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Vol. XIX February, 1918 No. 218 JOURNAL OP The New York Botanical Gardeo EDITOR KENNETH ROWLAND BOYNTON Head Gardener s Assistant CONTENTS PACE Narrative of a Trip to South America for Collecting Cacti 21 Courses in Gardening in Cooperation with the International Children's School Farm League 44 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET. LANCASTER, PA. THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I C E R S 1 9 1S PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON , , „ I ANDREW CARNEGIE VICE- PRESIDENTS j F R A N C I S L Y NDE STETSON TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER ASSISTANT TREASURER— JOHN L. MERRILL SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON I. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1919 MURRY GUGGENHEIM FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERNEY GEORGE W. PERKINS LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1920 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. DE FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM Term expires January, 1921 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK HON. JOHN F. HYLAN THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS HON. WILLIAM F. GRELL 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairman PROF. CHAS. P. BERKEY PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. HERBERT M. RICHARDS DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES HON. ARTHUR S. SOMERS G A R D E N S T A FF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development, Administration) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plants) DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plantt DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds HENRY G. PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XIX February, 1918 No. 218 NARRATIVE OF A TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA FOR COLLECTING CACTI* DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF: Sir: Pursuant to your commission to go to South America to collect representative material of the various cacti that I might encounter in the different places visited, I sailed from New York on the S. S. Byron, November 4, 1916, arriving at Buenos Aires on the evening of November 28, after an uneventful voyage. On the way down we stopped for a portion of a day at Rio de Janeiro, thus enabling me to call on Dr. Alberto Lofgren, of the Botanical Garden there. The Doctor received me most cordially and promised to prepare a collection of living Rhipsalis for the New York Botanical Garden, should I call for it on my return north; I, in return, was to send him material of the various Rhipsalis that I might collect on this trip, which indeed I was glad to do, as the Doctor is probably the best authority on this genus at the present time. Having a letter of introduction to Mr. H. Hussy, general manager of the Central and South American Telegraph Company, I called on him the first thing next morning. The nature of my visit seemed quite a novelty to him and he took the most kindly interest in my welfare, giving me valuable information of use in getting about the city and accompanied me to many places. His son Harry also frequently acted as my guide * The preparation of this report has been much delayed by the long- continued illness of the late Dr. Shafer. It is now published as a record of an important expedition which yielded very valuable information for the monograph of Cactaceae by Dr. Britton and Dr. Rose, now in course of publication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. 21 22 and interpreter. His keen interest in my welfare was later shown, when after my not returning to Buenos Aires at the time I was supposed to, he started a consulary inquiry after me. I had a considerable contribution of herbarium material as a compliment of the Garden to our friend, Prof. Cristobal M. Hicken, of the Facultado de Ciencias Exactas Fiscias y Naturales. Professor Hicken, however, was out of town and not expected to return for several days, which gave me ample opportunity to secure maps and other much needed data and to see much of this remarkable city. Its many parks and numerous well- kept plazas are a conspicuous feature and must do much to brighten the lives of the inhabitants. The streets of the city are very wide and well kept, many of them being provided with a line of shade trees along each curb. A native tree of the Cassia family, at this season almost entirely covered with golden yellow flowers, made some of the streets appear quite gorgeous. Another native tree, a member of the Bignonia family, heavily laden with bright blue flowers was also a conspicuous feature. Probably the most used trees, however, are the European plane or sycamore tree, our own box elder, and the oriental Ailanthus. The Botanical Garden, whose area is unfortunately far too small, is most interesting and instructive. Many plants and large trees from every continent are here to be seen. Quite a novelty to me was the assemblage of many of our northern trees in close proximity with the Eucalypti and Mimosaceae of Australia. Having left a note for Dr. Hicken announcing my presence in Buenos Aires, he called at the hotel a day or two after his return to the city. He seemed much pleased that the study of South American cacti was to be continued by Doctors Britton and Rose, and gave me letters to various persons who he thought would be helpful, also much advice and information, without which I would have been quite helpless. He also advised me to begin my work at Andalgala, in the province of Catamarca, not only because it was a typical cactus region, but also on account of the fact that a Danish naturalist, Mr. P. Jorgensen resided there. Mr. Jorgensen had made a large collection of the plants of the region for Dr. Hicken's herbarium and the probability 23 that he would be more or less at leisure at this season, it was thought, would greatly further the progress of my work. Accordingly I started for Andalgala on the night of December n. This proved to be a long and irksome trip. The railways of Argentina, once you get some distance from the capital, are not calculated to inspire one's confidence or to induce one to travel unnecessarily. Their roadbeds, each system of which is of a different gage, are poorly constructed, miserably ballasted and usually a single track. The sleeping cars, which are scarcely more than compartments of bunks arranged transversely with some upholstery and hard wood embellishments, are anything but comfortable. No provision is made for its occupants to sit comfortably during the day time. For this one must go to the day coach or the dining car. The dining car which is attached to all through trains and remains with it during the entire trip, is the only redeeming feature of an Argentina railroad, being neat and comfortable, a first- class restaurant on wheels and one can obtain most anything desired. Their table d'hote meals are very satisfactory. Next morning found us moving through a monotonously flat region, composed of large grain fields and pasture land, situated northwest of Rosario, the second largest town of the Republic. Conspicuous here were the blanched bones of innumerable cattle which had perished from hunger and thirst during the long and severe draught which the region had suffered. Although it was Sunday many threshing machines, belching forth huge clouds of straw and dust, were passed during the entire day. The region is entirely devoid of native trees and the inhabitants, it would seem, have yet to learn the art of tree planting. The most conspicuous vegetation along the route is the wild carrot and a very large artichoke- like thistle. Woody plants, seemingly, were entirely absent until near the close of the day, when scattered shrubbery appeared. We reached Alto Cordoba on the highlands opposite that city about dark and thence continued through the night a hot, dusty and suffocating ride northward. Early next morning found us moving through a weird and desolate desert landscape composed of alternating tracts of stunted trees 24 and shrubbery, among which cacti were discernible, and gray saline areas, the dust of which filled the coaches almost to suffocation. After passing La Rioja we continued on through the same monotony and desolation except near Mazan where a low rocky ridge was crossed. This was a veritable cactus garden which I was loath to pass without stopping. A number of varieties were noticed that were not seen elsewhere. The inaccessibility, however, made it impossible for me to return to this interesting place. Andalgala, the village of which is situated three or four kilometers from the railroad station, was reached sometime after dark on the third night out from Buenos Aires. I secured accommodations which consisted of a large, fairly well ventilated room facing an ample but none too cleanly patio which promised to afford very good facilities for my work. Early next morning I started out to find Mr. Jorgensen, but I learned that he had been out of town for some time, and I could not ascertain when he was expected back. As one of Dr. Hicken's reasons for advising me to begin my work at Andalgala was Mr. Jorgensen's knowledge of the region and its plants and the fact that he spoke English, I was very much disappointed and the fact that the people did not seem to understand my poor Spanish, especially as many of the words, particularly the nouns, were different than those I had learned in the West Indies, made me feel quite hopeless for the time being. The hotel man told me that he did not think there was a person in the neighborhood who spoke English and when I fell back on the German language his information was similar. Upon sounding the few guests at the hotel I discovered that a young man of Swiss extraction spoke German. He likewise informed me that he did not think there was an English-speaking person in the village and that the only two persons he knew of who spoke German were a Hollander with an office nearby and Dr. Schmidt, a physician residing in the outskirts of the town. Upon visiting the Hollander's office I learned that he was out of town and probably would not be back for several days. As it was probable that the Doctor would be out on his professional rounds at this hour of the day, I tried to 25 ignore my plight by taking a walk out into the country, the course I took leading me to and past the cemetery. I soon discovered that I was in a real cactus region, for not less than five species were observed on this walk. Returning to the hotel in time for the noon day's meal, my Swiss friend told me that he had met Dr. Schmidt and told him of my presence and intention in the region. The Doctor said he would be pleased to converse with me in either English or German and to help me in any way he could. After the meal the hotel man, upon my request for a boy to show me the way out to Dr. Schmidt's residence, advised me not to call on the Doctor until three o'clock, as he would probably be having his siesta, as is the custom here. I found the Doctor, who had been long in residence in Argentina, a very pleasant and highly scientific man of affairs. He became much interested in my work and promised to aid me in every way possible. He verified the probable usefulness of Mr. Jorgensen in the work, knew that he was somewhere across the mountains in the province of Tucuman and said he could find out from his friends, administrators of the sugar estate at Concepcion. He gave me some very useful information about the surrounding region and promised to send me a good peon to accompany me into the field. Early next morning Dr. Schmidt called on me at the hotel with a telegram from Concepcion stating that Mr. Jorgensen had left there on his way to Andalgala and that he expected to spend a fortnight collecting on his way across the mountains. The peon also showed up and said that he was ready to go to work. The inhabitants of Andalgala seem prosperous and content. The cultivation of the grape and the making of wine are their chief occupations. The place also has some local reputation for the production of quince preserves, put up in brick form, somewhat resembling the well- known Cuban guava paste and jelly. The quince trees, of which I saw very few, I believe, are grown in moist valleys, high among the surrounding hills. The houses in the village are practically all constructed of adobe, the village in reality being a huge irrigated vineyard. It boasts of an electric-light system which goes out at midnight and a very primitive moving picture show every Sunday night. In the outskirts, on 26 small scattered irrigated patches, wheat is grown, the harvesting of which is very primitive. Grain in the straw is spread in a circle on the hard dry ground, a horse hitched to a central post is driven ' round and ' round over this straw until the grain is tramped out. After the straw is raked off, the mixed chaff and grain is thrown high into the air during a slight breeze, thus cleaning the grain. People who do not buy their flour obtain it by grinding this wheat in a bowl- shaped cavity in a hard wood log with a stone or wooden pestle. Occasionally one sees a stone mortar used. As soon as my peon reported for duty the collection of cacti was begun by excursion afoot into the surrounding desert, composed largely of dry spiny shrubs and rocks. The nearby hills were also worked in the same manner and ascensions to the summit of the nearest mountains, the highest of which reaches an altitude of about 6,000 feet, were made, most of these cacti having a range over the plain, also occurring in lesser quantities to the highest elevations thus reached. The massive columnar Cereus, locally very abundant, known as " Cardon Grande," however, seldom reached that altitude, several others of the Cereus group occurring only on the higher sides of these mountains. Later long excursions across the plains and up various arroyos were made on horseback. A tour also was taken for a considerable distance down and along the dry stream bed of Rio Andalgala. Here a very pretty Echinocactus was found in very limited quantities on a small sand dune out of reach of the torrential overflow of the stream. This plant was seen nowhere else on my trip and showed nothing but small buds which with careful carrying however developed flowers about a month afterward, when a good photograph was obtained of it. Having packed the live plants and cuttings and all other material that required no further attention and shipped them to Buenos Aires, and having sent the rest of my outfit by rail around to Tucuman, I started on the morning of December 28 for Concepcion on the other side of the mountains on mule back accompanied by my faithful peon, carrying a single change of clothing and a meager collecting outfit, as I did not expect to find many new cacti. In 27 this, however, I was much mistaken, as eight species, apparently new to me, were seen along the trail. To do justice to these I should have allowed myself at least three days instead of the two usually occupied to make the trip, and should have taken along an extra pack animal. The route was a rough rocky trail through a canyon south of town and after proceeding for several hours I passed through a small area of a large columnar Cereus quite distinct from the one so common at Andalgala. The small area of this encountered here was the only one seen on the entire trip. As we reached higher elevation some water was found and a hut with a little patch of irrigated land was passed. We lunched at a spring not far from the summit and crossed the divide at an altitude of about 7,000 feet, descending into a high shallow valley, running in a north and southerly direction. Crossing it another range of a less rocky nature was crossed and descent was made into a long, more grassy canyon. After hours of riding in which one other species of cactus was seen, we entered a large valley running north and south. The stream, locally called Rio Grande, flowed in a northerly direction and contained more water than I had seen since I left the ocean. Frequent and quite extensive irrigated patches were to be seen as far as the eye could see to the south, while the view northward indicated more fertility. Just before night we reached the large house of the administrator of the Esquina Grande Estate. Here I was taken in and cordially provided with a good warm meal and a comfortable bed, my peon finding quarters for himself and the animals with the numerous employees of the establishment. Early next morning I busied myself looking after the collections of the previous day, which owing to fatigue and darkness I could not attend to the night before. After coffee and the well wishes of my host we proceeded on the long seventy- five- kilometer stretch that lay before me. Passing northward and down stream the vegetation was entirely different from anything I had as yet seen. A conspicuous plant was a tall red flowering Lobelia, reminding one very much of our own Lobelia cardinalis. The plants were practically all strangers to me and I was loath to pass by them without making a collection. A short cylindrical cactus was 28 seen sparingly in groups on accumulations of humus on the large bowlders in and along the stream which suddenly broke through a chasm of the range forming the eastern boundary of this valley. The road upon which we traveled had been a well- constructed one but now was in a bad condition, apparently after many years of neglect, as it had lost its importance after the construction of the railroad west of the mountains. It continued northerly up the valley along the stream which now flowed southward and finally by many windings and twistings reached the top of the range that had formed our eastern boundary. As we ascended, trees became more numerous and taller until they formed a real forest, the predominating element being a beech- like tree belonging to the genus Alnus. On reaching the top of the ridge, on which we traveled for some distance, an imposing view was afforded. To the left beyond the green hills close by a stretch of high brown snow- capped mountains was visible as far as the eye could see. To the right one looked down into a vast tree-covered flat which seemed to have no eastern limit. The road now descended quite rapidly and tortuously through rank vegetation. The elements of this were all strangers to me, one of the largest trees being an Araucaria; another interesting plant was a species of Rubus with arching stems twelve to fifteen feet long reaching out over the roadway. It had the appearance of our northern blackberry with the fruit of a black cap raspberry and was a novelty very much appreciated, it being the first South American fruit that I had encountered. It is, however, very much inferior to our own raspberry, having an insipid taste and a mulberry- like flavor. The people called it " murus." As we neared the base of the hill I saw the first specimens of Rhipsalis, but they were aggravatingly high and could not be collected. Having finally reached the plain, the road continued for many kilometers through dense forests of tall trees and cleared patches devoted to the cultivation of mace and pasture became more numerous when near Alpachiri. This place appeared to be the type station of Rhipsalis Tucumanensis. After a long and tiresome ride through increasing cultivation which, as we neared the town, consisted of sugar plantations, Concepcion was reached 29 just before dark. Next morning I went out to the sugar mill, and found a friend of Mr. Jorgensen. He said that he had not come back so I dismissed all hopes of his cooperation and mailed my letter for him to his home address and some weeks afterward received one from him expressing his regret and disappointment at our not having met and stating that I had passed close by his camp on my way across the mountains, his peon having seen me. It being evident that this was no cactus country I took the next train for the city of Tucuman, where I arrived early in the evening and after a much needed bath, a fairly good meal and a good night's rest I felt quite fit next morning. Although it was Sunday I had no difficulty in having my outfit, which was sent around by freight from Andalgala, brought to the hotel. In the afternoon, after overhauling the outfit, I took a stroll out into the country which was rather highly cultivated. When some distance out I noticed a tall patch of green which I reached after some difficult cross- country hiking. It proved to be as I had surmised, a tract of primeval forest, the trees of which harbored many Rhipsalis, of which two species were collected. Here I was overtaken by a torrential downpour of rain and received a most thorough soaking. The opposite side of the woodland faced the military barracks and a road to the city and I finally reached my hotel a sorry- looking, water- logged, mud- bespattered object. Monday, as my finances needed replenishing it was necessary for me to visit a bank. Here my wants were attended to and I learned that the scientific gentleman in Tucuman to whom Dr. Hicken had given me a letter would likely be found at the museum close by and that the curator, Mr. Schreiter, a German naturalist, would likely be called upon to act as my interpreter, as the gentleman in question was not familiar with the language best at my command. Mr. Schreiter was well posted about the surrounding country and expressed much interest in my work, telling me of a high arid region to the northwest where he had seen many cacti. His analogical and archaeological investigations require him to go in. there quite frequently. The scientific gentleman to whom I had! a letter was at this time at the university nearby, to which we 30 now started. At the university was Dr. Fidel Zelada, said to be the local authority on cacti, who had a collection of living plants at his home which he cordially invited me to see and I agreed to do this in the afternoon. The person for whom we had been looking not being at the university, I left with the understanding that I would meet Mr. Schreiter at the museum in the afternoon, when he told me that he had seen this person and that as I had already been told as much about the cactus region as he himself knew, it would be unnecessary for me to see him. As it would be necessary, in order to get into the above mentioned cactus region, to organize a caravan and as several weeks' time would be required to accomplish anything, I felt that I had better not attempt it. As it had been raining continually for several days with no immediate prospect of its stopping, I boarded the train the next morning for Salta, the capital of the province of the same name. Salta, which is situated in a moist, fertile, and highly cultivated valley, has very wide streets, most of them provided with well-kept shade trees. A masonry canal is constructed entirely around the city to protect it from inundation by the torrential flow of water when there are heavy rains in the nearby hills. Owing to an accident on the railroad due to the locomotive leaving the track, we were held up for something like six hours and did not get into Salta until two o'clock the following morning, an hour at which it is not pleasant to contemplate getting into a strange city in a foreign land. However, I found a sleepy coachman who agreed to take me to a hotel, to the proprietor of which, fortunately, I had a letter. The establishment was still open and full of activity and I fear I would have received little attention had it not been for this letter, upon reading which the proprietor became interested in me, telling me that his rooms were all occupied, but he kindly found quarters for me in a nearby hotel and the next day he fixed up a room, well back of the patio, for me. Although this was away from the flowers it had the advantage of also being away from the noise and turmoil incident to an all night restaurant and subsequently promised to be very convenient and comfortable quarters. Messrs. Haustein and Schaaf, 31 proprietors, their respective wives and sister, manifested the traditional Teutonic interest in cacti and aided, me very much in my work. The gentlemen were constantly making inquiries among their patrons, calculating to aid in the work, thus securing many interviews and invitations from planters and others. Notable among these was Mr. E. H. F. Schultz who had formerly been connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, stationed at Florida and Panama and now director of the provincial nursery at Tucuman. Upon expressing my surprise that I had not heard of him at Tucuman he further astonished me with the fact that a well- managed experiment station whose staff was composed entirely of English- speaking persons was maintained there. He said that some time ago they had understood that a North American who was investigating the cacti was in Argentina and as they had expected him to come to Tucuman they had made preparations for him at the station but that the person never showed up. He exacted from me the promise that I could call on them on my return southward, when he felt sure they would be able to show me some cactus. Collections were made in the nearby hills and thickets, and excursions to various remote parts were taken. At one of these, San Lorenzo, a well-watered place in the western foothills, the novelty of seeing a short columnar cactus and a large scarlet- flowered begonia was experienced. One of the most prolific stations, however, was Mojotoro. Having packed my live and other finished material and shipped it by freight to Buenos Aires I went to Calilegua in the province of Tujuy, a region highly recommended by Mr. Schultz, who gave me a letter of introduction to Mr. Robert Smythe, in charge of one of the Leach estates. At Calilegua I deposited my bag at a little red hotel, stating that I wanted a room and started out to find Mr. Smythe, whom I found without difficulty. After reading Mr. Schultz's letter he closed his desk, with the remark. " Come over to the house." The pathway to this led through a well- kept and most interesting nearly tropical garden. Mr. Smythe inquired, " Where is your bag?" When I told him it was down at the hotel and remonstrated that I did not wish 32 to throw myself upon his hospitality he remarked, " We cannot permit a white man to stop there. I will send for your baggage at once." After observing the British custom usually indulged in at this time of the afternoon, we engaged in a general conversation, in which I discerned that Mr. Smythe, who had resided in the republic for upwards of thirty years was a great lover of plants and flowers and was particularly well versed in tropical things and orchids. His observing mind enabled him to recall many places where he had seen cacti but he made no pretense at knowing what they were. He also told me that Dr. Spe-gazzini, a southern botanist who had described many species of cacti, had stopped there some years previous and that he was very much enthused over what he had secured in the dry hills some leagues distant up the Rio San Lorenzo. Although Calilegua is situated about 23J4 degrees south latitude, owing to its elevation in the valley it is visited by occasional killing frosts, which last winter were so severe that the entire banana plantations were killed to the ground, destroying thousands of bunches of bananas and entailing a further loss of twelve months' production. Citrus fruits and sugar cane were, however, not seriously damaged. The coffee plantations several thousand feet up in the hills were completely destroyed and as this crop has not proven profitable, owing to the scarcity of labor, it has been abandoned. This Leach estate, comprising everything in sight, includes thousands of square miles of surrounding country. The fertile lands of the valley are devoted principally to the culture of sugar cane, which is sent to an adjoining estate of the same corporation, for grinding, and thousands of acres are successfully devoted to the culture of bananas. Recently the cultivation of citrus fruits has been undertaken and it is Mr. Smythe's chief concern and delight to further this culture, leaving the better understood crops to younger members of his staff. Here also one sees experimental plots of most all tropical fruits such as improved varieties of mango, alligator pear, etc. The rainfall, although ample for successful agricultural operations if properly distributed throughout the year, is precipitated in three or four consecutive months, thus leaving the remainder of the year with- 33 out rain, so it is necessary to resort to irrigation, an ample supply being furnished by the streams coming from the mountains. The next day being Sunday, which at this establishment, unlike many others, is devoted to rest and recreation, I necessarily busied myself unpacking and caring for my incompletely dried material. Collections were begun next morning, my host having seen to it that I was provided with a good guide and horses. We proceeded up the San Lorenzo valley through miles of cane and banana and thence into dense forests of tall trees and shrubbery which harbored various species of Rhipsalis, at least three of which were new to the collection. A fiat broad three- ribbed variety most resembling a Phyllocactus was a very striking object. Festoons of it frequently five to. six feet long with margins densely covered with rather large orange- colored fruit quite common. I was rather surprised too, to find a number of different kinds of the Cereus group on the forest floor, which one would have thought was too humid and fertile for this class of plants. We had set out in the morning with the idea of collecting in the dry hills northward, which had so delighted Dr. Spegazzini, but the many things that arrested my attention had so impeded my progress that we made no attempt to get there in the afternoon. The day was very hot and sultry, but the last stage of our return trip was made through a heavy cold rain and violent hail storm. It being necessary to ford the river several times in order to reach the dry hills already mentioned, it was useless to attempt this next day, as the river was on a rampage and any attempt to cross it would have proved suicidal. My work was much retarded by the wet weather, but excursions were made into various places in all directions except the one bounded by the river. Mr. Smythe frequently accompanied me places where he had remembered seeing some kinds of cactus. His guidance and his direction to other special points enabled me to secure a number of species which otherwise could not have been obtained, as they were not met with elsewhere. An excursion into the mountains to the region of the frozen coffee plantation was very interesting, but no cacti were found save several Rhipsalis which had already been collected. Southward the valley becomes dryer and less 34 fertile, being quite open, with few scattered trees. At the time I was in there many of the trees were standing in several inches of water, their branches thickly covered by a close clinging Rhipsalis. Here the majority of the opuntias were also standing in water. By this time the water in the river had subsided very little but, being anxious to get into the hills where Dr. Spegazzini had collected, another attempt was made to reach them. I was advised, however, not to attempt a crossing contrary to my guide's advice as he was considered an expert in such matters, being credited with having saved the lives of several persons, among them, it was whispered, being Mr. Smythe. Three attempts to cross the river at different points proved futile and I returned to the house very much disappointed and prepared to move onward. It would be ungracious if I should fail to express to Mr. Smythe my sincere gratitude for his kindly and helpful interest, his hospitality and the many conveniences placed at my command. Going around to Jujuy, capital of the similarly named province I found the place to be situated among bright green hills, apparently quite fertile. Towering over all, however, were the distant mountain peaks with their snow- capped summits. As this evidently was no good collecting ground for cacti I boarded the weekly train next morning for La Quiaca, the end of the government railroad and on the Bolivian border. This is a long and tiresome ride, one passing for miles among green hills until Leon with its extensive peach orchards is reached. Here our engine leaves us and a special one provided with a system of cogs takes a position on the back of the train and starts to push us up a very steep grade on a wretched railroad. Soon the green disappears absolutely and one finds himself surrounded with a high picturesque hill of several colors and it is evident that one has entered an entirely different region than the one left behind. The top of the ridge is reached at Volcan and one cannot help appreciating the name, the country appearing as though it had recently passed through a furnace. Again provided with an ordinary engine we continued northward, still up grade, but not so severe, through a panorama of various- colored fantastic hills 35 or mountains, finally reaching sort of a plateau at Tres Cruces, the highest elevation reached by any railway in Argentina. Some hours later, in this case nearly midnight of the second day out, our destination was reached, February I. La Quiaca, at an elevation of 3,442 meters, consists of buildings erected at the terminal of a railroad now being built to continue into Bolivia, the large viaduct crossing the stream separating the two republics having been completed at the time of my visit. Several stores, a meteorological station, a large sprawling hotel building and a scattered collection of small, low adobe huts complete the town, the streets of which are merely rocky and ill- defined roads. Villazon, the Bolivian town just across the border, is perhaps more important, having a large governmental building, more and larger stores, and, I am told, a much better hotel. The many native stores, in reality merely booths along the streets, have most of their stock in trade on exhibition on a shelf or two, most conspicuous of which articles are cocoa leaves, which the natives seem constantly to be chewing. At a latitude of less than 22 degrees south the high elevation makes it very cool, the temperature after sundown in summer being only about 40 degrees, and I am told that it is below freezing for nine months in the year. The ground is covered with small stones, totally devoid of tall vegetation. No shrub over eighteen inches high was observed anywhere, but at the time of my visit many small, deep- rooted plants were in flower, these representing a considerable number of families. To the east, as well as to the west, snow- capped mountains were in view at this time of the year, but I was told they had no snow on them during the winter as there was no precipitation and the summer snows were blown off. There is no cultivation except that here and there along a stream a little irrigated patch will be devoted to barley or potatoes, the tubers of which reach only a very small size. Goats and an occasional flock of sheep are seen and herds of llamas are met with. They are used for transportation and I believe are the principal source of the coarse woolen blankets used here. Collections were made on the surrounding plateau and among 36 the rocks of several arroyos and I was very much surprised at the number of species that I encountered, as I had hardly expected any cacti would exist at this temperature or elevation. They are mostly low- growing forms, an exception being a columnar Cereus which I have seen to attain the height of five feet. At this time, the wet season, they were all very fleshy. The elliptic jointed opuntias which form semicircular masses sometimes reaching a considerable diameter were exceedingly so, their pulp being of such a syrupy consistency as to make this plant exceedingly difficult to preserve. In fact it was impossible to get some of these through satisfactorily. To do this, collections, I presume, must be made during the dry winter months, when I should think their pulp would be less supplied with moisture. Collection here proved very difficult; although the hotel man promised me a guide and horses several days in succession, they were never forthcoming, thus compelling me to work practically alone. The rarity of the atmosphere made it impossible for me to increase my pace more than a slow walk. Exercising more than ordinary exertion or carrying more than a trifling load was impossible. In my own search for help I entered the office of a German commercial establishment where the kind clerk soon informed me that their cashier, Mr. Heinrich Schroder, was an expert in cacti and I lost no time in meeting him. He had for years owned an amateur collection, as many of his countrymen of the Fatherland did, and was well posted on Schumann and told me that he had detected at least twenty- five different kinds about La Quiaca, but he found it impracticable to maintain a collection. The next day being Sunday, the store closing at twelve o'clock, he volunteered to accompany me afield in the afternoon, an act which was highly appreciated, for he pointed out several species that I certainly would have overlooked. As I had met with such slow progress and was eager to get all I could out of this I remained afield until nearly dark of my last day's stay and it was not until two o'clock in the morning that I finished the necessary packing so as to be able to board the weekly train southward shortly after dawn. The trip to Tucuman required forty- eight hours of 37 constant riding, during which time, while still in the arid region, an accident to the locomotive necessitated our stopping in a very weird place on a narrow arroyo. This afforded an opportunity to collect one of the many forms seen along the railroad. In order to collect these species it would be necessary to organize a caravan or perhaps arrangements could be made with a railroad official for the use of a motor hand car. Arriving at Tucuman on the morning of February 7, I immediately called upon Mr. Schreiter at the Museum to get directions which would take me to Mr. E. H. F. Schultz, director of the provincial nurseries. Heavy rains, however, prevented me from finding him until late in the afternoon. After giving me a hearty welcome, he made arrangements to go out to the experiment station, a considerable distance out of town. Accordingly early in the morning Mr. Schultz called for me in his automobile and I soon found myself being welcomed by Mr. W. E. Cross who at once placed at my disposal such facilities as the institution afforded for the furtherance of my work and had me called for each morning at the hotel and driven out to the station and provided for my return in the evening. I also met Mr. G. L. Fawcett, formerly of the United States Agricultural Department, stationed at Miami and later at Porto Rico, well known to many of my acquaintances; Mr. E. W. Rust, also a fellow citizen; Mr- Harris and several others. This institution is unique among similar establishments of its kind in the country, as it is officered by English- speaking gringoes and it is needless to say they are proud of it. The remainder of the day, in which it rained most of the time, was spent at the station discussing plans_ and arrangements to further the work. My new friends, although not pretending to have any knowledge of the cacti, would change my belief that there were no cacti near Tucuman. Arrangements were made for an excursion next morning into a less humid region. Continued rains made this prospect very dubious but to my great surprise Mr. Schultz with the rest of the party, equipped with collecting paraphernalia and food, drove up to the hotel early in the morning. When I expressed my doubts as to the advisability of starting out with the roads in such condition, they assured me 38 that the prospect of a fine day was certain and that the bad road could not extend much north of the city, as the downpour had been quite local, but as we reached the outskirts and entered the mire of the so- called Camino Nacional I was astounded at Mr. Schultz's perseverance. I have had some experience with automobiles on mud roads but I had never seen anything like this attempted. At many of the miry places the entire party except the driver would leave the car and pick their way across the bog hole, my host guiding the lightened machine nicely past. We all took turns in pushing the car through mud holes out of which its own mechanism was unable to extract itself and once we got on the top of a bump where we struck so fast that the combined energy of the party could not move it and it was necessary to get the assistance of a peon, a horse, a pick and a shovel. Fortunately we had now gotten through the wet section and entered a region of dry low woodland in which numerous and often very gigantic examples of Cardon Grande ( Cereus Pasacand) were frequent, also several Rhipsalis, one of which seemed to make the giant cactus its host. Numerous dry gravelly and some other shaley hills in the woods harbored various smaller cacti while Opuntia grew in the forest along the roadside. We lunched on the porch of a country store and kept onward until approaching darkness warned us to turn around. Fortunately the bright sunny day had so dried up the boggy road that our return trip was quite uneventful. This excursion was remarkable, as nineteen distinct kinds of cactus were seen during the day, several new to my collection and I doubt if there is a similar incident on record. Just as we entered the experiment station the automobile refused to move any farther and we were obliged to push it to the house. Investigation showed that some vital part of the machinery which had held out all day had broken down at this most opportune moment. One excursion was made to Trancas, with Dr. F. Zelada and Mr. Rust into a low desert- like thicket where a number of species not before seen were secured and another to with Mr. Schultz and a servant to Choromoro, from which we walked southward to Vipos through rough dry lands covered with low woods and thickets. Here we were overtaken 39 by rain and walking was made very difficult. In order to reach Vipos, from where a train was to be had in the evening, it was necessary to cross a very low railroad trestle over a river which was at that time on a rampage. The ties were four feet or more apart so that it was necessary to jump from one to another, their wet and slippery condition making it a very precarious task, but we crossed it without a mishap, reaching the station in time to shake off a lot of mud and rearrange our water- logged spiney burdens. The unsatisfactory condition in which I had brought my specimens from the Bolivian border coupled with the wet weather here encountered, in spite of the facilities provided at the station, made the preservation of the specimens a time- consuming task and it was not until February 21 that I managed to have them packed and shipped to Buenos Aires and prepared to leave Tucuman. After a few hours' ride, on the morning of February 22, I arrived at Santiago del Estero, where I was fortunate enough to find a couple of peons who knew of a large Cereus which I had reason to believe grew there. It and several other species were found and a nice collection was made here. I left for Santa Fe, stopping for a portion of a day at Clodomira, where, among desertlike hills, I secured the flower of a Cereus which, though the plant had often been seen, was never found in flower. The province of Santa F6 happened to be the only province of Argentina not credited with some cacti on my list and I was able to place it where it belonged by finding two species of opuntias, one of which was new to the collection. Leaving the same evening, I arrived at Buenos Aires the following afternoon. Having arranged with an agent of the principal express and storage company of the Republic to bring my various shipments of material together in their storage house, I was very much disgusted to learn that owing to the total lack of system of this company my material was still scattered, no two consignments having been brought together. One shipment of seven cases was entirely unaccounted for and an anxious forty- eight hours were undergone before they were located, miles away at an outlying station. Examination and repacking revealed that very little loss had been sustained. A few of the oldest collections had dried up while some others had 40 decayed. After repacking and seeing to it myself that they were properly stored, I called upon Mr. Wallace of the steamship agency. He assured me that he would do all in his power to get proper transit of the material north when the time came for sailing. I again left the city for the north, making my first stop at Concordia, Entre Rios, March 5, where I presented myself to Dr. Alazraqui, director of Estaci6n Enologica Nacional de Concordia, whom I had previously met in a remote part of the republic and whose cordial invitation, at the time, to visit him here I had promised to accept. The Doctor was surprised to see me at this late date, as I had expected to come through this part of the country many weeks before, but he welcomed me most cordially and the kindly hospitality of the Doctor, his good wife and family, will long be remembered as one of the most pleasant incidents of my trip. Horses and men were placed at my disposal and in spite of the inclement weather I made a quite thorough examination of the region in a very short time. An excursion was made across the river into Uruguay and collections secured in the vicinity of Salto on March 7, in which was included the smallest cactus seen, probably the smallest growing cactus on the South American continent. Concordia, to my mind, is the prettiest place I have seen in Argentina and the only spot in which I would really care to live. The surrounding country is rolling, situated a considerable height above the Uruguay River. The terrain is barren to look upon, being composed of alternating areas of agate and other varieties of quartz, pebbles and lower stretches of deep black soil. The principal agricultural industries are the growing of citrus fruits, of which the mandarin is by far the leader, and the making of wine, for which the European grape in used exclusively. A favorite method of culture consisted of large groves of mandarine interplanted with grape. The institution presided over by my host is a national one devoted primarily to the wine industry, but various other subjects are being studied, among them citrus culture, the culture of essential oil- bearing plants and their distillation. Dr. Alazraqui is also the technical manager of a large bodago, as the wine factories are here called and on the second 41 day of my stay, which had been preceded with a twenty- four-hour downpour, so that I could do no collecting, I accompanied him to the factory, starting out in a modern touring car over roads which seemed like canals. The machine finally reached a depth of water that flooded and stopped the engine. When the frantic efforts of the chauffeur, who was in water up to his thighs, failed, he carried us out of the water on his back and we proceeded on afoot. That night we were taken home in a four-horse coach. My visit to the factory was of great interest, the exact and careful method with which everything is handled being a revelation to me. Great precaution is taken to avoid undesirable ferments, while the desirable ones receive every attention, and cleanliness is one of the principal means to secure these results. I left Concordia March 9 fully conscious that I could never fully express my gratitude to Dr. Alazraqui and his family for the kind and helpful hospitality shown me. From here I proceeded northward to Paso de los Libres, where a very short time was spent during which I crossed over into Brazil, but the low grassy region seemed to offer no inducement to one in quest of cacti, so I continued on my way northward, stopping for several days at Posadas in the territory of Misiones. Here I met Mr. Petzke, of the Esquela Agricultural College, who kindly accompanied me on an unsuccessful search for Phyllocactus credited to the region. From the beginning of my trip it had been my ambition to visit the great cataract of the Salto del Iquaqu falls, situated up the Uruguay River near the junction of the three republics, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and pronounced by persons who have seen both to far exceed in grandeur and magnitude that of our own Niagara, but upon learning that it would require at least ten days and that twelve or thirteen would really be consumed before I could get back to Posadas this much- hoped- for holiday was necessarily abandoned, as my time was becoming very limited. I moved on into Paraguay. Asuncion, its capital, is a typical South American town similar to the larger cities of Argentina, with wide well- kept streets and comfortable- looking buildings. Its parks and public places, however, are in a deplorable condition, presumably due to the 42 unsettled affairs and revolutionary tendencies of the population. Here I met Dr. Karl Fiebrig, among whose many attainments is that of being well versed in the English language. The Doctor is director of the National Garden, a botanical and zoological institution, situated at Trinidad, where, by the way, our own Thomas Morong collected many years ago. The Botanical Garden consists of a very large tract of land which had formerly been the site of a Government Agricultural School, from which many useful buildings were inherited. Many grand old trees of exotic species are an attractive feature. The zoological collection is probably the most developed. Many animals, chiefly of the South American fauna, offer an interesting, study to one from the northern hemisphere. Their herbaceous plant collections, as everywhere in the tropics, are kept in slat houses, but these are of unique construction, unlike any I have seen elsewhere. Instead of the finished posts and supports commonly used they are built of native woods in the rough. The rustic posts and supports with their suspended and festooned plants of orchids, bromeliads, etc., the whole covered with as dense a growth of vines as the welfare of the plants would permit, gave one the impression of being in a tropical forest. A modification of this scheme adopted to our northern greenhouse construction would seem to me very desirable for houses used for orchidc and similar plants. Another feature that particularly interested me was their collection of cacti. These were planted in the open on a high artificial mound, thus affording ample drainage during the wet season when these plants usually suffer if the excess moisture does not pass off promptly. The institution also has a considerable herbarium, principally of the local and South American flora and as they usually have an abundance of duplicates available for exchange, any one interested in increasing their collection of South American plants would do well to get in touch with the director. Dr. Fiebrig placed at my service a young man of German extraction who was well versed in Paraguay plants, having assisted in the collection of much of their herbarium material, so that I was able to secure a very representative collection of cacti in a short time. I also made several 43 excursions in various directions from Asuncion and went south to Paraguari, where the flat valley is dotted with hills rising about 1,000 feet above the surface, comprised of coarse conglomerate rocks, the sides of which harbor a number of kinds of cacti. All are very difficult of access. Other shaley hills supported another class of plants and different kinds of cacti. After spending most of the night packing I started on what was really the beginning of my homeward trip by boarding the weekly train southward, where after about three days of none too pleasant riding I arrived at Buenos Aires with none too much time to get my things together and be ready to board the good ship Verdi for the voyage to New York. We stopped for a portion of a day at Rio de Janeiro, thus giving me an opportunity to again visit our good friend Dr. Lofgren, of the Botanical Garden, who had prepared a good collection of Rhipsalis to be presented to the New York Botanical Garden, which I brought with me. The remainder of the voyage was without incident, although we were passing through a very precarious time, which was made more impressive by the fact that we took on board at Rio de Janeiro eight or ten victims of German depredations in Brazilian waters, and New York was reached April 29. I am sorry to recount, however, that our good ship a few weeks afterward, while in European waters, was sent to the bottom by Kaiserisrn's ruthlessness. Upon unpacking the collections at the Garden I found that the material intended for propagation and growing was in very good condition despite the fact that not only had it been necessary to undergo a voyage of twenty- one days in the baggage room of the steamer, but some of it had already been in storage about four months; it furnished prospects of many South American cacti probably never grown in North America. Respectfully submitted, J. A. SHAFER. 44 COURSES IN GARDENING IN COOPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S SCHOOL FARM LEAGUE I. SIMPLE HOME GARDEN COURSES FOR THOSE DESIRING TO CONDUCT THEIR OWN GARDENS Mondays in March, 3 P. M. Saturdays in April, 10: 30 A. M. Tuesdays in May, 3 P. M. Tuesdays in June, 3 P. M. The fee for each course will be five dollars, which will include necessary supplies and materials. Talks Soil and preparation. Cultivation and weed control. What and how to plant. Transplanting. Food values. Relation of sunlight, air, and water to the garden Garden Practice, and Observation Planting, transplanting, thinning, spading, raking, hoeing^ cultivating, weeding. To be repeated, as needed, monthly, hours to be arranged. II. TRAININC COURSES FOR TEACHERS FOR SCHOOL GARDENS Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, April 1 to May 10, i9i8, from 9: 30 A. M. to 12: 30 P . M . Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, May 6 to June 14, 1918, from 2 : T, O to 5: 30 P . M . Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, July 9 to August 16,1918, from 9: 30 A. M. to 12 : 3o P. M. This course will show the pedagogical value of the school garden, and how it may fit into the curriculum without disturbing it. How, by proper planning, a teacher may take a full class into the garden and do effective work in the ordinary class period. 45 How the garden will furnish material of educational value, alive with interest, which will aid and inspire the regular classroom studies of reading, writing, arithmetic, language, drawing, geography, and history. Instruction will be given, by lectures, practice work, and reading, in those subjects needed by teachers in school garden work, and connected classroom experiments. Laboratory and garden tools will be supplied without charge. The fee for each course will be twenty- five dollars, which will include necessary materials and supplies. A certificate will be awarded by The New York Botanical Garden to students satisfactorily completing the course. Lectures. 30 One- hour Periods. Introduction: The school garden an educational laboratory, planned for the child's development. The teacher's attitude. Correlation: Examples of how to use the garden problems in classroom work. Planning the school garden: The ground plan and planting scheme. Soil and fertility: Fertilizers and manures. Seeds: Selection. Germinating. Planting. Transplanting. Thinning. Proper spacing. Relation of water, air, sunlight to the garden. Insects and animals of the garden. Hygiene and physical culture lessons drawn from the garden work and study, to be applied by the teacher in guiding the child at work, and in talks in the classroom. Studies of growing plants. Lessons in observation. Short histories of several vegetables. Uses. Elementary forestry and soil conservation Garden Practice. 30 One- hour Periods Spading, raking, hoeing, cultivating, planting, thinning, transplanting, weeding. Weed and insect studies. Harvesting and exhibit preparation. General and special observation. 46 Laboratory and Shop Practice. 30 Hours Cultivating stick, garden line and knots, plot stake, marking board, hand carrier, root and insect cages, flat or window box, butterfly net, poison jar, spreading board, map, stencils, and studies and experiments with student- made apparatus. III. SPECIAL OR PARTIAL COURSES IN GARDENING MAY BE ARRANGED IF APPLICATIONS ARE SUFFICIENTLY NUMEROUS All correspondence relative to these courses should be addressed to HENRY GRISCOM PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction, Mansion, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park Members of the Corporation Fritz Achelis, Edward D. Adams, Charles B. Alexander, Vincent Astor, John W, Auchincloss, George F. Baker, Stephen Baker, Edmund L. Baylies, Eugene P. Bicknell, C. K. G. Billings, George Blumenthal, Prof. N. L. Britton, Prof. Edw. S. Burgess, Dr. Nicholas M. Butler, W. H. Carpenter, Andrew Carnegie, Prof. C. F. Chandler, William G. Choate, Hon. W. A. Clark, C. A. Coffin, Samuel P. Colt, Edmund C. Converse, Marin Le Brun Cooper, Paul D. Cravath, Charles D. Dickey, Cleveland H. Dodge, Dr. James Douglas, A. F. Estabrook, Samuel W. Fairchild, William B. O. Field, James B. Ford, Henry W. de Forest, Robert W. de Forest, Henry C. Frick, Prof,. W. J. Gies, Daniel Guggenheim, Murry Guggenheim, J. Horace Harding, J. Montgomery Hare, Edward S. Harkness, Prof. R. A. Harper, T. A. Havemeyer, A. Heckscher, Bernhard Hoffmann, Henry R. Hoyt, Archer M. Huntington, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Dr. Walter B. James, Walter B. Jennings, Otto H. Kahn, Prof. James F. Kemp, Darwin P. Kingsley, Edw. V. Z. Lane, Dr. Albert R. Ledoux, Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Adolph Lewisohn, David Lydig, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, V. Everit Macy, Edgar L. Marston, W. J. Matheson, Dr. William H. Maxwell, George McAneny, James McLean, Emerson McMillin, Dr. Walter Mendelson, John L. Merrill, Ogden Mills, Hon. Ogden L. Mills, J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Theodore W. Myers, Frederic R. Newbold, C. D. Norton, Eben E. Olcott, Prof. Henry F. Osborn, George W. Perkins, Henry Phipps, James R. Pitcher, Ira A. Place, M. F. Plant, Charles F. Rand, Ogden Mills Reid, Edwin A. Richard, Prof. H. M. Richards, John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Prof. H. H. Rusby, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schiff, James A. Scrymser, Albert R. Shattuck, Henry A. Siebrecht, William Sloane, Valentine P. Snyder, Arthur S. Somers, James Speyer, Francis L. Stetson, Frederick Strauss, F. K. Sturgis, B. B. Thayer, Charles G. Thompson, Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, Myles Tierney, Louis C. Tiffany, W. K. Vanderbilt, Felix M. Warburg, Paul M. Warburg, H. H. Westinghouse, Bronson Winthrop, Grenville L. Winthrop. Members of the Women's Auxiliary Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. Charles MacVeagh, Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Mrs. George D. Pratt, Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. Cabot Ward, Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson. Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; ten plates in each number, forty in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its third volume. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 3, part 1, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae. Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3. 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidia-ceae ( pars). ( Part 1 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 9 ( now complete), parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915; parts s, 6, and 7, 1916. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae ( pars). Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae. Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars). Vol. 17, part i, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3. i9T5' Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars). Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917 ; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae— Allio-niaceae. Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913- Podo-stemonaceae— Rosaceae ( pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907 ; part 2, 1910 ; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae. Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915 ; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae— Anthemideae. Memoirs of t i e New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi -+- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915- Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 1916. Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the ninth volume. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1918-02 |
Description-Table Of Contents | Narrative of a Trip to South America for Collecting Cacti; Courses in Gardening in Cooperation with the International Children's School Farm League. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 19, no. 218 |
Type | text |
Transcript | Vol. XIX February, 1918 No. 218 JOURNAL OP The New York Botanical Gardeo EDITOR KENNETH ROWLAND BOYNTON Head Gardener s Assistant CONTENTS PACE Narrative of a Trip to South America for Collecting Cacti 21 Courses in Gardening in Cooperation with the International Children's School Farm League 44 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET. LANCASTER, PA. THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I C E R S 1 9 1S PRESIDENT— W. GILMAN THOMPSON , , „ I ANDREW CARNEGIE VICE- PRESIDENTS j F R A N C I S L Y NDE STETSON TREASURER— JAMES A. SCRYMSER ASSISTANT TREASURER— JOHN L. MERRILL SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON I. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1919 MURRY GUGGENHEIM FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERNEY GEORGE W. PERKINS LOUIS C. TIFFANY Term expires January, 1920 EDWARD D. ADAMS JAMES A. SCRYMSER ROBERT W. DE FOREST HENRY W. DE FOREST J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM Term expires January, 1921 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK HON. JOHN F. HYLAN THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS HON. WILLIAM F. GRELL 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairman PROF. CHAS. P. BERKEY PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. HERBERT M. RICHARDS DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES HON. ARTHUR S. SOMERS G A R D E N S T A FF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief ( Development, Administration) DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director ( Administration) DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums ( Flowering Plants) DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants) DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants) ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Laboratories DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, Librarian DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plantt DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds HENRY G. PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XIX February, 1918 No. 218 NARRATIVE OF A TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA FOR COLLECTING CACTI* DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF: Sir: Pursuant to your commission to go to South America to collect representative material of the various cacti that I might encounter in the different places visited, I sailed from New York on the S. S. Byron, November 4, 1916, arriving at Buenos Aires on the evening of November 28, after an uneventful voyage. On the way down we stopped for a portion of a day at Rio de Janeiro, thus enabling me to call on Dr. Alberto Lofgren, of the Botanical Garden there. The Doctor received me most cordially and promised to prepare a collection of living Rhipsalis for the New York Botanical Garden, should I call for it on my return north; I, in return, was to send him material of the various Rhipsalis that I might collect on this trip, which indeed I was glad to do, as the Doctor is probably the best authority on this genus at the present time. Having a letter of introduction to Mr. H. Hussy, general manager of the Central and South American Telegraph Company, I called on him the first thing next morning. The nature of my visit seemed quite a novelty to him and he took the most kindly interest in my welfare, giving me valuable information of use in getting about the city and accompanied me to many places. His son Harry also frequently acted as my guide * The preparation of this report has been much delayed by the long- continued illness of the late Dr. Shafer. It is now published as a record of an important expedition which yielded very valuable information for the monograph of Cactaceae by Dr. Britton and Dr. Rose, now in course of publication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. 21 22 and interpreter. His keen interest in my welfare was later shown, when after my not returning to Buenos Aires at the time I was supposed to, he started a consulary inquiry after me. I had a considerable contribution of herbarium material as a compliment of the Garden to our friend, Prof. Cristobal M. Hicken, of the Facultado de Ciencias Exactas Fiscias y Naturales. Professor Hicken, however, was out of town and not expected to return for several days, which gave me ample opportunity to secure maps and other much needed data and to see much of this remarkable city. Its many parks and numerous well- kept plazas are a conspicuous feature and must do much to brighten the lives of the inhabitants. The streets of the city are very wide and well kept, many of them being provided with a line of shade trees along each curb. A native tree of the Cassia family, at this season almost entirely covered with golden yellow flowers, made some of the streets appear quite gorgeous. Another native tree, a member of the Bignonia family, heavily laden with bright blue flowers was also a conspicuous feature. Probably the most used trees, however, are the European plane or sycamore tree, our own box elder, and the oriental Ailanthus. The Botanical Garden, whose area is unfortunately far too small, is most interesting and instructive. Many plants and large trees from every continent are here to be seen. Quite a novelty to me was the assemblage of many of our northern trees in close proximity with the Eucalypti and Mimosaceae of Australia. Having left a note for Dr. Hicken announcing my presence in Buenos Aires, he called at the hotel a day or two after his return to the city. He seemed much pleased that the study of South American cacti was to be continued by Doctors Britton and Rose, and gave me letters to various persons who he thought would be helpful, also much advice and information, without which I would have been quite helpless. He also advised me to begin my work at Andalgala, in the province of Catamarca, not only because it was a typical cactus region, but also on account of the fact that a Danish naturalist, Mr. P. Jorgensen resided there. Mr. Jorgensen had made a large collection of the plants of the region for Dr. Hicken's herbarium and the probability 23 that he would be more or less at leisure at this season, it was thought, would greatly further the progress of my work. Accordingly I started for Andalgala on the night of December n. This proved to be a long and irksome trip. The railways of Argentina, once you get some distance from the capital, are not calculated to inspire one's confidence or to induce one to travel unnecessarily. Their roadbeds, each system of which is of a different gage, are poorly constructed, miserably ballasted and usually a single track. The sleeping cars, which are scarcely more than compartments of bunks arranged transversely with some upholstery and hard wood embellishments, are anything but comfortable. No provision is made for its occupants to sit comfortably during the day time. For this one must go to the day coach or the dining car. The dining car which is attached to all through trains and remains with it during the entire trip, is the only redeeming feature of an Argentina railroad, being neat and comfortable, a first- class restaurant on wheels and one can obtain most anything desired. Their table d'hote meals are very satisfactory. Next morning found us moving through a monotonously flat region, composed of large grain fields and pasture land, situated northwest of Rosario, the second largest town of the Republic. Conspicuous here were the blanched bones of innumerable cattle which had perished from hunger and thirst during the long and severe draught which the region had suffered. Although it was Sunday many threshing machines, belching forth huge clouds of straw and dust, were passed during the entire day. The region is entirely devoid of native trees and the inhabitants, it would seem, have yet to learn the art of tree planting. The most conspicuous vegetation along the route is the wild carrot and a very large artichoke- like thistle. Woody plants, seemingly, were entirely absent until near the close of the day, when scattered shrubbery appeared. We reached Alto Cordoba on the highlands opposite that city about dark and thence continued through the night a hot, dusty and suffocating ride northward. Early next morning found us moving through a weird and desolate desert landscape composed of alternating tracts of stunted trees 24 and shrubbery, among which cacti were discernible, and gray saline areas, the dust of which filled the coaches almost to suffocation. After passing La Rioja we continued on through the same monotony and desolation except near Mazan where a low rocky ridge was crossed. This was a veritable cactus garden which I was loath to pass without stopping. A number of varieties were noticed that were not seen elsewhere. The inaccessibility, however, made it impossible for me to return to this interesting place. Andalgala, the village of which is situated three or four kilometers from the railroad station, was reached sometime after dark on the third night out from Buenos Aires. I secured accommodations which consisted of a large, fairly well ventilated room facing an ample but none too cleanly patio which promised to afford very good facilities for my work. Early next morning I started out to find Mr. Jorgensen, but I learned that he had been out of town for some time, and I could not ascertain when he was expected back. As one of Dr. Hicken's reasons for advising me to begin my work at Andalgala was Mr. Jorgensen's knowledge of the region and its plants and the fact that he spoke English, I was very much disappointed and the fact that the people did not seem to understand my poor Spanish, especially as many of the words, particularly the nouns, were different than those I had learned in the West Indies, made me feel quite hopeless for the time being. The hotel man told me that he did not think there was a person in the neighborhood who spoke English and when I fell back on the German language his information was similar. Upon sounding the few guests at the hotel I discovered that a young man of Swiss extraction spoke German. He likewise informed me that he did not think there was an English-speaking person in the village and that the only two persons he knew of who spoke German were a Hollander with an office nearby and Dr. Schmidt, a physician residing in the outskirts of the town. Upon visiting the Hollander's office I learned that he was out of town and probably would not be back for several days. As it was probable that the Doctor would be out on his professional rounds at this hour of the day, I tried to 25 ignore my plight by taking a walk out into the country, the course I took leading me to and past the cemetery. I soon discovered that I was in a real cactus region, for not less than five species were observed on this walk. Returning to the hotel in time for the noon day's meal, my Swiss friend told me that he had met Dr. Schmidt and told him of my presence and intention in the region. The Doctor said he would be pleased to converse with me in either English or German and to help me in any way he could. After the meal the hotel man, upon my request for a boy to show me the way out to Dr. Schmidt's residence, advised me not to call on the Doctor until three o'clock, as he would probably be having his siesta, as is the custom here. I found the Doctor, who had been long in residence in Argentina, a very pleasant and highly scientific man of affairs. He became much interested in my work and promised to aid me in every way possible. He verified the probable usefulness of Mr. Jorgensen in the work, knew that he was somewhere across the mountains in the province of Tucuman and said he could find out from his friends, administrators of the sugar estate at Concepcion. He gave me some very useful information about the surrounding region and promised to send me a good peon to accompany me into the field. Early next morning Dr. Schmidt called on me at the hotel with a telegram from Concepcion stating that Mr. Jorgensen had left there on his way to Andalgala and that he expected to spend a fortnight collecting on his way across the mountains. The peon also showed up and said that he was ready to go to work. The inhabitants of Andalgala seem prosperous and content. The cultivation of the grape and the making of wine are their chief occupations. The place also has some local reputation for the production of quince preserves, put up in brick form, somewhat resembling the well- known Cuban guava paste and jelly. The quince trees, of which I saw very few, I believe, are grown in moist valleys, high among the surrounding hills. The houses in the village are practically all constructed of adobe, the village in reality being a huge irrigated vineyard. It boasts of an electric-light system which goes out at midnight and a very primitive moving picture show every Sunday night. In the outskirts, on 26 small scattered irrigated patches, wheat is grown, the harvesting of which is very primitive. Grain in the straw is spread in a circle on the hard dry ground, a horse hitched to a central post is driven ' round and ' round over this straw until the grain is tramped out. After the straw is raked off, the mixed chaff and grain is thrown high into the air during a slight breeze, thus cleaning the grain. People who do not buy their flour obtain it by grinding this wheat in a bowl- shaped cavity in a hard wood log with a stone or wooden pestle. Occasionally one sees a stone mortar used. As soon as my peon reported for duty the collection of cacti was begun by excursion afoot into the surrounding desert, composed largely of dry spiny shrubs and rocks. The nearby hills were also worked in the same manner and ascensions to the summit of the nearest mountains, the highest of which reaches an altitude of about 6,000 feet, were made, most of these cacti having a range over the plain, also occurring in lesser quantities to the highest elevations thus reached. The massive columnar Cereus, locally very abundant, known as " Cardon Grande," however, seldom reached that altitude, several others of the Cereus group occurring only on the higher sides of these mountains. Later long excursions across the plains and up various arroyos were made on horseback. A tour also was taken for a considerable distance down and along the dry stream bed of Rio Andalgala. Here a very pretty Echinocactus was found in very limited quantities on a small sand dune out of reach of the torrential overflow of the stream. This plant was seen nowhere else on my trip and showed nothing but small buds which with careful carrying however developed flowers about a month afterward, when a good photograph was obtained of it. Having packed the live plants and cuttings and all other material that required no further attention and shipped them to Buenos Aires, and having sent the rest of my outfit by rail around to Tucuman, I started on the morning of December 28 for Concepcion on the other side of the mountains on mule back accompanied by my faithful peon, carrying a single change of clothing and a meager collecting outfit, as I did not expect to find many new cacti. In 27 this, however, I was much mistaken, as eight species, apparently new to me, were seen along the trail. To do justice to these I should have allowed myself at least three days instead of the two usually occupied to make the trip, and should have taken along an extra pack animal. The route was a rough rocky trail through a canyon south of town and after proceeding for several hours I passed through a small area of a large columnar Cereus quite distinct from the one so common at Andalgala. The small area of this encountered here was the only one seen on the entire trip. As we reached higher elevation some water was found and a hut with a little patch of irrigated land was passed. We lunched at a spring not far from the summit and crossed the divide at an altitude of about 7,000 feet, descending into a high shallow valley, running in a north and southerly direction. Crossing it another range of a less rocky nature was crossed and descent was made into a long, more grassy canyon. After hours of riding in which one other species of cactus was seen, we entered a large valley running north and south. The stream, locally called Rio Grande, flowed in a northerly direction and contained more water than I had seen since I left the ocean. Frequent and quite extensive irrigated patches were to be seen as far as the eye could see to the south, while the view northward indicated more fertility. Just before night we reached the large house of the administrator of the Esquina Grande Estate. Here I was taken in and cordially provided with a good warm meal and a comfortable bed, my peon finding quarters for himself and the animals with the numerous employees of the establishment. Early next morning I busied myself looking after the collections of the previous day, which owing to fatigue and darkness I could not attend to the night before. After coffee and the well wishes of my host we proceeded on the long seventy- five- kilometer stretch that lay before me. Passing northward and down stream the vegetation was entirely different from anything I had as yet seen. A conspicuous plant was a tall red flowering Lobelia, reminding one very much of our own Lobelia cardinalis. The plants were practically all strangers to me and I was loath to pass by them without making a collection. A short cylindrical cactus was 28 seen sparingly in groups on accumulations of humus on the large bowlders in and along the stream which suddenly broke through a chasm of the range forming the eastern boundary of this valley. The road upon which we traveled had been a well- constructed one but now was in a bad condition, apparently after many years of neglect, as it had lost its importance after the construction of the railroad west of the mountains. It continued northerly up the valley along the stream which now flowed southward and finally by many windings and twistings reached the top of the range that had formed our eastern boundary. As we ascended, trees became more numerous and taller until they formed a real forest, the predominating element being a beech- like tree belonging to the genus Alnus. On reaching the top of the ridge, on which we traveled for some distance, an imposing view was afforded. To the left beyond the green hills close by a stretch of high brown snow- capped mountains was visible as far as the eye could see. To the right one looked down into a vast tree-covered flat which seemed to have no eastern limit. The road now descended quite rapidly and tortuously through rank vegetation. The elements of this were all strangers to me, one of the largest trees being an Araucaria; another interesting plant was a species of Rubus with arching stems twelve to fifteen feet long reaching out over the roadway. It had the appearance of our northern blackberry with the fruit of a black cap raspberry and was a novelty very much appreciated, it being the first South American fruit that I had encountered. It is, however, very much inferior to our own raspberry, having an insipid taste and a mulberry- like flavor. The people called it " murus." As we neared the base of the hill I saw the first specimens of Rhipsalis, but they were aggravatingly high and could not be collected. Having finally reached the plain, the road continued for many kilometers through dense forests of tall trees and cleared patches devoted to the cultivation of mace and pasture became more numerous when near Alpachiri. This place appeared to be the type station of Rhipsalis Tucumanensis. After a long and tiresome ride through increasing cultivation which, as we neared the town, consisted of sugar plantations, Concepcion was reached 29 just before dark. Next morning I went out to the sugar mill, and found a friend of Mr. Jorgensen. He said that he had not come back so I dismissed all hopes of his cooperation and mailed my letter for him to his home address and some weeks afterward received one from him expressing his regret and disappointment at our not having met and stating that I had passed close by his camp on my way across the mountains, his peon having seen me. It being evident that this was no cactus country I took the next train for the city of Tucuman, where I arrived early in the evening and after a much needed bath, a fairly good meal and a good night's rest I felt quite fit next morning. Although it was Sunday I had no difficulty in having my outfit, which was sent around by freight from Andalgala, brought to the hotel. In the afternoon, after overhauling the outfit, I took a stroll out into the country which was rather highly cultivated. When some distance out I noticed a tall patch of green which I reached after some difficult cross- country hiking. It proved to be as I had surmised, a tract of primeval forest, the trees of which harbored many Rhipsalis, of which two species were collected. Here I was overtaken by a torrential downpour of rain and received a most thorough soaking. The opposite side of the woodland faced the military barracks and a road to the city and I finally reached my hotel a sorry- looking, water- logged, mud- bespattered object. Monday, as my finances needed replenishing it was necessary for me to visit a bank. Here my wants were attended to and I learned that the scientific gentleman in Tucuman to whom Dr. Hicken had given me a letter would likely be found at the museum close by and that the curator, Mr. Schreiter, a German naturalist, would likely be called upon to act as my interpreter, as the gentleman in question was not familiar with the language best at my command. Mr. Schreiter was well posted about the surrounding country and expressed much interest in my work, telling me of a high arid region to the northwest where he had seen many cacti. His analogical and archaeological investigations require him to go in. there quite frequently. The scientific gentleman to whom I had! a letter was at this time at the university nearby, to which we 30 now started. At the university was Dr. Fidel Zelada, said to be the local authority on cacti, who had a collection of living plants at his home which he cordially invited me to see and I agreed to do this in the afternoon. The person for whom we had been looking not being at the university, I left with the understanding that I would meet Mr. Schreiter at the museum in the afternoon, when he told me that he had seen this person and that as I had already been told as much about the cactus region as he himself knew, it would be unnecessary for me to see him. As it would be necessary, in order to get into the above mentioned cactus region, to organize a caravan and as several weeks' time would be required to accomplish anything, I felt that I had better not attempt it. As it had been raining continually for several days with no immediate prospect of its stopping, I boarded the train the next morning for Salta, the capital of the province of the same name. Salta, which is situated in a moist, fertile, and highly cultivated valley, has very wide streets, most of them provided with well-kept shade trees. A masonry canal is constructed entirely around the city to protect it from inundation by the torrential flow of water when there are heavy rains in the nearby hills. Owing to an accident on the railroad due to the locomotive leaving the track, we were held up for something like six hours and did not get into Salta until two o'clock the following morning, an hour at which it is not pleasant to contemplate getting into a strange city in a foreign land. However, I found a sleepy coachman who agreed to take me to a hotel, to the proprietor of which, fortunately, I had a letter. The establishment was still open and full of activity and I fear I would have received little attention had it not been for this letter, upon reading which the proprietor became interested in me, telling me that his rooms were all occupied, but he kindly found quarters for me in a nearby hotel and the next day he fixed up a room, well back of the patio, for me. Although this was away from the flowers it had the advantage of also being away from the noise and turmoil incident to an all night restaurant and subsequently promised to be very convenient and comfortable quarters. Messrs. Haustein and Schaaf, 31 proprietors, their respective wives and sister, manifested the traditional Teutonic interest in cacti and aided, me very much in my work. The gentlemen were constantly making inquiries among their patrons, calculating to aid in the work, thus securing many interviews and invitations from planters and others. Notable among these was Mr. E. H. F. Schultz who had formerly been connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, stationed at Florida and Panama and now director of the provincial nursery at Tucuman. Upon expressing my surprise that I had not heard of him at Tucuman he further astonished me with the fact that a well- managed experiment station whose staff was composed entirely of English- speaking persons was maintained there. He said that some time ago they had understood that a North American who was investigating the cacti was in Argentina and as they had expected him to come to Tucuman they had made preparations for him at the station but that the person never showed up. He exacted from me the promise that I could call on them on my return southward, when he felt sure they would be able to show me some cactus. Collections were made in the nearby hills and thickets, and excursions to various remote parts were taken. At one of these, San Lorenzo, a well-watered place in the western foothills, the novelty of seeing a short columnar cactus and a large scarlet- flowered begonia was experienced. One of the most prolific stations, however, was Mojotoro. Having packed my live and other finished material and shipped it by freight to Buenos Aires I went to Calilegua in the province of Tujuy, a region highly recommended by Mr. Schultz, who gave me a letter of introduction to Mr. Robert Smythe, in charge of one of the Leach estates. At Calilegua I deposited my bag at a little red hotel, stating that I wanted a room and started out to find Mr. Smythe, whom I found without difficulty. After reading Mr. Schultz's letter he closed his desk, with the remark. " Come over to the house." The pathway to this led through a well- kept and most interesting nearly tropical garden. Mr. Smythe inquired, " Where is your bag?" When I told him it was down at the hotel and remonstrated that I did not wish 32 to throw myself upon his hospitality he remarked, " We cannot permit a white man to stop there. I will send for your baggage at once." After observing the British custom usually indulged in at this time of the afternoon, we engaged in a general conversation, in which I discerned that Mr. Smythe, who had resided in the republic for upwards of thirty years was a great lover of plants and flowers and was particularly well versed in tropical things and orchids. His observing mind enabled him to recall many places where he had seen cacti but he made no pretense at knowing what they were. He also told me that Dr. Spe-gazzini, a southern botanist who had described many species of cacti, had stopped there some years previous and that he was very much enthused over what he had secured in the dry hills some leagues distant up the Rio San Lorenzo. Although Calilegua is situated about 23J4 degrees south latitude, owing to its elevation in the valley it is visited by occasional killing frosts, which last winter were so severe that the entire banana plantations were killed to the ground, destroying thousands of bunches of bananas and entailing a further loss of twelve months' production. Citrus fruits and sugar cane were, however, not seriously damaged. The coffee plantations several thousand feet up in the hills were completely destroyed and as this crop has not proven profitable, owing to the scarcity of labor, it has been abandoned. This Leach estate, comprising everything in sight, includes thousands of square miles of surrounding country. The fertile lands of the valley are devoted principally to the culture of sugar cane, which is sent to an adjoining estate of the same corporation, for grinding, and thousands of acres are successfully devoted to the culture of bananas. Recently the cultivation of citrus fruits has been undertaken and it is Mr. Smythe's chief concern and delight to further this culture, leaving the better understood crops to younger members of his staff. Here also one sees experimental plots of most all tropical fruits such as improved varieties of mango, alligator pear, etc. The rainfall, although ample for successful agricultural operations if properly distributed throughout the year, is precipitated in three or four consecutive months, thus leaving the remainder of the year with- 33 out rain, so it is necessary to resort to irrigation, an ample supply being furnished by the streams coming from the mountains. The next day being Sunday, which at this establishment, unlike many others, is devoted to rest and recreation, I necessarily busied myself unpacking and caring for my incompletely dried material. Collections were begun next morning, my host having seen to it that I was provided with a good guide and horses. We proceeded up the San Lorenzo valley through miles of cane and banana and thence into dense forests of tall trees and shrubbery which harbored various species of Rhipsalis, at least three of which were new to the collection. A fiat broad three- ribbed variety most resembling a Phyllocactus was a very striking object. Festoons of it frequently five to. six feet long with margins densely covered with rather large orange- colored fruit quite common. I was rather surprised too, to find a number of different kinds of the Cereus group on the forest floor, which one would have thought was too humid and fertile for this class of plants. We had set out in the morning with the idea of collecting in the dry hills northward, which had so delighted Dr. Spegazzini, but the many things that arrested my attention had so impeded my progress that we made no attempt to get there in the afternoon. The day was very hot and sultry, but the last stage of our return trip was made through a heavy cold rain and violent hail storm. It being necessary to ford the river several times in order to reach the dry hills already mentioned, it was useless to attempt this next day, as the river was on a rampage and any attempt to cross it would have proved suicidal. My work was much retarded by the wet weather, but excursions were made into various places in all directions except the one bounded by the river. Mr. Smythe frequently accompanied me places where he had remembered seeing some kinds of cactus. His guidance and his direction to other special points enabled me to secure a number of species which otherwise could not have been obtained, as they were not met with elsewhere. An excursion into the mountains to the region of the frozen coffee plantation was very interesting, but no cacti were found save several Rhipsalis which had already been collected. Southward the valley becomes dryer and less 34 fertile, being quite open, with few scattered trees. At the time I was in there many of the trees were standing in several inches of water, their branches thickly covered by a close clinging Rhipsalis. Here the majority of the opuntias were also standing in water. By this time the water in the river had subsided very little but, being anxious to get into the hills where Dr. Spegazzini had collected, another attempt was made to reach them. I was advised, however, not to attempt a crossing contrary to my guide's advice as he was considered an expert in such matters, being credited with having saved the lives of several persons, among them, it was whispered, being Mr. Smythe. Three attempts to cross the river at different points proved futile and I returned to the house very much disappointed and prepared to move onward. It would be ungracious if I should fail to express to Mr. Smythe my sincere gratitude for his kindly and helpful interest, his hospitality and the many conveniences placed at my command. Going around to Jujuy, capital of the similarly named province I found the place to be situated among bright green hills, apparently quite fertile. Towering over all, however, were the distant mountain peaks with their snow- capped summits. As this evidently was no good collecting ground for cacti I boarded the weekly train next morning for La Quiaca, the end of the government railroad and on the Bolivian border. This is a long and tiresome ride, one passing for miles among green hills until Leon with its extensive peach orchards is reached. Here our engine leaves us and a special one provided with a system of cogs takes a position on the back of the train and starts to push us up a very steep grade on a wretched railroad. Soon the green disappears absolutely and one finds himself surrounded with a high picturesque hill of several colors and it is evident that one has entered an entirely different region than the one left behind. The top of the ridge is reached at Volcan and one cannot help appreciating the name, the country appearing as though it had recently passed through a furnace. Again provided with an ordinary engine we continued northward, still up grade, but not so severe, through a panorama of various- colored fantastic hills 35 or mountains, finally reaching sort of a plateau at Tres Cruces, the highest elevation reached by any railway in Argentina. Some hours later, in this case nearly midnight of the second day out, our destination was reached, February I. La Quiaca, at an elevation of 3,442 meters, consists of buildings erected at the terminal of a railroad now being built to continue into Bolivia, the large viaduct crossing the stream separating the two republics having been completed at the time of my visit. Several stores, a meteorological station, a large sprawling hotel building and a scattered collection of small, low adobe huts complete the town, the streets of which are merely rocky and ill- defined roads. Villazon, the Bolivian town just across the border, is perhaps more important, having a large governmental building, more and larger stores, and, I am told, a much better hotel. The many native stores, in reality merely booths along the streets, have most of their stock in trade on exhibition on a shelf or two, most conspicuous of which articles are cocoa leaves, which the natives seem constantly to be chewing. At a latitude of less than 22 degrees south the high elevation makes it very cool, the temperature after sundown in summer being only about 40 degrees, and I am told that it is below freezing for nine months in the year. The ground is covered with small stones, totally devoid of tall vegetation. No shrub over eighteen inches high was observed anywhere, but at the time of my visit many small, deep- rooted plants were in flower, these representing a considerable number of families. To the east, as well as to the west, snow- capped mountains were in view at this time of the year, but I was told they had no snow on them during the winter as there was no precipitation and the summer snows were blown off. There is no cultivation except that here and there along a stream a little irrigated patch will be devoted to barley or potatoes, the tubers of which reach only a very small size. Goats and an occasional flock of sheep are seen and herds of llamas are met with. They are used for transportation and I believe are the principal source of the coarse woolen blankets used here. Collections were made on the surrounding plateau and among 36 the rocks of several arroyos and I was very much surprised at the number of species that I encountered, as I had hardly expected any cacti would exist at this temperature or elevation. They are mostly low- growing forms, an exception being a columnar Cereus which I have seen to attain the height of five feet. At this time, the wet season, they were all very fleshy. The elliptic jointed opuntias which form semicircular masses sometimes reaching a considerable diameter were exceedingly so, their pulp being of such a syrupy consistency as to make this plant exceedingly difficult to preserve. In fact it was impossible to get some of these through satisfactorily. To do this, collections, I presume, must be made during the dry winter months, when I should think their pulp would be less supplied with moisture. Collection here proved very difficult; although the hotel man promised me a guide and horses several days in succession, they were never forthcoming, thus compelling me to work practically alone. The rarity of the atmosphere made it impossible for me to increase my pace more than a slow walk. Exercising more than ordinary exertion or carrying more than a trifling load was impossible. In my own search for help I entered the office of a German commercial establishment where the kind clerk soon informed me that their cashier, Mr. Heinrich Schroder, was an expert in cacti and I lost no time in meeting him. He had for years owned an amateur collection, as many of his countrymen of the Fatherland did, and was well posted on Schumann and told me that he had detected at least twenty- five different kinds about La Quiaca, but he found it impracticable to maintain a collection. The next day being Sunday, the store closing at twelve o'clock, he volunteered to accompany me afield in the afternoon, an act which was highly appreciated, for he pointed out several species that I certainly would have overlooked. As I had met with such slow progress and was eager to get all I could out of this I remained afield until nearly dark of my last day's stay and it was not until two o'clock in the morning that I finished the necessary packing so as to be able to board the weekly train southward shortly after dawn. The trip to Tucuman required forty- eight hours of 37 constant riding, during which time, while still in the arid region, an accident to the locomotive necessitated our stopping in a very weird place on a narrow arroyo. This afforded an opportunity to collect one of the many forms seen along the railroad. In order to collect these species it would be necessary to organize a caravan or perhaps arrangements could be made with a railroad official for the use of a motor hand car. Arriving at Tucuman on the morning of February 7, I immediately called upon Mr. Schreiter at the Museum to get directions which would take me to Mr. E. H. F. Schultz, director of the provincial nurseries. Heavy rains, however, prevented me from finding him until late in the afternoon. After giving me a hearty welcome, he made arrangements to go out to the experiment station, a considerable distance out of town. Accordingly early in the morning Mr. Schultz called for me in his automobile and I soon found myself being welcomed by Mr. W. E. Cross who at once placed at my disposal such facilities as the institution afforded for the furtherance of my work and had me called for each morning at the hotel and driven out to the station and provided for my return in the evening. I also met Mr. G. L. Fawcett, formerly of the United States Agricultural Department, stationed at Miami and later at Porto Rico, well known to many of my acquaintances; Mr. E. W. Rust, also a fellow citizen; Mr- Harris and several others. This institution is unique among similar establishments of its kind in the country, as it is officered by English- speaking gringoes and it is needless to say they are proud of it. The remainder of the day, in which it rained most of the time, was spent at the station discussing plans_ and arrangements to further the work. My new friends, although not pretending to have any knowledge of the cacti, would change my belief that there were no cacti near Tucuman. Arrangements were made for an excursion next morning into a less humid region. Continued rains made this prospect very dubious but to my great surprise Mr. Schultz with the rest of the party, equipped with collecting paraphernalia and food, drove up to the hotel early in the morning. When I expressed my doubts as to the advisability of starting out with the roads in such condition, they assured me 38 that the prospect of a fine day was certain and that the bad road could not extend much north of the city, as the downpour had been quite local, but as we reached the outskirts and entered the mire of the so- called Camino Nacional I was astounded at Mr. Schultz's perseverance. I have had some experience with automobiles on mud roads but I had never seen anything like this attempted. At many of the miry places the entire party except the driver would leave the car and pick their way across the bog hole, my host guiding the lightened machine nicely past. We all took turns in pushing the car through mud holes out of which its own mechanism was unable to extract itself and once we got on the top of a bump where we struck so fast that the combined energy of the party could not move it and it was necessary to get the assistance of a peon, a horse, a pick and a shovel. Fortunately we had now gotten through the wet section and entered a region of dry low woodland in which numerous and often very gigantic examples of Cardon Grande ( Cereus Pasacand) were frequent, also several Rhipsalis, one of which seemed to make the giant cactus its host. Numerous dry gravelly and some other shaley hills in the woods harbored various smaller cacti while Opuntia grew in the forest along the roadside. We lunched on the porch of a country store and kept onward until approaching darkness warned us to turn around. Fortunately the bright sunny day had so dried up the boggy road that our return trip was quite uneventful. This excursion was remarkable, as nineteen distinct kinds of cactus were seen during the day, several new to my collection and I doubt if there is a similar incident on record. Just as we entered the experiment station the automobile refused to move any farther and we were obliged to push it to the house. Investigation showed that some vital part of the machinery which had held out all day had broken down at this most opportune moment. One excursion was made to Trancas, with Dr. F. Zelada and Mr. Rust into a low desert- like thicket where a number of species not before seen were secured and another to with Mr. Schultz and a servant to Choromoro, from which we walked southward to Vipos through rough dry lands covered with low woods and thickets. Here we were overtaken 39 by rain and walking was made very difficult. In order to reach Vipos, from where a train was to be had in the evening, it was necessary to cross a very low railroad trestle over a river which was at that time on a rampage. The ties were four feet or more apart so that it was necessary to jump from one to another, their wet and slippery condition making it a very precarious task, but we crossed it without a mishap, reaching the station in time to shake off a lot of mud and rearrange our water- logged spiney burdens. The unsatisfactory condition in which I had brought my specimens from the Bolivian border coupled with the wet weather here encountered, in spite of the facilities provided at the station, made the preservation of the specimens a time- consuming task and it was not until February 21 that I managed to have them packed and shipped to Buenos Aires and prepared to leave Tucuman. After a few hours' ride, on the morning of February 22, I arrived at Santiago del Estero, where I was fortunate enough to find a couple of peons who knew of a large Cereus which I had reason to believe grew there. It and several other species were found and a nice collection was made here. I left for Santa Fe, stopping for a portion of a day at Clodomira, where, among desertlike hills, I secured the flower of a Cereus which, though the plant had often been seen, was never found in flower. The province of Santa F6 happened to be the only province of Argentina not credited with some cacti on my list and I was able to place it where it belonged by finding two species of opuntias, one of which was new to the collection. Leaving the same evening, I arrived at Buenos Aires the following afternoon. Having arranged with an agent of the principal express and storage company of the Republic to bring my various shipments of material together in their storage house, I was very much disgusted to learn that owing to the total lack of system of this company my material was still scattered, no two consignments having been brought together. One shipment of seven cases was entirely unaccounted for and an anxious forty- eight hours were undergone before they were located, miles away at an outlying station. Examination and repacking revealed that very little loss had been sustained. A few of the oldest collections had dried up while some others had 40 decayed. After repacking and seeing to it myself that they were properly stored, I called upon Mr. Wallace of the steamship agency. He assured me that he would do all in his power to get proper transit of the material north when the time came for sailing. I again left the city for the north, making my first stop at Concordia, Entre Rios, March 5, where I presented myself to Dr. Alazraqui, director of Estaci6n Enologica Nacional de Concordia, whom I had previously met in a remote part of the republic and whose cordial invitation, at the time, to visit him here I had promised to accept. The Doctor was surprised to see me at this late date, as I had expected to come through this part of the country many weeks before, but he welcomed me most cordially and the kindly hospitality of the Doctor, his good wife and family, will long be remembered as one of the most pleasant incidents of my trip. Horses and men were placed at my disposal and in spite of the inclement weather I made a quite thorough examination of the region in a very short time. An excursion was made across the river into Uruguay and collections secured in the vicinity of Salto on March 7, in which was included the smallest cactus seen, probably the smallest growing cactus on the South American continent. Concordia, to my mind, is the prettiest place I have seen in Argentina and the only spot in which I would really care to live. The surrounding country is rolling, situated a considerable height above the Uruguay River. The terrain is barren to look upon, being composed of alternating areas of agate and other varieties of quartz, pebbles and lower stretches of deep black soil. The principal agricultural industries are the growing of citrus fruits, of which the mandarin is by far the leader, and the making of wine, for which the European grape in used exclusively. A favorite method of culture consisted of large groves of mandarine interplanted with grape. The institution presided over by my host is a national one devoted primarily to the wine industry, but various other subjects are being studied, among them citrus culture, the culture of essential oil- bearing plants and their distillation. Dr. Alazraqui is also the technical manager of a large bodago, as the wine factories are here called and on the second 41 day of my stay, which had been preceded with a twenty- four-hour downpour, so that I could do no collecting, I accompanied him to the factory, starting out in a modern touring car over roads which seemed like canals. The machine finally reached a depth of water that flooded and stopped the engine. When the frantic efforts of the chauffeur, who was in water up to his thighs, failed, he carried us out of the water on his back and we proceeded on afoot. That night we were taken home in a four-horse coach. My visit to the factory was of great interest, the exact and careful method with which everything is handled being a revelation to me. Great precaution is taken to avoid undesirable ferments, while the desirable ones receive every attention, and cleanliness is one of the principal means to secure these results. I left Concordia March 9 fully conscious that I could never fully express my gratitude to Dr. Alazraqui and his family for the kind and helpful hospitality shown me. From here I proceeded northward to Paso de los Libres, where a very short time was spent during which I crossed over into Brazil, but the low grassy region seemed to offer no inducement to one in quest of cacti, so I continued on my way northward, stopping for several days at Posadas in the territory of Misiones. Here I met Mr. Petzke, of the Esquela Agricultural College, who kindly accompanied me on an unsuccessful search for Phyllocactus credited to the region. From the beginning of my trip it had been my ambition to visit the great cataract of the Salto del Iquaqu falls, situated up the Uruguay River near the junction of the three republics, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and pronounced by persons who have seen both to far exceed in grandeur and magnitude that of our own Niagara, but upon learning that it would require at least ten days and that twelve or thirteen would really be consumed before I could get back to Posadas this much- hoped- for holiday was necessarily abandoned, as my time was becoming very limited. I moved on into Paraguay. Asuncion, its capital, is a typical South American town similar to the larger cities of Argentina, with wide well- kept streets and comfortable- looking buildings. Its parks and public places, however, are in a deplorable condition, presumably due to the 42 unsettled affairs and revolutionary tendencies of the population. Here I met Dr. Karl Fiebrig, among whose many attainments is that of being well versed in the English language. The Doctor is director of the National Garden, a botanical and zoological institution, situated at Trinidad, where, by the way, our own Thomas Morong collected many years ago. The Botanical Garden consists of a very large tract of land which had formerly been the site of a Government Agricultural School, from which many useful buildings were inherited. Many grand old trees of exotic species are an attractive feature. The zoological collection is probably the most developed. Many animals, chiefly of the South American fauna, offer an interesting, study to one from the northern hemisphere. Their herbaceous plant collections, as everywhere in the tropics, are kept in slat houses, but these are of unique construction, unlike any I have seen elsewhere. Instead of the finished posts and supports commonly used they are built of native woods in the rough. The rustic posts and supports with their suspended and festooned plants of orchids, bromeliads, etc., the whole covered with as dense a growth of vines as the welfare of the plants would permit, gave one the impression of being in a tropical forest. A modification of this scheme adopted to our northern greenhouse construction would seem to me very desirable for houses used for orchidc and similar plants. Another feature that particularly interested me was their collection of cacti. These were planted in the open on a high artificial mound, thus affording ample drainage during the wet season when these plants usually suffer if the excess moisture does not pass off promptly. The institution also has a considerable herbarium, principally of the local and South American flora and as they usually have an abundance of duplicates available for exchange, any one interested in increasing their collection of South American plants would do well to get in touch with the director. Dr. Fiebrig placed at my service a young man of German extraction who was well versed in Paraguay plants, having assisted in the collection of much of their herbarium material, so that I was able to secure a very representative collection of cacti in a short time. I also made several 43 excursions in various directions from Asuncion and went south to Paraguari, where the flat valley is dotted with hills rising about 1,000 feet above the surface, comprised of coarse conglomerate rocks, the sides of which harbor a number of kinds of cacti. All are very difficult of access. Other shaley hills supported another class of plants and different kinds of cacti. After spending most of the night packing I started on what was really the beginning of my homeward trip by boarding the weekly train southward, where after about three days of none too pleasant riding I arrived at Buenos Aires with none too much time to get my things together and be ready to board the good ship Verdi for the voyage to New York. We stopped for a portion of a day at Rio de Janeiro, thus giving me an opportunity to again visit our good friend Dr. Lofgren, of the Botanical Garden, who had prepared a good collection of Rhipsalis to be presented to the New York Botanical Garden, which I brought with me. The remainder of the voyage was without incident, although we were passing through a very precarious time, which was made more impressive by the fact that we took on board at Rio de Janeiro eight or ten victims of German depredations in Brazilian waters, and New York was reached April 29. I am sorry to recount, however, that our good ship a few weeks afterward, while in European waters, was sent to the bottom by Kaiserisrn's ruthlessness. Upon unpacking the collections at the Garden I found that the material intended for propagation and growing was in very good condition despite the fact that not only had it been necessary to undergo a voyage of twenty- one days in the baggage room of the steamer, but some of it had already been in storage about four months; it furnished prospects of many South American cacti probably never grown in North America. Respectfully submitted, J. A. SHAFER. 44 COURSES IN GARDENING IN COOPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S SCHOOL FARM LEAGUE I. SIMPLE HOME GARDEN COURSES FOR THOSE DESIRING TO CONDUCT THEIR OWN GARDENS Mondays in March, 3 P. M. Saturdays in April, 10: 30 A. M. Tuesdays in May, 3 P. M. Tuesdays in June, 3 P. M. The fee for each course will be five dollars, which will include necessary supplies and materials. Talks Soil and preparation. Cultivation and weed control. What and how to plant. Transplanting. Food values. Relation of sunlight, air, and water to the garden Garden Practice, and Observation Planting, transplanting, thinning, spading, raking, hoeing^ cultivating, weeding. To be repeated, as needed, monthly, hours to be arranged. II. TRAININC COURSES FOR TEACHERS FOR SCHOOL GARDENS Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, April 1 to May 10, i9i8, from 9: 30 A. M. to 12: 30 P . M . Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, May 6 to June 14, 1918, from 2 : T, O to 5: 30 P . M . Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, July 9 to August 16,1918, from 9: 30 A. M. to 12 : 3o P. M. This course will show the pedagogical value of the school garden, and how it may fit into the curriculum without disturbing it. How, by proper planning, a teacher may take a full class into the garden and do effective work in the ordinary class period. 45 How the garden will furnish material of educational value, alive with interest, which will aid and inspire the regular classroom studies of reading, writing, arithmetic, language, drawing, geography, and history. Instruction will be given, by lectures, practice work, and reading, in those subjects needed by teachers in school garden work, and connected classroom experiments. Laboratory and garden tools will be supplied without charge. The fee for each course will be twenty- five dollars, which will include necessary materials and supplies. A certificate will be awarded by The New York Botanical Garden to students satisfactorily completing the course. Lectures. 30 One- hour Periods. Introduction: The school garden an educational laboratory, planned for the child's development. The teacher's attitude. Correlation: Examples of how to use the garden problems in classroom work. Planning the school garden: The ground plan and planting scheme. Soil and fertility: Fertilizers and manures. Seeds: Selection. Germinating. Planting. Transplanting. Thinning. Proper spacing. Relation of water, air, sunlight to the garden. Insects and animals of the garden. Hygiene and physical culture lessons drawn from the garden work and study, to be applied by the teacher in guiding the child at work, and in talks in the classroom. Studies of growing plants. Lessons in observation. Short histories of several vegetables. Uses. Elementary forestry and soil conservation Garden Practice. 30 One- hour Periods Spading, raking, hoeing, cultivating, planting, thinning, transplanting, weeding. Weed and insect studies. Harvesting and exhibit preparation. General and special observation. 46 Laboratory and Shop Practice. 30 Hours Cultivating stick, garden line and knots, plot stake, marking board, hand carrier, root and insect cages, flat or window box, butterfly net, poison jar, spreading board, map, stencils, and studies and experiments with student- made apparatus. III. SPECIAL OR PARTIAL COURSES IN GARDENING MAY BE ARRANGED IF APPLICATIONS ARE SUFFICIENTLY NUMEROUS All correspondence relative to these courses should be addressed to HENRY GRISCOM PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction, Mansion, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park Members of the Corporation Fritz Achelis, Edward D. Adams, Charles B. Alexander, Vincent Astor, John W, Auchincloss, George F. Baker, Stephen Baker, Edmund L. Baylies, Eugene P. Bicknell, C. K. G. Billings, George Blumenthal, Prof. N. L. Britton, Prof. Edw. S. Burgess, Dr. Nicholas M. Butler, W. H. Carpenter, Andrew Carnegie, Prof. C. F. Chandler, William G. Choate, Hon. W. A. Clark, C. A. Coffin, Samuel P. Colt, Edmund C. Converse, Marin Le Brun Cooper, Paul D. Cravath, Charles D. Dickey, Cleveland H. Dodge, Dr. James Douglas, A. F. Estabrook, Samuel W. Fairchild, William B. O. Field, James B. Ford, Henry W. de Forest, Robert W. de Forest, Henry C. Frick, Prof,. W. J. Gies, Daniel Guggenheim, Murry Guggenheim, J. Horace Harding, J. Montgomery Hare, Edward S. Harkness, Prof. R. A. Harper, T. A. Havemeyer, A. Heckscher, Bernhard Hoffmann, Henry R. Hoyt, Archer M. Huntington, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Dr. Walter B. James, Walter B. Jennings, Otto H. Kahn, Prof. James F. Kemp, Darwin P. Kingsley, Edw. V. Z. Lane, Dr. Albert R. Ledoux, Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Adolph Lewisohn, David Lydig, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, V. Everit Macy, Edgar L. Marston, W. J. Matheson, Dr. William H. Maxwell, George McAneny, James McLean, Emerson McMillin, Dr. Walter Mendelson, John L. Merrill, Ogden Mills, Hon. Ogden L. Mills, J. Pierpont Morgan, Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Theodore W. Myers, Frederic R. Newbold, C. D. Norton, Eben E. Olcott, Prof. Henry F. Osborn, George W. Perkins, Henry Phipps, James R. Pitcher, Ira A. Place, M. F. Plant, Charles F. Rand, Ogden Mills Reid, Edwin A. Richard, Prof. H. M. Richards, John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Prof. H. H. Rusby, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schiff, James A. Scrymser, Albert R. Shattuck, Henry A. Siebrecht, William Sloane, Valentine P. Snyder, Arthur S. Somers, James Speyer, Francis L. Stetson, Frederick Strauss, F. K. Sturgis, B. B. Thayer, Charles G. Thompson, Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, Myles Tierney, Louis C. Tiffany, W. K. Vanderbilt, Felix M. Warburg, Paul M. Warburg, H. H. Westinghouse, Bronson Winthrop, Grenville L. Winthrop. Members of the Women's Auxiliary Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. Charles MacVeagh, Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Mrs. George D. Pratt, Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. Cabot Ward, Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson. Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; ten plates in each number, forty in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its third volume. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 3, part 1, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae. Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3. 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidia-ceae ( pars). ( Part 1 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 9 ( now complete), parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915; parts s, 6, and 7, 1916. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.) Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae ( pars). Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae. Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars). Vol. 17, part i, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3. i9T5' Typhaceae— Poaceae ( pars). Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917 ; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae— Allio-niaceae. Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913- Podo-stemonaceae— Rosaceae ( pars). Vol. 25, part 1, 1907 ; part 2, 1910 ; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae. Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915 ; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae— Anthemideae. Memoirs of t i e New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi -+- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915- Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 1916. Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the ninth volume. NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY |
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