lands, replacing ordinary brook- alder; bark abundant and cheap, but very liable to admixture with other barks which are hard to distinguish. Manufacturers would probably welcome supplies from cultivators, of known quality. PEPPERMINT and SPEARMINT, Mentha piperita L. and M. spicata L, Already established in cultivation on a large scale in this country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 31 and 34; Bur. Plant Industry, Bull. 90; 19; 219: 28 and 29.) MUSTARD, Sinapis alba L. and Brassica nigra ( L.) Koch. European supplies so abundant and cheap that cultivation here is a matter of close competition, but there is no good reason why it should not succeed. ( Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 6. and 7.) STRAMONIUM, Datura Stramonium L. Grows readily in waste- lands, on ash dumps and in similar places; demand large, but price very low. It is worth a trial. The leaves should be collected in the late summer and dried in the shade. ( Journ. Indust. & Eng. Chem. 5: ( Dec. 1913); 8th Int. Cong. Appl. Chem. 17: 57; Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 156 and 108: Farmers' Bull. 663: 35; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 535; Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 26: 13; Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 219: 30.) WW 163 HOREHOUND, Marrubium vulgare L. Imported in enormous quantities; grows easily in almost any soil and would probably pay fairly well; plant a foot apart, in rows 3 feet apart; collect the entire above- ground portion of the plant when in full flower and dry quickly. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 26; Bur. Plant Industry Bull. 219: 23.) SERPENTARIA or VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT, Aristolochia Serpentaria L. and A. reticulata Nutt. Since this region formerly yielded considerable of this drug in a wild state, there is no doubt that it would flourish here. There is a large demand for it at good prices, and it is very apt to contain other roots, as it is received from the native collectors. It should be grown in a sandy loam. Seeds are probably not purchasable, and must be collected. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 107: 26; Farmers' Bull. 663: 34.) Promising Drugs The following could probably be cultivated successfully about New York, though there is not sufficient evidence to justify a positive statement. BELLADONNA ROOT and LEAVES, Atropa Belladonna L. These are exceedingly important drugs, being used in enormous quantity and being indispensable in medicine. Even before the European war, it was quite difficult to secure them in sufficient supply, and they are now almost unobtainable. Efforts to grow them in the neighborhood of San Francisco have met with perfect success, the product being of superior quality, bringing a high price and yielding a handsome profit. Efforts to grow it at New Brunswick, New Jersey, have not been found commercially successful up to the present, although the attempt has not been abandoned. The plants should have an ordinary light rich soil, and should be set 2 feet apart in rows 4 feet apart. ( Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 538; Journ. Agricultural Research No. 2 ( Nov. 20, 1913); Jour. Indust. & Eng. Chem. 6 ( June 1914); Am. Jour. Phar. 79: 523; Proc. A. Ph. A. 57: 833; Pac. Phar. 5: 157; 6: 159; 7: 332; Eli Lilly Sci. 164 Bull, i : 169; Farmers' Bull. 663: 15; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905: 538; Journ. Agric. Res. No. 2. ( Nov. 20, 1913.) SPIGELIA or PINK- ROOT, Spigelia Marilandica L. Most of that supplied is either wholly spurious or largely adulterated. The spurious is so closely similar to the genuine as to cause extreme difficulty in the trade, microscopical examination being necessary to identification. A brand of known purity and good quality would sell readily and at a high price. This is the northern limit of its natural home, but it could doubtless be cultivated successfully. It should be grown in a light sandy loam. Seeds are probably not purchasable and must be collected. The underground portion is used. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 100: 5; 107: 52; Farmers' Bull. 663: 31.) COLCHICUM, Colchicum autumnale L. This is very largely used, both the seeds and the corm, and could be sold in almost any quantity, although the price is low. It is cultivated hereabout as a garden flower, and seeds and bulbs, both of which are used medicinally, are readily obtainable. It requires a rich light soil. SAGE, Salvia officinalis L. New York is rather far north for this plant to do well, but it could doubtless be grown with fair success. The demand for it, rather as a condiment than a drug, is unlimited, and it could probably be grown at a profit. It requires a light rich soil. The seeds could readily be obtained abroad, even if not in this country. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 33.) THYME, Thymus vulgaris L. The same remarks may be made regarding common garden thyme as about the last mentioned. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 35.) Origanum hirtum Link and 0. Onites L. Both of these have the odor and taste of thyme, and both are enormously imported and used as condiments, mostly under the name of " thyme," although largely also as " origano." If they can be grown hereabout, the business should be profitable. They 165 come from Austro- Hungary and Italy, so it is somewhat doubtful if they would grow here. They do well in almost any soil. ARNICA, Arnica montana L. Both the rhizomes and flowers, but mostly the flowers, are enormously used. The plant would doubtless grow well in this section, in almost any soil, but the cost of labor would be liable to prevent a profit. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 15.) CASCARA SAGRADA, Rhamnus Purshiana DC. This shrub grows well in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, and does fairly well in the severe climate of Detroit. It would doubtless do very well in the sandy soil of Long Island or New Jersey. The amount of the bark that is annually used is almost incredible, and the native supplies are being rapidly exhausted. It must ultimately be cultivated. Seeds can readily be obtained in the northwest, in August or September. It will grow well in any soil. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 139: 38 and 39; Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905, 534; Farmers' Bull. 663: 20.) CAPSICUM or CAYENNE PEPPER, Capsicum fastigiatum Blume. It is somewhat doubtful if this could be grown with a profit in the vicinity of New York, but it could be made very profitable in Florida, where it bears continuously. There is a limitless demand for it. The native sources, in Zanzibar, as a result of political and other changes, have become depleted, and there will be an opportunity for others to supply it. PYRETHRUM or INSECT FLOWERS, Chysanthemum cinerariifolium ( Irev.) Bocc. The value of this crop is beyond question, if only we could cultivate it successfully. At present the project is not practicable, although some success has been attained in California. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 26.) CONIUM or POISON HEMLOCK, Conium maculatum L. The fruit of this plant is used and is an important medicine. The plant is grown in the field like wheat or rye, and is cut and threshed like ordinary grain. Its culture in this country has probably never been attempted. The commercial drug is very 166 liable to admixture and a clean and well- preserved article would be well received. The great difficulty experienced in securing conium of full activity would give a great advantage to the producer of a perfectly reliable article. ( Bull. U. S. Dept. Agriculture 26: 11; Farmers' Bull. 663: 21.) ANISE, Pimpinella Anisum L. This is a similar fruit to the last, closely related and grown and harvested in the same way. It is rather doubtful if it would do well so far north as New York. ASPIDIUM or MALE FERN, Dryopteris Filix- mas ( L.) Schott. This is a very important drug, and is largely used. The commercial article is very poor, in most cases. A brand known to be genuine and good would probably be taken, even at a high price. It is a large fern, growing usually in rich mountain soil. It would doubtless grow in any rich soil in this vicinity. ( Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 107: 11.) SANTONICA, Artemisia pauciflora ( Ledeb.) Weber. This is the immature flower heads of Artemisia pauciflora of Turkestan. It is rather doubtful if it will grow in this immediate vicinity, but the experiment is worth trying, if seeds can be obtained, which will be a matter of great difficulty. The drug is used in enormous quantities for the extraction of its active constituent, santonin. For two years past, the genuine has been very scarce and high. Large shipments of a spurious variety have been rejected and ordered reshipped out of the country. The subject is one of great interest. ERGOT, Claviceps purpurea ( Fries) Tulasne. This is a parasitic fungus, replacing the grain of rye. A pound of it is worth about as much as two bushels of rye. The practicability of getting it established upon rye in this country is problematical, although not very doubtful. Experiments are well worth making. CANNABIS INDICA, Cannabis sativa L. This is a very largely used drug, but at present the use : s permitted of only that grown in the East Indies. The question 167 of authorizing the use of that grown in the United States is now being debated. Should this be done, its cultivation here should be experimented with ( Eli Lilly Sci. Bull. I: 93; Farmers' Bull. 663: 19.) CONE FLOWER, Brauneria pallida ( Nutt.) Britton. This hardy perennial of the Kansas plains yields a root that has come into enormous use during the last decade. The natural supplies have become greatly reduced and the price high, and cultivation would doubtless become profitable. It requires a rich deep soil. The plants should be set about a foot apart, in rows 2 feet apart. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 23.) LARKSPUR, Delphinium, sps. There is a steady, large and permanent demand for larkspur seed for the destruction of body parasites. The plant grows well in such soils as those of central Jersey and Long Island, but the soil should be fairly well fertilized. Plant in rows 2 feet apart. Harvest the pods before they burst open, or many seeds will be lost. CARAWAY, Carum Carni L.; CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum L.; DtLL, Anethum graveolens L.; and FENNEL, Foeniculum Foeniculum ( L.) Karsten. All these fruits ( so- called seeds) are used in enormous quantities and can hardly be produced in excessive amounts. They are to be grown in drills, like grain, and similarly harvested. Their cultivation is old and extensive and they are to be regarded as staple farm crops. ( Farmers' Bull. 663: 20, 21, 23, and 24). Drug Plants the Cultivation of Which is Not Recommended The following drug plants, although readily grown, would probably be unprofitable, owing to the slight demand, to their great abundance as weeds with a consequent low price, or to some other factor. CATNIP, Nepeta Cataria L., is a very common weed, is not largely used, and sells at a very low price. HENBANE, Hyoscyamus niger L., is very subject to the attacks 168 of insects. Since the herbage is the medicinal part, the use of insecticides is not permissible. ROMAN CHAMOMILE, Anthemis nobilis L., is now very little used and the cost of production in this country would probably be prohibitive. GERMAN CHAMOMILE, Matricaria Chamomilla L., is very largely used, but the cost of harvesting would doubtless be too great. CALENDULA or MARIGOLD, Calendula officinalis L. The last statements will apply to this drug, also. TANSY, Tanacetum vulgare L., is a common roadside weed and can be collected at a price that would render profitable cultivation very doubtful. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL, Hedeoma pulegioides ( L.) Pers., is a common weed. The amount used as a drug is small, but great quantities of the oil are used. This oil can be produced much more cheaply abroad, so the cultivation of this plant is not likely to be remunerative. ELECAMPANE, Inula Helenium L., is so abundant in wet rocky pastures and woodlands that it can be gathered in a wild state more cheaply than it could be cultivated. CALAMUS, Acorus Calamush., is so very abundant in swamps that not the slightest hope of successful competition with the wild product can be entertained. ORRIS ROOT, Iris Germanica L., I. pallida Lam. and / . florentina L., does well here but the curing and preparation of the crop is a very critical and expensive process. ALTHEA or MARSHMALLOW, Althea officinalis L., also requires a large amount of expensive labor for its preparation, and would probably not be produced at a profit. BONESET or THOROUGHWORT, Eupatorium perfolialum L., is of very easy cultivation, but so very common and abundant as a weed that its profitable cultivation is impossible. LAVENDER, Lavandula angustifolia ( L.) Miller, can be made to grow in this section, but only with great care, and is liable to be entirely destroyed by severe winter weather. 169 LOBELIA, Lobelia inflata L., grows well here but it is a common weed. The demand is so small as to be readily met, at a very low price, by natural supply. POKEROOT, Phytolacca decandra L., is such a common and abundant weed, and in such light demand, that it could not be cultivated with advantage. WINTERGREEN, Gaultheria procumbens L., is in very great demand, but the wild supply is abundant, and its cultivation is very difficult. Dye Plants A careful consideration of this field fails to reveal any dye plant of value or importance that is likely to do well in this region. The trial of alkanet ( Alkanna tinctoria ( L.) Tausch.) is suggested and appears to be advisable. I doubt, however, if the product would be good, even if it could be grown. A tropical or subtropical climate appears to be requisite for the free formation of vegetable coloring matters. Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture on the Subject of Drug Plants, etc. The following publications on drug plants and closely related subjects have been issued by the Department of Agriculture. The editions of nearly all of these are entirely exhausted at the Department, but it may be possible to obtain copies by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, at the prices specified. Cultivation of Drug Plants in the United States. By Rodney H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for IQ03, PP- 337- 346, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 325.) Price, 5 cents. The Adulteration of Drugs. By Lyman F. Kebler. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1903, pp. 251- 258. ( Yearbook Separate No. 331.) Price, 5 cents. Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel and G. Fred Klugh. In Bulletin 51, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 35- 46, 2 pis. 1904. Price, 5 cents. 170 Weeds Used in Medicine. By Alice Henkel. Farmers' Bulletin No. 188. 45 pp., 31 figs. 1904. Peppermint. By Alice Henkel. In Bulletin 90, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 19- 29, 3 figs. 1905. Price, 5 cents. Progress in Drug- Plant Cultivation. By Rodney H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1905, pp. 533- 540,3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 401.) Price, 5 cents. The Drug Known as Pinkroot. By W. W. Stockberger. In* Bulletin 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41- 44, 6 figs., 2 pis. 1906. Price, 5 cents. Growing and Curing Hops. By W. W. Stockberger. Farmers' Bulletin 304. 39 pp., 20 figs. 1907. American Root Drugs. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 107, Bureau of Plant Industry. 80 pp., 25 figs., 7 pis. 1907. Price, 5 cents. The Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of Drug Plants. By Albert C. Crawford. Bulletin 112, Bureau of Plant Industry. 32 pp. 1907. Price, 5 cents. The Cultivation and Handling of Goldenseal. By Alice Henkel and G. Fred Klugh. Circular 6, Bureau of Plant Industry. I Q PP- i 7 ngs - 1908. Price, 5 cents. The Sources of Arsenic in Certain Samples of Dried Hops. By W. W. Stockberger. In Bulletin 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41- 46. 1908. Price, 5 cents. American Medicinal Barks. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 139, Bureau of Plant Industry. 59 pp., 45 figs. 1909. Price, 15 cents. Harmfulness of Headache Mixtures. By L. F. Kebler, F. P. Morgan, and Philip Rupp. Farmers' Bulletin 377. 16 pp. 1909. The Necessity for New Standards of Hop Valuation. By W. W. Stockberger. Circular 33, Bureau of Plant Industry. 11 pp 1909. Price, 5 cents. Habit- Forming Agents: Their Indiscriminate Sale and Use a Menace to the Public Welfare. By L. F. Kebler. Farmers' Bulletin 393. 19 pp., 5 figs. 1910. 171 The Source of the Drug Dioscorea, with a Consideration of the Dioscoreae Found in the United States. By Harley Harris Bartlett. Bulletin 189, Bureau of Plant Industry, 29 pp., 8 figs. 1910. Price, 10 cents. Camphor Cultivation in the United States. By S. C. Hood and R. H. True. In Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1910, pp. 449- 460, 3 pis. ( Yearbook Separate No. 551.) Price, 5 cents. American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 219, Bureau of Plant Industry. 56 pp., 36 figs. 1911. Price, 15 cents. Wild Volatile- Oil Plants and Their Economic Importance: I.— Black Sage; II.— Wild Sage; III.— Swamp Bay. By Frank Rabak. Bulletin 235, Bureau of Plant Industry, 37 PP-. 5 ngs- 1912. Price, 5 cents. The Diseases of Ginseng and Their Control. By H. H. Whetzel and J. Rosenbaum. Bulletin 250, Bureau of Plant Industry. 44 pp., 5 figs., 12 pis. 1912. Price, 15 cents. Some Effects of Refrigeration on Sulphured and Unsulphured Hops. By W. W. Stockberger and Frank Rabak. Bulletin 271, Bureau of Plant Industry. 21pp. 1912. Price, 5 cents. Individual Variation in the Alkaloidal Content of Belladonna Plants. By Arthur F. Sievers. In the Journal of Agricultural Research, November, 1913, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 129- 146, 1 fig. Price, 25 cents. American Medicinal Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds. By Alice Henkel. Bulletin 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 16 pp., 12 figs. 1913. Price, 5 cents. The Cultivation of American Ginseng. By Walter Van Fleet. Farmers' Bulletin 551, 14 pp., 3 figs. I9! 3- Goldenseal under Cultivation. By Walter Van Fleet. Farmers' Bulletin 613, 15 pp., 5 figs. 1914. Other References The Improvement of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bulletin 1: 25- 43. 172 Propagation of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 41: 105- 129. Breeding of Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 117- 119. Commercial Possibilities of Growing Medicinal Plants. By F. A. Miller. The Lilly Sci. Bull. 1: 163- 172. The Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. By F. B. Kilmer. Nat. Assoc, in Mfrs. of Med. Products. Feb. 8, 1915. ( See also bibliographical list of F. B. Kilmer, Sci. Dept. Johnson & Johnson.) H. H. RUSBY, Chairman EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF: Sir: In order to carry forward our original plan of exploring the cactus regions of America under the joint auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the New York Botanical Garden, I sailed from New York City, June 10, 1914, accompanied by Mrs. Rose, on the United Fruit Company's steamship " Santa Marta". The first stop was made at Kingston, Jamaica, where we took advantage of the few hours' stay to visit the Hope Botanical Gardens, where the very genial Director, Mr. William Harris, showed us the various native cacti of this island, which he has brought together. In some of the large trees of the Gardens fine specimens of 2 native species, Hylocereus triangularis and Selenicereus grandiflorus, were seen which grew to their very tops. Along the public road to the Gardens several species were seen in their native surroundings. Le-maireocereus hystrix, so much used as a hedge plant in Jamaica, was in full bloom. Five days were spent in Panama where, in company with Mr. Henry Pittier, we visited old Panama. From here living material of a Hylocereus and an Acanthocereus were sent back to the New York Botanical Garden. 173 We sailed from Balboa June 22, and made our first landing on the South American coast at Paita, Peru. This port came as near being in the absolute desert as any place I had ever seen. John Ball stated at the time of his visit in about 1875 that he found 13 species of plants growing along the coast at that point; but I was able to find only 3, and these very scarce. The disappearance of some of the plants is doubtless due to the fact that many flocks of sheep and goats are brought down from the mountains to Paita, which devour practically everything in their path. On June 26 a stop was made at Pacasmayo, also on the Peruvian coast, where the town is at the mouth of a small stream. Above the town are the orchards and gardens, but the hills, which are old elevated sea- beaches, are perfectly barren. Along the stream and sides of the valley are a few straggling shrubs which have to contend against not only the aridity but also the ever encroaching sand dunes which cross the valley and climb over the hills. One acacia plant which I saw, almost covered with sand, was about 100 feet in diameter. We stopped the next morning at Salaverry; but the dry plain and drier hills showed not a single green plant to entice the botanist away from the town. A few algae were picked up on the rocks near the landing. On June 28 we arrived at Callao, the port of Lima, and the principal one on the Peruvian coast. Here we were met by a representative of W. R. Grace & Company, who was very kind to us, helping us to pass our baggage and starting us on our way to Lima. Throughout our South American trip we were in touch with this firm, which makes a specialty of looking after the interests of American travelers. It is not surprising that such a firm has made a great success in South America. For the next month we made Lima our base from which were made various trips, especially along the central railway of Peru. Collections were made at Santa Clara, Chosica, Matucana and at Oroya. We found the Cactaceae extended from the low hills near the coast up to about 4,200 meters' altitude, but the greatest I 174 distribution was found between Chosica and Matucana, at ar altitude of 850 to 2,370 meters. From Lima we went by steamer to Mollendo, Peru, and from there by train to Arequipa, which we made our base for nearly six weeks. Arequipa is the center of a most wonderful display of cacti. We made frequent excursions both above and below the city. From Arequipa we also went inland as far as La Paz, Bolivia, from whence we made trips to Comanche and Oruro, Bolivia. From Arequipa we made another trip to Cuzco, Peru, stopping en route at Juliaca. After finishing our work in southern Peru, we went to Valparaiso, Chile, and then to Santiago, where considerable time was spent in studying the cactus types of the late Rudolph Philippi, which are now deposited in the Museo Nacional de Chile. From Santiago a long excursion was made up along the Longitudinal Railway of Chile, and collections were made at Los Vilos, Choapa, Illapel, Coquimbo, La Serena, and Copiapo. Professor Francisco Fuentes was detailed by the Chilean Government to accompany me on this expedition. We then made an expedition from Santiago to La Ligua and on to Los Molles. This was made chiefly for the purpose of collecting at the type locality the very rare species known as Cereus castaneus. The venerable Director of the Jardin Botanico, Mr. Johannes Sbh-rens, was delegated by his Government to accompany us on that trip. Upon completion of our work in central Chile, we spent 8 days at Antofagasta, Chile, obtaining a number of interesting cacti on the hills above the town. Some very interesting seaweeds from near the beach were gathered, one of which is an undescribed species. A trip was made from here along the railway through the nitrate pampas as far as Calama. Leaving Antofagasta, one day was spent at Iquique, where specimens were obtained of Cereus iquiquensis at the type locality. Our departure from Iquique closed our collecting work, and we returned to the United States, arriving in Washington November 28, 1914, after an absence of almost six months. J. N. ROSE 175 LATE SUMMER LECTURES, 1915 Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows: Aug. 7. " Flowers of Late Summer," by Dr. N. L. Britton. Aug. 14. " Fighting the Gypsy Moth," by Dr. W. E. Britton. Aug. 21. " Fungous Diseases in the Flower Garden," by Dr. Mel T. Cook. " The Agriculture of the North American Indians," B. Stout. " The Possibilities of Nut Growing in New York," C. Deming. " The Use of Mushrooms for Food," by Dr. W. A. . " Flowers That Should Be Planted in the Fall," by Mr. George V. Nash. Sept. 25. " Some Economic Uses and Possibilities of Seaweeds," by Dr. M. A. Howe. Aug. by Dr. Sept. by Dr. Sept. Murrill, Sept. 28. A. 4- W . 11. 18. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Dr. Winifred J. Robinson recently spent several days at the Garden in looking up material and equipment for a course in botany at the Women's College of Delaware of which she is dean. She will spend some time at Newfane, Vermont, with Dr. Gertrude Burlingham in collecting Russulae, after which she will go to San Francisco to attend the meetings of the Western Science Association and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae. Miss Friedolina Jud and Mr. Roy C. Faulwetter have each been granted a scholarship for one month during the summer for assisting in the investigations in plant breeding. During the spring and summer " pine mice" have been very destructive especially of herbaceous plants growing in the experimental plots. In response of inquiries to the Biological 176 Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, it is learned that this mouse has of late been especially destructive of garden vegetables, bulbs, and shrubbery over a considerable area of eastern United States. On this account the Department of Agriculture has just issued Farmers* Bulletin No. 670, describing the habits of injurious meadow and pine mice together with practical methods of destroying them. Meteorology for July.— The total precipitation for the month was 3.49 inches of which 1.75 inches fell on the night preceding the 1st. The maximum temperatures for each week were 88° on the 10th, 850 on the 18th, Q$° on the 18th, and p5° on the 31st. The minimum temperatures were 540 on the 9th, 590 on the 13th, 530 on the 25th, and 620 on the 27th. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 55 specimens " Taraxica Scandinavica Exsiccata," fascicle IV. ( Distributed by Dr. Hugo Dahlstedt.) 45 specimens of algae, chiefly marine, from Chile and Peru. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs. J. N. Rose.) 7 specimens of hepatics from Texas. ( Given by Dr. Frederick McAllister.) 21 specimens of mosses from Sanford, Florida. ( By exchange with Mr. Severin Rapp.) 1 specimen of Philadelphus from California. ( By exchange with the University of California.) 12 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) I specimen of Tetracarpum from Salvador. ( By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 5 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. ( Given by Mr. C. C. Deam.) 1 specimen of Stomoisia cornuta from Canada. ( Given by Miss Sarah B. Stevens.) 1 specimen of Tissa rubra from Long Island, New York. ( Given by Mr. W. E. Mackenna.) 1,017 specimens of lichens from the Underwood herbarium. ( Purchased from the Underwood Estate.) 1 specimen of Sarcodes sanguinea from Lake Tahoe, California. ( Given by Mrs. Wendell T. Bush.) 197 specimens of fungi from New Mexico. ( By exchange with the United States National Museum.) "# wff! 177 3 photographs of herbarium sheets. ( By exchange with Mr. Earl E. Sherff.) 30 specimens of polypores from New York City and vicinity. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 10 specimens of fungi from New York. ( By exchange with the New York State Museum.) 2 specimens of fungi from Oregon. ( By exchange with the New York State Museum.) 1 specimen of Hapalopilus rutilans from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) z specimen of Inonotus radiatus from New York. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Fomes ungulatus from the New York Botanical Garden. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Russula Morgani from Pennsylvania. ( By exchange with Dr. D. R. Sumstine.) 1 specimen of Clathrus cancellatus from Remedios, Cuba. ( By exchange with Brother Leon.) 1 specimen of Lactaria glyciosma from North Carolina. ( By exchange with Mr. E. R. Memminger.) 6 specimens of polypores from California. ( By exchange with Dr. E. P. Mein-ecke.) 1 specimen of Hypodendrum fiammans from California. ( By exchange with Dr. E. P. Meinecke.) 1 specimen of woody fungus from Washington. ( By exchange with Mr. Henry Schmitz.) 1 specimen of fleshy fungus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. F. J. McCarthy.) 57 specimens of plant rusts within one hundred miles of New York City. ( Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.) 1 specimen of Pleurotus geogenius from Minnesota. ( By exchange with the Minnesota Mycological Society.) Fritz Achelis, Edward D. Adams, Charles B. Alexander, John D. Archbold, Vincent Astor, John W. Auchincloss, George F. Baker, Stephen Baker, Edmund L. Baylies, Eugene P. Bicknell, C. K. G. Billings, George Blumenthal, Prof. N. L. Britton, Prof. Edw. S. Burgess, Dr. Nicholas M. Butler, Andrew Carnegie, Prof. C. F. Chandler, William G. Choate, Thomas W. Churchill, Hon. W. A. Clark, C. A. Coffin, Samuel P. Colt, Edmund C. Converse, Paul D. Cravath, Cleveland H. Dodge, Dr. James Douglas, A. F. Estabrook, Samuel W. Fairchild, James B. Ford, Henry W. de Forest, Robert W. de Forest, Henry C. Frick, Prof. W. J. Gies, Daniel Guggenheim, Anson W. Hard, Members of the Corpora J. Horace Harding, J. Montgomery Hare, Edward S. Harkness, Prof. R. A. Harper, T. A. Havemeyer, A. Heckscher, Henry R. Hoyt, Archer M. Huntington, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Pierre Jay, Walter B. Jennings, Otto H. Kahn, Prof. James F. Kemp, Darwin P. Kingsley, Edw. V. Z. Lane, Dr. Albert Pt. Ledoux, Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Adolph Lewisohn, Hon. Seth Low, David Lydis, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, V. E. Macy, Edgar L. Marston, W. J. Matheson, Dr. William H. Maxwell, James McLean, Emerson McMillin. Ogden Mills, Ogden L. Mills, J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Theodore W. Myers, Frederic R. Newbold, C. D. Norton, Eben E. Oleott, Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Lowell M. Palmer, George W. Perkins, Henry Phipps, James R. Pitcher, M. F. Plant, Charles F. Rand, Ogden Mills Reid, Edwin A. Richard, John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Prof. H. H. Rusby, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. RehifT, James A. Scrj- njser, Isaac N. Seligman, Albert R. Shattuck, Henry A. Siebrecht, William Sloane, Nelson Smith, Valentine P. Snyder, James Speyer, Francis L. Stetson, Frederick Straus3: F. K. Sturgis, B. B. Thayer, Charles G. Thompson, Dr. W. Gilman Thompson M3Tles Tieruey, Louis C. Tiffany, W. K. Vanderbilt, Felix M. Warburg, Paul M. Warburg, Bronson Winthrop. Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Miss Harriette RogerB, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. George Cabot Ward H o n o r a r y Members of the W o m e n ' s A u x i l i a ry Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of tho N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seventh volume. B u l l e t i n of t h e N e w T o r k B o t a n i c a l Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume. N o r t h A m e r i c a n F l o r a . Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price, JS1.50 per p a r t ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for £ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 3, part I, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae. Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidiaceae ( p a r s ) . Vol. 9, parts I and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Farts I and 2 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 10, part I, 1914. Agaricaceae ( pars). Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae. Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars). Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912. Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars). Vol. 22, parts I and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913. Podostemona-ceae— Rosaceae ( pars). Vol. 25, p a r t i , 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part i, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae. Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915. Carduaceae ( pars). M e m o i r s of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 4 9 2 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi - f- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. I I I . Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909- Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii - f- 378 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi - f- 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. C o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. £ 5.00 per volume. In the eighth volume. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH 175. The Vegetation of Mona Island, by N. L. Britton. 176. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region— IV. Forests ot the Subalpine and Montane Zones, by P. A. Rydberg. 177. Mosses of Bermuda, by Elizabeth G. Britton. 178. Notes on Rosaceae— IX, by P. A. Rydberg. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK. Hew YOHK CITY |
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