Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              Vol. XIX February, 1918 No. 218
JOURNAL
OP
The New York Botanical Gardeo
EDITOR
KENNETH ROWLAND BOYNTON
Head Gardener s Assistant
CONTENTS
PACE
Narrative of a Trip to South America for Collecting Cacti 21
Courses in Gardening in Cooperation with the International Children's School
Farm League 44
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DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator ( Flowering Plants)
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator ( Flowerless Plants)
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ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of Mosses
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plantt
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian
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ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
HENRY G. PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XIX February, 1918 No. 218
NARRATIVE OF A TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA FOR
COLLECTING CACTI*
DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF:
Sir: Pursuant to your commission to go to South America to
collect representative material of the various cacti that I might
encounter in the different places visited, I sailed from New York
on the S. S. Byron, November 4, 1916, arriving at Buenos Aires
on the evening of November 28, after an uneventful voyage.
On the way down we stopped for a portion of a day at Rio de
Janeiro, thus enabling me to call on Dr. Alberto Lofgren, of the
Botanical Garden there. The Doctor received me most cor­dially
and promised to prepare a collection of living Rhipsalis for
the New York Botanical Garden, should I call for it on my return
north; I, in return, was to send him material of the various Rhip­salis
that I might collect on this trip, which indeed I was glad to
do, as the Doctor is probably the best authority on this genus at
the present time. Having a letter of introduction to Mr. H.
Hussy, general manager of the Central and South American
Telegraph Company, I called on him the first thing next morning.
The nature of my visit seemed quite a novelty to him and he took
the most kindly interest in my welfare, giving me valuable infor­mation
of use in getting about the city and accompanied me to
many places. His son Harry also frequently acted as my guide
* The preparation of this report has been much delayed by the long- continued
illness of the late Dr. Shafer. It is now published as a record of an important
expedition which yielded very valuable information for the monograph of Cac­taceae
by Dr. Britton and Dr. Rose, now in course of publication by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington.
21
22
and interpreter. His keen interest in my welfare was later
shown, when after my not returning to Buenos Aires at the time
I was supposed to, he started a consulary inquiry after me. I had
a considerable contribution of herbarium material as a compli­ment
of the Garden to our friend, Prof. Cristobal M. Hicken, of
the Facultado de Ciencias Exactas Fiscias y Naturales. Profes­sor
Hicken, however, was out of town and not expected to return
for several days, which gave me ample opportunity to secure maps
and other much needed data and to see much of this remarkable
city. Its many parks and numerous well- kept plazas are a con­spicuous
feature and must do much to brighten the lives of the
inhabitants. The streets of the city are very wide and well
kept, many of them being provided with a line of shade trees
along each curb. A native tree of the Cassia family, at this
season almost entirely covered with golden yellow flowers,
made some of the streets appear quite gorgeous. Another
native tree, a member of the Bignonia family, heavily laden with
bright blue flowers was also a conspicuous feature. Probably
the most used trees, however, are the European plane or syca­more
tree, our own box elder, and the oriental Ailanthus. The
Botanical Garden, whose area is unfortunately far too small, is
most interesting and instructive. Many plants and large trees
from every continent are here to be seen. Quite a novelty to me
was the assemblage of many of our northern trees in close prox­imity
with the Eucalypti and Mimosaceae of Australia.
Having left a note for Dr. Hicken announcing my presence in
Buenos Aires, he called at the hotel a day or two after his return
to the city. He seemed much pleased that the study of South
American cacti was to be continued by Doctors Britton and
Rose, and gave me letters to various persons who he thought
would be helpful, also much advice and information, without
which I would have been quite helpless. He also advised me to
begin my work at Andalgala, in the province of Catamarca, not
only because it was a typical cactus region, but also on account
of the fact that a Danish naturalist, Mr. P. Jorgensen resided
there. Mr. Jorgensen had made a large collection of the plants
of the region for Dr. Hicken's herbarium and the probability
23
that he would be more or less at leisure at this season, it was
thought, would greatly further the progress of my work. Ac­cordingly
I started for Andalgala on the night of December n.
This proved to be a long and irksome trip. The railways of
Argentina, once you get some distance from the capital, are not
calculated to inspire one's confidence or to induce one to travel
unnecessarily. Their roadbeds, each system of which is of a
different gage, are poorly constructed, miserably ballasted and
usually a single track. The sleeping cars, which are scarcely
more than compartments of bunks arranged transversely with
some upholstery and hard wood embellishments, are anything
but comfortable. No provision is made for its occupants to sit
comfortably during the day time. For this one must go to the
day coach or the dining car. The dining car which is attached
to all through trains and remains with it during the entire trip,
is the only redeeming feature of an Argentina railroad, being
neat and comfortable, a first- class restaurant on wheels and one
can obtain most anything desired. Their table d'hote meals are
very satisfactory.
Next morning found us moving through a monotonously flat
region, composed of large grain fields and pasture land, situated
northwest of Rosario, the second largest town of the Republic.
Conspicuous here were the blanched bones of innumerable cattle
which had perished from hunger and thirst during the long and
severe draught which the region had suffered. Although it was
Sunday many threshing machines, belching forth huge clouds of
straw and dust, were passed during the entire day. The region
is entirely devoid of native trees and the inhabitants, it would
seem, have yet to learn the art of tree planting. The most con­spicuous
vegetation along the route is the wild carrot and a very
large artichoke- like thistle. Woody plants, seemingly, were
entirely absent until near the close of the day, when scattered
shrubbery appeared. We reached Alto Cordoba on the high­lands
opposite that city about dark and thence continued through
the night a hot, dusty and suffocating ride northward. Early
next morning found us moving through a weird and desolate
desert landscape composed of alternating tracts of stunted trees
24
and shrubbery, among which cacti were discernible, and gray
saline areas, the dust of which filled the coaches almost to suffo­cation.
After passing La Rioja we continued on through the
same monotony and desolation except near Mazan where a low
rocky ridge was crossed. This was a veritable cactus garden
which I was loath to pass without stopping. A number of va­rieties
were noticed that were not seen elsewhere. The inaccessi­bility,
however, made it impossible for me to return to this inter­esting
place.
Andalgala, the village of which is situated three or four kilom­eters
from the railroad station, was reached sometime after
dark on the third night out from Buenos Aires. I secured ac­commodations
which consisted of a large, fairly well ventilated
room facing an ample but none too cleanly patio which promised
to afford very good facilities for my work. Early next morning
I started out to find Mr. Jorgensen, but I learned that he had
been out of town for some time, and I could not ascertain
when he was expected back. As one of Dr. Hicken's reasons for
advising me to begin my work at Andalgala was Mr. Jorgensen's
knowledge of the region and its plants and the fact that he spoke
English, I was very much disappointed and the fact that the
people did not seem to understand my poor Spanish, especially
as many of the words, particularly the nouns, were different than
those I had learned in the West Indies, made me feel quite hope­less
for the time being. The hotel man told me that he did not
think there was a person in the neighborhood who spoke English
and when I fell back on the German language his information was
similar. Upon sounding the few guests at the hotel I discovered
that a young man of Swiss extraction spoke German. He like­wise
informed me that he did not think there was an English-speaking
person in the village and that the only two persons he
knew of who spoke German were a Hollander with an office
nearby and Dr. Schmidt, a physician residing in the outskirts
of the town. Upon visiting the Hollander's office I learned
that he was out of town and probably would not be back for
several days. As it was probable that the Doctor would be out
on his professional rounds at this hour of the day, I tried to
25
ignore my plight by taking a walk out into the country, the course
I took leading me to and past the cemetery. I soon discovered
that I was in a real cactus region, for not less than five species
were observed on this walk. Returning to the hotel in time for
the noon day's meal, my Swiss friend told me that he had met
Dr. Schmidt and told him of my presence and intention in the
region. The Doctor said he would be pleased to converse with
me in either English or German and to help me in any way he
could. After the meal the hotel man, upon my request for a boy
to show me the way out to Dr. Schmidt's residence, advised me
not to call on the Doctor until three o'clock, as he would probably
be having his siesta, as is the custom here. I found the Doctor,
who had been long in residence in Argentina, a very pleasant and
highly scientific man of affairs. He became much interested in
my work and promised to aid me in every way possible. He
verified the probable usefulness of Mr. Jorgensen in the work, knew
that he was somewhere across the mountains in the province of
Tucuman and said he could find out from his friends, adminis­trators
of the sugar estate at Concepcion. He gave me some very
useful information about the surrounding region and promised to
send me a good peon to accompany me into the field. Early
next morning Dr. Schmidt called on me at the hotel with a tele­gram
from Concepcion stating that Mr. Jorgensen had left there
on his way to Andalgala and that he expected to spend a fort­night
collecting on his way across the mountains. The peon also
showed up and said that he was ready to go to work.
The inhabitants of Andalgala seem prosperous and content.
The cultivation of the grape and the making of wine are their
chief occupations. The place also has some local reputation for
the production of quince preserves, put up in brick form, some­what
resembling the well- known Cuban guava paste and jelly.
The quince trees, of which I saw very few, I believe, are grown in
moist valleys, high among the surrounding hills. The houses in
the village are practically all constructed of adobe, the village in
reality being a huge irrigated vineyard. It boasts of an electric-light
system which goes out at midnight and a very primitive
moving picture show every Sunday night. In the outskirts, on
26
small scattered irrigated patches, wheat is grown, the harvesting
of which is very primitive. Grain in the straw is spread in a
circle on the hard dry ground, a horse hitched to a central post
is driven ' round and ' round over this straw until the grain is
tramped out. After the straw is raked off, the mixed chaff and
grain is thrown high into the air during a slight breeze, thus
cleaning the grain. People who do not buy their flour obtain it
by grinding this wheat in a bowl- shaped cavity in a hard wood
log with a stone or wooden pestle. Occasionally one sees a stone
mortar used.
As soon as my peon reported for duty the collection of cacti
was begun by excursion afoot into the surrounding desert, com­posed
largely of dry spiny shrubs and rocks. The nearby hills
were also worked in the same manner and ascensions to the sum­mit
of the nearest mountains, the highest of which reaches an
altitude of about 6,000 feet, were made, most of these cacti having
a range over the plain, also occurring in lesser quantities to the
highest elevations thus reached. The massive columnar Cereus,
locally very abundant, known as " Cardon Grande," however,
seldom reached that altitude, several others of the Cereus group
occurring only on the higher sides of these mountains. Later
long excursions across the plains and up various arroyos were
made on horseback. A tour also was taken for a considerable
distance down and along the dry stream bed of Rio Andalgala.
Here a very pretty Echinocactus was found in very limited quan­tities
on a small sand dune out of reach of the torrential over­flow
of the stream. This plant was seen nowhere else on my
trip and showed nothing but small buds which with careful
carrying however developed flowers about a month afterward,
when a good photograph was obtained of it. Having packed
the live plants and cuttings and all other material that required
no further attention and shipped them to Buenos Aires, and
having sent the rest of my outfit by rail around to Tucuman, I
started on the morning of December 28 for Concepcion on the
other side of the mountains on mule back accompanied by my
faithful peon, carrying a single change of clothing and a meager
collecting outfit, as I did not expect to find many new cacti. In
27
this, however, I was much mistaken, as eight species, apparently
new to me, were seen along the trail. To do justice to these I
should have allowed myself at least three days instead of the
two usually occupied to make the trip, and should have taken
along an extra pack animal. The route was a rough rocky trail
through a canyon south of town and after proceeding for several
hours I passed through a small area of a large columnar Cereus
quite distinct from the one so common at Andalgala. The small
area of this encountered here was the only one seen on the entire
trip. As we reached higher elevation some water was found and
a hut with a little patch of irrigated land was passed. We
lunched at a spring not far from the summit and crossed the
divide at an altitude of about 7,000 feet, descending into a high
shallow valley, running in a north and southerly direction.
Crossing it another range of a less rocky nature was crossed and
descent was made into a long, more grassy canyon. After hours
of riding in which one other species of cactus was seen, we entered
a large valley running north and south. The stream, locally
called Rio Grande, flowed in a northerly direction and contained
more water than I had seen since I left the ocean. Frequent and
quite extensive irrigated patches were to be seen as far as the eye
could see to the south, while the view northward indicated more
fertility. Just before night we reached the large house of the
administrator of the Esquina Grande Estate. Here I was taken
in and cordially provided with a good warm meal and a comfort­able
bed, my peon finding quarters for himself and the animals
with the numerous employees of the establishment. Early
next morning I busied myself looking after the collections of the
previous day, which owing to fatigue and darkness I could not
attend to the night before. After coffee and the well wishes of
my host we proceeded on the long seventy- five- kilometer stretch
that lay before me. Passing northward and down stream the
vegetation was entirely different from anything I had as yet seen.
A conspicuous plant was a tall red flowering Lobelia, reminding
one very much of our own Lobelia cardinalis. The plants were
practically all strangers to me and I was loath to pass by them
without making a collection. A short cylindrical cactus was
28
seen sparingly in groups on accumulations of humus on the large
bowlders in and along the stream which suddenly broke through
a chasm of the range forming the eastern boundary of this valley.
The road upon which we traveled had been a well- constructed
one but now was in a bad condition, apparently after many years
of neglect, as it had lost its importance after the construction of
the railroad west of the mountains. It continued northerly up
the valley along the stream which now flowed southward and
finally by many windings and twistings reached the top of the
range that had formed our eastern boundary. As we ascended,
trees became more numerous and taller until they formed a real
forest, the predominating element being a beech- like tree be­longing
to the genus Alnus. On reaching the top of the ridge,
on which we traveled for some distance, an imposing view was
afforded. To the left beyond the green hills close by a stretch of
high brown snow- capped mountains was visible as far as the eye
could see. To the right one looked down into a vast tree-covered
flat which seemed to have no eastern limit. The road
now descended quite rapidly and tortuously through rank
vegetation. The elements of this were all strangers to me, one
of the largest trees being an Araucaria; another interesting plant
was a species of Rubus with arching stems twelve to fifteen feet
long reaching out over the roadway. It had the appearance of
our northern blackberry with the fruit of a black cap raspberry
and was a novelty very much appreciated, it being the first
South American fruit that I had encountered. It is, however,
very much inferior to our own raspberry, having an insipid taste
and a mulberry- like flavor. The people called it " murus." As
we neared the base of the hill I saw the first specimens of Rhip­salis,
but they were aggravatingly high and could not be col­lected.
Having finally reached the plain, the road continued for
many kilometers through dense forests of tall trees and cleared
patches devoted to the cultivation of mace and pasture became
more numerous when near Alpachiri. This place appeared to be
the type station of Rhipsalis Tucumanensis. After a long and
tiresome ride through increasing cultivation which, as we neared
the town, consisted of sugar plantations, Concepcion was reached
29
just before dark. Next morning I went out to the sugar mill, and
found a friend of Mr. Jorgensen. He said that he had not come
back so I dismissed all hopes of his cooperation and mailed my
letter for him to his home address and some weeks afterward re­ceived
one from him expressing his regret and disappointment at
our not having met and stating that I had passed close by his
camp on my way across the mountains, his peon having seen me.
It being evident that this was no cactus country I took the next
train for the city of Tucuman, where I arrived early in the evening
and after a much needed bath, a fairly good meal and a good
night's rest I felt quite fit next morning.
Although it was Sunday I had no difficulty in having my out­fit,
which was sent around by freight from Andalgala, brought
to the hotel. In the afternoon, after overhauling the outfit, I
took a stroll out into the country which was rather highly culti­vated.
When some distance out I noticed a tall patch of green
which I reached after some difficult cross- country hiking. It
proved to be as I had surmised, a tract of primeval forest, the
trees of which harbored many Rhipsalis, of which two species
were collected. Here I was overtaken by a torrential downpour
of rain and received a most thorough soaking. The opposite side
of the woodland faced the military barracks and a road to the
city and I finally reached my hotel a sorry- looking, water- logged,
mud- bespattered object. Monday, as my finances needed re­plenishing
it was necessary for me to visit a bank. Here my
wants were attended to and I learned that the scientific gentle­man
in Tucuman to whom Dr. Hicken had given me a letter
would likely be found at the museum close by and that the cu­rator,
Mr. Schreiter, a German naturalist, would likely be called
upon to act as my interpreter, as the gentleman in question was
not familiar with the language best at my command. Mr.
Schreiter was well posted about the surrounding country and
expressed much interest in my work, telling me of a high arid
region to the northwest where he had seen many cacti. His
analogical and archaeological investigations require him to go in.
there quite frequently. The scientific gentleman to whom I had!
a letter was at this time at the university nearby, to which we
30
now started. At the university was Dr. Fidel Zelada, said to be
the local authority on cacti, who had a collection of living plants
at his home which he cordially invited me to see and I agreed to
do this in the afternoon. The person for whom we had been
looking not being at the university, I left with the understanding
that I would meet Mr. Schreiter at the museum in the afternoon,
when he told me that he had seen this person and that as I had
already been told as much about the cactus region as he himself
knew, it would be unnecessary for me to see him.
As it would be necessary, in order to get into the above men­tioned
cactus region, to organize a caravan and as several weeks'
time would be required to accomplish anything, I felt that I had
better not attempt it.
As it had been raining continually for several days with no
immediate prospect of its stopping, I boarded the train the next
morning for Salta, the capital of the province of the same name.
Salta, which is situated in a moist, fertile, and highly cultivated
valley, has very wide streets, most of them provided with well-kept
shade trees. A masonry canal is constructed entirely around
the city to protect it from inundation by the torrential flow of
water when there are heavy rains in the nearby hills. Owing to
an accident on the railroad due to the locomotive leaving the
track, we were held up for something like six hours and did not
get into Salta until two o'clock the following morning, an hour
at which it is not pleasant to contemplate getting into a strange
city in a foreign land. However, I found a sleepy coachman who
agreed to take me to a hotel, to the proprietor of which, fortu­nately,
I had a letter. The establishment was still open and full
of activity and I fear I would have received little attention had
it not been for this letter, upon reading which the proprietor
became interested in me, telling me that his rooms were all
occupied, but he kindly found quarters for me in a nearby hotel
and the next day he fixed up a room, well back of the patio, for
me. Although this was away from the flowers it had the advan­tage
of also being away from the noise and turmoil incident to an
all night restaurant and subsequently promised to be very con­venient
and comfortable quarters. Messrs. Haustein and Schaaf,
31
proprietors, their respective wives and sister, manifested the
traditional Teutonic interest in cacti and aided, me very much in
my work. The gentlemen were constantly making inquiries
among their patrons, calculating to aid in the work, thus securing
many interviews and invitations from planters and others.
Notable among these was Mr. E. H. F. Schultz who had formerly
been connected with the United States Department of Agricul­ture,
stationed at Florida and Panama and now director of the
provincial nursery at Tucuman. Upon expressing my surprise
that I had not heard of him at Tucuman he further astonished
me with the fact that a well- managed experiment station whose
staff was composed entirely of English- speaking persons was
maintained there. He said that some time ago they had under­stood
that a North American who was investigating the cacti was
in Argentina and as they had expected him to come to Tucuman
they had made preparations for him at the station but that the
person never showed up. He exacted from me the promise that
I could call on them on my return southward, when he felt sure
they would be able to show me some cactus. Collections were
made in the nearby hills and thickets, and excursions to various
remote parts were taken. At one of these, San Lorenzo, a well-watered
place in the western foothills, the novelty of seeing a
short columnar cactus and a large scarlet- flowered begonia was
experienced. One of the most prolific stations, however, was
Mojotoro.
Having packed my live and other finished material and shipped
it by freight to Buenos Aires I went to Calilegua in the province
of Tujuy, a region highly recommended by Mr. Schultz, who gave
me a letter of introduction to Mr. Robert Smythe, in charge of
one of the Leach estates. At Calilegua I deposited my bag at a
little red hotel, stating that I wanted a room and started out to
find Mr. Smythe, whom I found without difficulty. After
reading Mr. Schultz's letter he closed his desk, with the remark.
" Come over to the house." The pathway to this led through a
well- kept and most interesting nearly tropical garden. Mr.
Smythe inquired, " Where is your bag?" When I told him it
was down at the hotel and remonstrated that I did not wish
32
to throw myself upon his hospitality he remarked, " We cannot
permit a white man to stop there. I will send for your baggage
at once." After observing the British custom usually indulged
in at this time of the afternoon, we engaged in a general
conversation, in which I discerned that Mr. Smythe, who had
resided in the republic for upwards of thirty years was a great
lover of plants and flowers and was particularly well versed in
tropical things and orchids. His observing mind enabled him to
recall many places where he had seen cacti but he made no pre­tense
at knowing what they were. He also told me that Dr. Spe-gazzini,
a southern botanist who had described many species of
cacti, had stopped there some years previous and that he was
very much enthused over what he had secured in the dry hills
some leagues distant up the Rio San Lorenzo. Although Cali­legua
is situated about 23J4 degrees south latitude, owing to
its elevation in the valley it is visited by occasional killing
frosts, which last winter were so severe that the entire banana
plantations were killed to the ground, destroying thousands of
bunches of bananas and entailing a further loss of twelve months'
production. Citrus fruits and sugar cane were, however, not
seriously damaged. The coffee plantations several thousand
feet up in the hills were completely destroyed and as this crop
has not proven profitable, owing to the scarcity of labor, it has
been abandoned. This Leach estate, comprising everything in
sight, includes thousands of square miles of surrounding country.
The fertile lands of the valley are devoted principally to the culture
of sugar cane, which is sent to an adjoining estate of the same
corporation, for grinding, and thousands of acres are successfully
devoted to the culture of bananas. Recently the cultivation of
citrus fruits has been undertaken and it is Mr. Smythe's chief
concern and delight to further this culture, leaving the better
understood crops to younger members of his staff. Here also
one sees experimental plots of most all tropical fruits such as im­proved
varieties of mango, alligator pear, etc. The rainfall,
although ample for successful agricultural operations if properly
distributed throughout the year, is precipitated in three or four
consecutive months, thus leaving the remainder of the year with-
33
out rain, so it is necessary to resort to irrigation, an ample supply
being furnished by the streams coming from the mountains.
The next day being Sunday, which at this establishment, unlike
many others, is devoted to rest and recreation, I necessarily
busied myself unpacking and caring for my incompletely dried
material. Collections were begun next morning, my host having
seen to it that I was provided with a good guide and horses. We
proceeded up the San Lorenzo valley through miles of cane and
banana and thence into dense forests of tall trees and shrubbery
which harbored various species of Rhipsalis, at least three of
which were new to the collection. A fiat broad three- ribbed
variety most resembling a Phyllocactus was a very striking object.
Festoons of it frequently five to. six feet long with margins densely
covered with rather large orange- colored fruit quite common.
I was rather surprised too, to find a number of different kinds of
the Cereus group on the forest floor, which one would have thought
was too humid and fertile for this class of plants.
We had set out in the morning with the idea of collecting in the
dry hills northward, which had so delighted Dr. Spegazzini, but
the many things that arrested my attention had so impeded my
progress that we made no attempt to get there in the afternoon.
The day was very hot and sultry, but the last stage of our return
trip was made through a heavy cold rain and violent hail storm.
It being necessary to ford the river several times in order to
reach the dry hills already mentioned, it was useless to attempt
this next day, as the river was on a rampage and any attempt to
cross it would have proved suicidal. My work was much re­tarded
by the wet weather, but excursions were made into various
places in all directions except the one bounded by the river.
Mr. Smythe frequently accompanied me places where he had
remembered seeing some kinds of cactus. His guidance and his
direction to other special points enabled me to secure a number
of species which otherwise could not have been obtained, as they
were not met with elsewhere. An excursion into the mountains
to the region of the frozen coffee plantation was very interesting,
but no cacti were found save several Rhipsalis which had already
been collected. Southward the valley becomes dryer and less
34
fertile, being quite open, with few scattered trees. At the
time I was in there many of the trees were standing in several
inches of water, their branches thickly covered by a close clinging
Rhipsalis. Here the majority of the opuntias were also standing
in water. By this time the water in the river had subsided very
little but, being anxious to get into the hills where Dr. Spegaz­zini
had collected, another attempt was made to reach them.
I was advised, however, not to attempt a crossing contrary to my
guide's advice as he was considered an expert in such matters,
being credited with having saved the lives of several persons,
among them, it was whispered, being Mr. Smythe. Three at­tempts
to cross the river at different points proved futile and I
returned to the house very much disappointed and prepared to
move onward. It would be ungracious if I should fail to express
to Mr. Smythe my sincere gratitude for his kindly and helpful
interest, his hospitality and the many conveniences placed at my
command.
Going around to Jujuy, capital of the similarly named province
I found the place to be situated among bright green hills, ap­parently
quite fertile. Towering over all, however, were the
distant mountain peaks with their snow- capped summits. As
this evidently was no good collecting ground for cacti I boarded
the weekly train next morning for La Quiaca, the end of the
government railroad and on the Bolivian border. This is a long
and tiresome ride, one passing for miles among green hills until
Leon with its extensive peach orchards is reached. Here our
engine leaves us and a special one provided with a system of cogs
takes a position on the back of the train and starts to push us
up a very steep grade on a wretched railroad. Soon the green
disappears absolutely and one finds himself surrounded with a
high picturesque hill of several colors and it is evident that one
has entered an entirely different region than the one left behind.
The top of the ridge is reached at Volcan and one cannot help
appreciating the name, the country appearing as though it had
recently passed through a furnace. Again provided with an
ordinary engine we continued northward, still up grade, but not
so severe, through a panorama of various- colored fantastic hills
35
or mountains, finally reaching sort of a plateau at Tres Cruces,
the highest elevation reached by any railway in Argentina.
Some hours later, in this case nearly midnight of the second day
out, our destination was reached, February I.
La Quiaca, at an elevation of 3,442 meters, consists of
buildings erected at the terminal of a railroad now being
built to continue into Bolivia, the large viaduct crossing the
stream separating the two republics having been completed
at the time of my visit. Several stores, a meteorological
station, a large sprawling hotel building and a scattered col­lection
of small, low adobe huts complete the town, the streets
of which are merely rocky and ill- defined roads. Villazon, the
Bolivian town just across the border, is perhaps more important,
having a large governmental building, more and larger stores,
and, I am told, a much better hotel. The many native stores,
in reality merely booths along the streets, have most of their
stock in trade on exhibition on a shelf or two, most conspicuous
of which articles are cocoa leaves, which the natives seem con­stantly
to be chewing. At a latitude of less than 22 degrees
south the high elevation makes it very cool, the temperature
after sundown in summer being only about 40 degrees, and I am
told that it is below freezing for nine months in the year. The
ground is covered with small stones, totally devoid of tall vege­tation.
No shrub over eighteen inches high was observed any­where,
but at the time of my visit many small, deep- rooted plants
were in flower, these representing a considerable number of
families. To the east, as well as to the west, snow- capped moun­tains
were in view at this time of the year, but I was told they had
no snow on them during the winter as there was no precipitation
and the summer snows were blown off. There is no cultivation
except that here and there along a stream a little irrigated patch
will be devoted to barley or potatoes, the tubers of which reach
only a very small size. Goats and an occasional flock of sheep
are seen and herds of llamas are met with. They are used for
transportation and I believe are the principal source of the coarse
woolen blankets used here.
Collections were made on the surrounding plateau and among
36
the rocks of several arroyos and I was very much surprised at the
number of species that I encountered, as I had hardly expected
any cacti would exist at this temperature or elevation. They
are mostly low- growing forms, an exception being a columnar
Cereus which I have seen to attain the height of five feet. At
this time, the wet season, they were all very fleshy. The elliptic
jointed opuntias which form semicircular masses sometimes
reaching a considerable diameter were exceedingly so, their pulp
being of such a syrupy consistency as to make this plant exceed­ingly
difficult to preserve. In fact it was impossible to get some
of these through satisfactorily. To do this, collections, I pre­sume,
must be made during the dry winter months, when I
should think their pulp would be less supplied with moisture.
Collection here proved very difficult; although the hotel man
promised me a guide and horses several days in succession, they
were never forthcoming, thus compelling me to work practically
alone. The rarity of the atmosphere made it impossible for me
to increase my pace more than a slow walk. Exercising more
than ordinary exertion or carrying more than a trifling load was
impossible.
In my own search for help I entered the office of a German
commercial establishment where the kind clerk soon informed
me that their cashier, Mr. Heinrich Schroder, was an expert in
cacti and I lost no time in meeting him. He had for years owned
an amateur collection, as many of his countrymen of the Father­land
did, and was well posted on Schumann and told me that he
had detected at least twenty- five different kinds about La Quiaca,
but he found it impracticable to maintain a collection. The next
day being Sunday, the store closing at twelve o'clock, he volun­teered
to accompany me afield in the afternoon, an act which
was highly appreciated, for he pointed out several species that
I certainly would have overlooked. As I had met with such slow
progress and was eager to get all I could out of this I remained
afield until nearly dark of my last day's stay and it was not until
two o'clock in the morning that I finished the necessary packing
so as to be able to board the weekly train southward shortly
after dawn. The trip to Tucuman required forty- eight hours of
37
constant riding, during which time, while still in the arid region,
an accident to the locomotive necessitated our stopping in a very
weird place on a narrow arroyo. This afforded an opportunity
to collect one of the many forms seen along the railroad. In
order to collect these species it would be necessary to organize a
caravan or perhaps arrangements could be made with a railroad
official for the use of a motor hand car.
Arriving at Tucuman on the morning of February 7, I im­mediately
called upon Mr. Schreiter at the Museum to get direc­tions
which would take me to Mr. E. H. F. Schultz, director of the
provincial nurseries. Heavy rains, however, prevented me from
finding him until late in the afternoon. After giving me a hearty
welcome, he made arrangements to go out to the experiment
station, a considerable distance out of town. Accordingly early
in the morning Mr. Schultz called for me in his automobile
and I soon found myself being welcomed by Mr. W. E. Cross
who at once placed at my disposal such facilities as the institution
afforded for the furtherance of my work and had me called for
each morning at the hotel and driven out to the station and pro­vided
for my return in the evening. I also met Mr. G. L.
Fawcett, formerly of the United States Agricultural Department,
stationed at Miami and later at Porto Rico, well known to many
of my acquaintances; Mr. E. W. Rust, also a fellow citizen; Mr-
Harris and several others. This institution is unique among
similar establishments of its kind in the country, as it is officered
by English- speaking gringoes and it is needless to say they are
proud of it. The remainder of the day, in which it rained most
of the time, was spent at the station discussing plans_ and ar­rangements
to further the work. My new friends, although not
pretending to have any knowledge of the cacti, would change my
belief that there were no cacti near Tucuman. Arrangements
were made for an excursion next morning into a less humid region.
Continued rains made this prospect very dubious but to my great
surprise Mr. Schultz with the rest of the party, equipped with col­lecting
paraphernalia and food, drove up to the hotel early in the
morning. When I expressed my doubts as to the advisability
of starting out with the roads in such condition, they assured me
38
that the prospect of a fine day was certain and that the bad road
could not extend much north of the city, as the downpour had
been quite local, but as we reached the outskirts and entered the
mire of the so- called Camino Nacional I was astounded at Mr.
Schultz's perseverance. I have had some experience with auto­mobiles
on mud roads but I had never seen anything like this
attempted. At many of the miry places the entire party except
the driver would leave the car and pick their way across the bog
hole, my host guiding the lightened machine nicely past. We all
took turns in pushing the car through mud holes out of which
its own mechanism was unable to extract itself and once we got
on the top of a bump where we struck so fast that the combined
energy of the party could not move it and it was necessary to get
the assistance of a peon, a horse, a pick and a shovel. Fortu­nately
we had now gotten through the wet section and entered a
region of dry low woodland in which numerous and often very
gigantic examples of Cardon Grande ( Cereus Pasacand) were
frequent, also several Rhipsalis, one of which seemed to make the
giant cactus its host. Numerous dry gravelly and some other
shaley hills in the woods harbored various smaller cacti while
Opuntia grew in the forest along the roadside. We lunched on
the porch of a country store and kept onward until approaching
darkness warned us to turn around. Fortunately the bright
sunny day had so dried up the boggy road that our return trip
was quite uneventful. This excursion was remarkable, as nine­teen
distinct kinds of cactus were seen during the day, several
new to my collection and I doubt if there is a similar incident on
record. Just as we entered the experiment station the auto­mobile
refused to move any farther and we were obliged to push
it to the house. Investigation showed that some vital part of the
machinery which had held out all day had broken down at this
most opportune moment. One excursion was made to Trancas,
with Dr. F. Zelada and Mr. Rust into a low desert- like thicket
where a number of species not before seen were secured and
another to with Mr. Schultz and a servant to Choromoro, from
which we walked southward to Vipos through rough dry lands
covered with low woods and thickets. Here we were overtaken
39
by rain and walking was made very difficult. In order to reach
Vipos, from where a train was to be had in the evening, it was
necessary to cross a very low railroad trestle over a river which
was at that time on a rampage. The ties were four feet or more
apart so that it was necessary to jump from one to another, their
wet and slippery condition making it a very precarious task, but
we crossed it without a mishap, reaching the station in time to
shake off a lot of mud and rearrange our water- logged spiney
burdens. The unsatisfactory condition in which I had brought
my specimens from the Bolivian border coupled with the wet
weather here encountered, in spite of the facilities provided at the
station, made the preservation of the specimens a time- consuming
task and it was not until February 21 that I managed to have
them packed and shipped to Buenos Aires and prepared to leave
Tucuman. After a few hours' ride, on the morning of February
22, I arrived at Santiago del Estero, where I was fortunate enough
to find a couple of peons who knew of a large Cereus which I had
reason to believe grew there. It and several other species were
found and a nice collection was made here. I left for Santa Fe,
stopping for a portion of a day at Clodomira, where, among desert­like
hills, I secured the flower of a Cereus which, though the plant
had often been seen, was never found in flower. The province
of Santa F6 happened to be the only province of Argentina not
credited with some cacti on my list and I was able to place it
where it belonged by finding two species of opuntias, one of which
was new to the collection. Leaving the same evening, I arrived
at Buenos Aires the following afternoon. Having arranged with
an agent of the principal express and storage company of the
Republic to bring my various shipments of material together in
their storage house, I was very much disgusted to learn that owing
to the total lack of system of this company my material was still
scattered, no two consignments having been brought together.
One shipment of seven cases was entirely unaccounted for
and an anxious forty- eight hours were undergone before they
were located, miles away at an outlying station. Examination
and repacking revealed that very little loss had been sustained.
A few of the oldest collections had dried up while some others had
40
decayed. After repacking and seeing to it myself that they were
properly stored, I called upon Mr. Wallace of the steamship
agency. He assured me that he would do all in his power to get
proper transit of the material north when the time came for
sailing.
I again left the city for the north, making my first stop at Con­cordia,
Entre Rios, March 5, where I presented myself to Dr.
Alazraqui, director of Estaci6n Enologica Nacional de Concordia,
whom I had previously met in a remote part of the republic and
whose cordial invitation, at the time, to visit him here I had prom­ised
to accept. The Doctor was surprised to see me at this late
date, as I had expected to come through this part of the country
many weeks before, but he welcomed me most cordially and the
kindly hospitality of the Doctor, his good wife and family, will long
be remembered as one of the most pleasant incidents of my trip.
Horses and men were placed at my disposal and in spite of the
inclement weather I made a quite thorough examination of the
region in a very short time. An excursion was made across the
river into Uruguay and collections secured in the vicinity of Salto
on March 7, in which was included the smallest cactus seen,
probably the smallest growing cactus on the South American
continent. Concordia, to my mind, is the prettiest place I have
seen in Argentina and the only spot in which I would really care
to live. The surrounding country is rolling, situated a consider­able
height above the Uruguay River. The terrain is barren
to look upon, being composed of alternating areas of agate and
other varieties of quartz, pebbles and lower stretches of deep black
soil. The principal agricultural industries are the growing of
citrus fruits, of which the mandarin is by far the leader, and the
making of wine, for which the European grape in used exclusively.
A favorite method of culture consisted of large groves of manda­rine
interplanted with grape. The institution presided over by
my host is a national one devoted primarily to the wine industry,
but various other subjects are being studied, among them citrus
culture, the culture of essential oil- bearing plants and their dis­tillation.
Dr. Alazraqui is also the technical manager of a large
bodago, as the wine factories are here called and on the second
41
day of my stay, which had been preceded with a twenty- four-hour
downpour, so that I could do no collecting, I accompanied
him to the factory, starting out in a modern touring car over
roads which seemed like canals. The machine finally reached
a depth of water that flooded and stopped the engine. When
the frantic efforts of the chauffeur, who was in water up to his
thighs, failed, he carried us out of the water on his back and we
proceeded on afoot. That night we were taken home in a four-horse
coach. My visit to the factory was of great interest, the
exact and careful method with which everything is handled being
a revelation to me. Great precaution is taken to avoid unde­sirable
ferments, while the desirable ones receive every attention,
and cleanliness is one of the principal means to secure these
results. I left Concordia March 9 fully conscious that I could
never fully express my gratitude to Dr. Alazraqui and his family
for the kind and helpful hospitality shown me. From here I
proceeded northward to Paso de los Libres, where a very short
time was spent during which I crossed over into Brazil, but the
low grassy region seemed to offer no inducement to one in quest
of cacti, so I continued on my way northward, stopping for
several days at Posadas in the territory of Misiones. Here I
met Mr. Petzke, of the Esquela Agricultural College, who kindly
accompanied me on an unsuccessful search for Phyllocactus
credited to the region. From the beginning of my trip it had
been my ambition to visit the great cataract of the Salto del
Iquaqu falls, situated up the Uruguay River near the junction
of the three republics, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and pro­nounced
by persons who have seen both to far exceed in grandeur
and magnitude that of our own Niagara, but upon learning that
it would require at least ten days and that twelve or thirteen
would really be consumed before I could get back to Posadas
this much- hoped- for holiday was necessarily abandoned, as my
time was becoming very limited. I moved on into Paraguay.
Asuncion, its capital, is a typical South American town similar to
the larger cities of Argentina, with wide well- kept streets and
comfortable- looking buildings. Its parks and public places,
however, are in a deplorable condition, presumably due to the
42
unsettled affairs and revolutionary tendencies of the population.
Here I met Dr. Karl Fiebrig, among whose many attainments is
that of being well versed in the English language. The Doctor
is director of the National Garden, a botanical and zoological
institution, situated at Trinidad, where, by the way, our own
Thomas Morong collected many years ago.
The Botanical Garden consists of a very large tract of land
which had formerly been the site of a Government Agricultural
School, from which many useful buildings were inherited.
Many grand old trees of exotic species are an attractive feature.
The zoological collection is probably the most developed. Many
animals, chiefly of the South American fauna, offer an interesting,
study to one from the northern hemisphere. Their herbaceous
plant collections, as everywhere in the tropics, are kept in slat
houses, but these are of unique construction, unlike any I have seen
elsewhere. Instead of the finished posts and supports commonly
used they are built of native woods in the rough. The rustic
posts and supports with their suspended and festooned plants
of orchids, bromeliads, etc., the whole covered with as dense a
growth of vines as the welfare of the plants would permit, gave
one the impression of being in a tropical forest. A modification
of this scheme adopted to our northern greenhouse construction
would seem to me very desirable for houses used for orchidc and
similar plants. Another feature that particularly interested me
was their collection of cacti. These were planted in the open on
a high artificial mound, thus affording ample drainage during
the wet season when these plants usually suffer if the excess
moisture does not pass off promptly. The institution also has a
considerable herbarium, principally of the local and South
American flora and as they usually have an abundance of dupli­cates
available for exchange, any one interested in increasing
their collection of South American plants would do well to get
in touch with the director. Dr. Fiebrig placed at my service a
young man of German extraction who was well versed in Para­guay
plants, having assisted in the collection of much of their
herbarium material, so that I was able to secure a very repre­sentative
collection of cacti in a short time. I also made several
43
excursions in various directions from Asuncion and went south
to Paraguari, where the flat valley is dotted with hills rising about
1,000 feet above the surface, comprised of coarse conglomerate
rocks, the sides of which harbor a number of kinds of cacti. All
are very difficult of access. Other shaley hills supported another
class of plants and different kinds of cacti.
After spending most of the night packing I started on what was
really the beginning of my homeward trip by boarding the
weekly train southward, where after about three days of none too
pleasant riding I arrived at Buenos Aires with none too much
time to get my things together and be ready to board the good
ship Verdi for the voyage to New York. We stopped for a por­tion
of a day at Rio de Janeiro, thus giving me an opportunity
to again visit our good friend Dr. Lofgren, of the Botanical
Garden, who had prepared a good collection of Rhipsalis to be
presented to the New York Botanical Garden, which I brought
with me. The remainder of the voyage was without incident,
although we were passing through a very precarious time, which
was made more impressive by the fact that we took on board at
Rio de Janeiro eight or ten victims of German depredations in
Brazilian waters, and New York was reached April 29. I am
sorry to recount, however, that our good ship a few weeks after­ward,
while in European waters, was sent to the bottom by
Kaiserisrn's ruthlessness.
Upon unpacking the collections at the Garden I found that
the material intended for propagation and growing was in very
good condition despite the fact that not only had it been neces­sary
to undergo a voyage of twenty- one days in the baggage
room of the steamer, but some of it had already been in storage
about four months; it furnished prospects of many South Ameri­can
cacti probably never grown in North America.
Respectfully submitted,
J. A. SHAFER.
44
COURSES IN GARDENING IN COOPERATION WITH
THE INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S SCHOOL
FARM LEAGUE
I. SIMPLE HOME GARDEN COURSES FOR THOSE DESIRING TO
CONDUCT THEIR OWN GARDENS
Mondays in March, 3 P. M.
Saturdays in April, 10: 30 A. M.
Tuesdays in May, 3 P. M.
Tuesdays in June, 3 P. M.
The fee for each course will be five dollars, which will include
necessary supplies and materials.
Talks
Soil and preparation.
Cultivation and weed control.
What and how to plant. Transplanting. Food values.
Relation of sunlight, air, and water to the garden
Garden Practice, and Observation
Planting, transplanting, thinning, spading, raking, hoeing^ culti­vating,
weeding.
To be repeated, as needed, monthly, hours to be arranged.
II. TRAININC COURSES FOR TEACHERS FOR SCHOOL GARDENS
Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays,
April 1 to May 10, i9i8, from 9: 30 A. M. to 12: 30 P . M . Mon­days,
Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, May 6 to
June 14, 1918, from 2 : T, O to 5: 30 P . M . Mondays, Tuesdays,
Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, July 9 to August 16,1918,
from 9: 30 A. M. to 12 : 3o P. M.
This course will show the pedagogical value of the school
garden, and how it may fit into the curriculum without disturb­ing
it.
How, by proper planning, a teacher may take a full class into
the garden and do effective work in the ordinary class period.
45
How the garden will furnish material of educational value,
alive with interest, which will aid and inspire the regular class­room
studies of reading, writing, arithmetic, language, drawing,
geography, and history.
Instruction will be given, by lectures, practice work, and
reading, in those subjects needed by teachers in school garden
work, and connected classroom experiments.
Laboratory and garden tools will be supplied without charge.
The fee for each course will be twenty- five dollars, which will
include necessary materials and supplies.
A certificate will be awarded by The New York Botanical
Garden to students satisfactorily completing the course.
Lectures. 30 One- hour Periods.
Introduction: The school garden an educational laboratory,
planned for the child's development. The teacher's atti­tude.
Correlation: Examples of how to use the garden problems in
classroom work.
Planning the school garden: The ground plan and planting
scheme.
Soil and fertility: Fertilizers and manures.
Seeds: Selection. Germinating. Planting. Transplanting.
Thinning. Proper spacing.
Relation of water, air, sunlight to the garden.
Insects and animals of the garden.
Hygiene and physical culture lessons drawn from the garden
work and study, to be applied by the teacher in guiding the
child at work, and in talks in the classroom.
Studies of growing plants. Lessons in observation.
Short histories of several vegetables. Uses.
Elementary forestry and soil conservation
Garden Practice. 30 One- hour Periods
Spading, raking, hoeing, cultivating, planting, thinning, trans­planting,
weeding. Weed and insect studies. Harvesting
and exhibit preparation. General and special observation.
46
Laboratory and Shop Practice. 30 Hours
Cultivating stick, garden line and knots, plot stake, marking
board, hand carrier, root and insect cages, flat or window
box, butterfly net, poison jar, spreading board, map, stencils,
and studies and experiments with student- made apparatus.
III. SPECIAL OR PARTIAL COURSES IN GARDENING MAY BE
ARRANGED IF APPLICATIONS ARE SUFFICIENTLY NUMEROUS
All correspondence relative to these courses should be addressed
to
HENRY GRISCOM PARSONS,
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction,
Mansion, New York Botanical Garden,
Bronx Park
Members of the Corporation
Fritz Achelis,
Edward D. Adams,
Charles B. Alexander,
Vincent Astor,
John W, Auchincloss,
George F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Edmund L. Baylies,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
C. K. G. Billings,
George Blumenthal,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
W. H. Carpenter,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Hon. W. A. Clark,
C. A. Coffin,
Samuel P. Colt,
Edmund C. Converse,
Marin Le Brun Cooper,
Paul D. Cravath,
Charles D. Dickey,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Dr. James Douglas,
A. F. Estabrook,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
William B. O. Field,
James B. Ford,
Henry W. de Forest,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry C. Frick,
Prof,. W. J. Gies,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,
J. Horace Harding,
J. Montgomery Hare,
Edward S. Harkness,
Prof. R. A. Harper,
T. A. Havemeyer,
A. Heckscher,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Henry R. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
Dr. Walter B. James,
Walter B. Jennings,
Otto H. Kahn,
Prof. James F. Kemp,
Darwin P. Kingsley,
Edw. V. Z. Lane,
Dr. Albert R. Ledoux,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Adolph Lewisohn,
David Lydig,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
V. Everit Macy,
Edgar L. Marston,
W. J. Matheson,
Dr. William H. Maxwell,
George McAneny,
James McLean,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Walter Mendelson,
John L. Merrill,
Ogden Mills,
Hon. Ogden L. Mills,
J. Pierpont Morgan,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Theodore W. Myers,
Frederic R. Newbold,
C. D. Norton,
Eben E. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
George W. Perkins,
Henry Phipps,
James R. Pitcher,
Ira A. Place,
M. F. Plant,
Charles F. Rand,
Ogden Mills Reid,
Edwin A. Richard,
Prof. H. M. Richards,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Albert R. Shattuck,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William Sloane,
Valentine P. Snyder,
Arthur S. Somers,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Frederick Strauss,
F. K. Sturgis,
B. B. Thayer,
Charles G. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Felix M. Warburg,
Paul M. Warburg,
H. H. Westinghouse,
Bronson Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop.
Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. Robert Bacon,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey,
Mrs. Walter Jennings,
Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean,
Mrs. A. A. Low,
Mrs. Charles MacVeagh,
Mrs. V. Everit Macy,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. Cabot Ward,
Honorary Members of the Women's Auxiliary
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
P U B L I C A T I O N S
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, contain­ing
notes, news, and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all
members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not
offered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general
interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $ 3.00 a
year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth
volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; ten plates in each number, forty in
each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Now in its third volume.
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles
embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all
members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its ninth volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more
parts. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts
will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 3, part 1, 1910. Nectriaceae— Fimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3. 1912. Ustilaginaceae— Aecidia-ceae
( pars). ( Part 1 no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 9 ( now complete), parts 1 and 2, 1907; part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915;
parts s, 6, and 7, 1916. Polyporaceae— Agaricaceae ( pars). ( Parts 1 and 2
no longer sold separately.)
Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae ( pars).
Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae— Leucobryaceae.
Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae— Cyatheaceae ( pars).
Vol. 17, part i, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3. i9T5' Typhaceae— Poaceae
( pars).
Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917 ; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae— Allio-niaceae.
Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913- Podo-stemonaceae—
Rosaceae ( pars).
Vol. 25, part 1, 1907 ; part 2, 1910 ; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae— Burseraceae.
Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae— Ericaceae.
Vol. 34, part 1, 1914; part 2, 1915 ; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae— Anthemideae.
Memoirs of t i e New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellow­stone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Develop­ment,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi -+- 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates.
1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915-
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniver­sary
of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and
many text figures. 1916.
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the
ninth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY