Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              VOL. XXVII FEBRUARY, 1926 No. 314
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
A DWARF PLANTATION
N. L. BRITTON
THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF SOILS
ARTHUR HOLLICK
BOTANIZING IN THE HIGHER ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS.
— II. WEST VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE
P. A. RYDBERG
ORIGINAL EXPLORATION OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
JOHN M. COULTER
BOTANICAL FEATURES OF CEYLON
H. A. GLEASON
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
FREDERIC S. LEE, President ADOLPH LEWISOHN
HENRY W. DE FOREST, Vice President KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
F. K. STURGIS, Vice President BARRINGTON MOORE
JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer j p MORGAN
N. L. BRITTON, Secretary ^ z w l s RUTHERFURD MORRIS
EDWARD D ADAMS FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN H H - _ , _ T P n B T r o
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER £. HOBART PORTER
PAUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F RAND
ROBERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M RICHARDS
CHILDS FRICK HENRY H - R U S BY
WILLIAM J. GIES GEORGE J. RYAN
R. A. HARPER MORTIMER L. SCHIFF
JOSEPH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON
JAMES F. KEMP W. GILMAN THOMPSON
JAMES J. WALKER, Mayor of the City of New York
FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN. President of the Department of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Chairman JAMES F. KEMP, Sc. D., LL. D.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH. D., FREDERIC S. LEE, P H . D., LL. D.
LL. D., LITT. D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, SC. D.
WILLIAM J. GIES, P H . D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.
GEORGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N. L. BRITTON, P H . D., SC. D., LL. D Director- in- Chief
MARSHALL A. HOWE, P H . D., SC. D Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D., SC. D Head Curator of the Museums
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
P. A. RYDBERG, P H . D Curator
H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator
FRED J. SEAVER, PH. D Curator
ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer
SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses
M i\ BY E. EATON Artist
KENNETH K. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
HESTER M. RUSK, A. M Technical Assistant
H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
JOHN R. BRINLEY, C. E Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETI Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXVII FEBRUARY, 1926 No. 314
A DWARF PLANTATION
To illustrate the phenomenon of dwarfing in trees and shrubs,
a collection has recently been planted at The New York Botanical
Garden, just east of the rock garden, near the entrance on the
Southern Boulevard. The plants used for this demonstration
have been moved from other plantations of the Garden, twenty-four
kinds having been thus assembled. Other kinds are known
in botany and horticulture, and the collection will be increased
from time to time; but enough have been brought together to
effect an interesting educational feature. Many other specimens
may be seen in other plantations in the Garden, in proximity to
normal trees of the same kinds.
Dwarfing, technically known as nanism, is known in many kinds
of plants, not alone in trees and shrubs, but in herbaceous plants
as well, being taken advantage of in agriculture in dwarf beans,
peas, and other crops. The cause or causes of natural nanism are
obscure. Some dwarfs have appeared in gardens and nurseries
as what the gardeners know as sports and the botanists as mu­tants,
coming from seeds among normal plants of the same kinds
or from shoots, and have been perpetuated by cuttings, or in some
cases by their own seeds. Other dwarfs have appeared under
truly natural conditions, apparently also as sports or mutants.
There are some actual records of such appearances.
Induced dwarfs, produced by starving, pinching, and twisting
young plants and by pruning, are in a category by themselves and
are not here taken under consideration. In some cases, at least,
natural dwarfs have apparently been utilized in this process,
brought to its greatest development by the skill and patience of
25
Japanese gardeners. Dwarfs must also be distinguished from
species which are naturally small or low of growth.
The kinds of dwarfs used in the primary installation of the
demonstration plantation here described are as follows:
i. Dwarf Weeping Hemlock Spruce.— A low form of the
North American Hemlock Spruce, not over 5 feet high, but often
10 feet in diameter or more, with branches drooping quite to the
ground. Its cones and leaves are quite the same as those of the
normal forest tree which forms the famous Hemlock Forest of
the Garden. This dwarf is believed to have originated in nature,
many years ago, and is now widely planted for ornament and
interest. Seed taken from one of the Garden trees, some years
ago, germinated and produced plants which retained the dwarf
drooping habit.
2. Dzvarf Catalpa.— A small- round- topped tree, becoming 8 to
10 feet in height, densely leafy. This has long been in cultivation
and its origin is not definitely known, but it is understood to have
come from the forest tree Catalpa of the eastern United States.
The Garden's trees were presented by the late Mrs. F. K. Sturgis
in 1912, and there is a group of them near the entrance to the
Bronx River Parkway, close to many normal Catalpa trees, but
none of the dwarfs have as yet flowered.
3. Dwarf Round Arbor Vitae.— A low compact dense nearly
globular form of the American Arbor Vitae, or White Cedar.
Our plants, which are about 2 feet in diameter, were presented by
Bobbink & Atkins in 1917. One of them is making cones this
year and if seed can be had we will try to germinate it and ascer­tain
if this dwarf form may be thus perpetuated.
4. Spaeth's Dwarf Arbor Vitae.— The collection contains two
plants of this remarkable dwarf, which were presented to the
Garden by the late Lowell M. Palmer in 1904, under this name,
and they seem to agree with the descriptions of it in horticultural
literature, but it is one of the most curious of all dwarf ever­greens,
having two kinds of branches and two kinds of leaves,
looking not at all like a normal Arbor Vitae. It is said to have
originated from seed in a German nursery and was named for a
man by the name of Spaeth, horticulturist and forester. We
wish very much that this would produce fruit so that we could
make sure that it is what it is supposed to be.
27
5. Dwarf White Pine.— A form of the most valuable of North
American forest trees, given by Bobbink & Atkins in 1914, now
only 4 feet high, with leaves shorter than those of the normal
tree, which may be seen in the Pinetum near by.
6. Dwarf Mountain Rhododendron.— A low compact form of
Rhododendron catawbiense, obtained by H. P Kelsey in 1921
in the mountains of North Carolina and believed to be a natural
dwarf. This has made slow growth and is scarcely higher now
than when we received it, but it has flowered.
7. Knee Pine.— This is a variety of the Mountain Pine of Cen^
tral Europe and has long been in cultivation. It does not reach
more than about 4 feet in height, the normal tree becoming 40
feet high. Our plants have as yet made no cones.
8. Silvery English Yew.— This becomes 5 or 6 feet high, but is
widely spreading and may become 15 or 20 feet across. The nor­mal
European Yew attains the height of a forest tree. Our plants
came from Mr. Lowell M. Palmer in 1908.
9. Low English Yew.— Our plants are about 3 feet high and 5
feet across, also from the Palmer collection.
10. Golden Dwarf English Yew.— An extremely depressed
type, with relatively short leaves, recorded as originating as a
seedling in an English nursery in 1838.
11. Dwarf Cranberry Bush.— A dwarf of the European Vibur­num
Opulus, densely branched and small- leaved. Our plants are
over 30 years old, but only about 2*^ feet high. We do not
know the flowers or the fruit of this dwarf.
12. Maxwell's Norway Spruce.— A compact dwarf spruce
about 2 feet high and somewhat broader than high; from the
Palmer collection in 1904. Its leaves are shorter than those of
the normal tree which in Europe becomes 150 feet high, and of
which trees about 25 feet high may be seen in the Garden Pine­tum
in a group planted near the Railway Station.
13. Gregory's Nonoay Spruce.— This is a dwarf spruce some­what
similar to the one just described, but rather more compact
and rounded, with grayish leaves, from the Palmer collection in
1903.
14. Tamarix Savin.— An almost creeping irregularly branched
dwarf, believed to have been derived from the European Juni­perus
Sabina.
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15- Dwarf Japanese Red Pine.— This is a compact round-headed
condition of the Japanese Red Pine, our trees having
become 12 to 15 feet high after 30 years' growth. The normal
tree reaches 100 feet in height in Japan. Some of our trees have
made cones and we will experiment with the seeds, if they mature.
16. Weeping Japanese Red Pine.— This is a contorted dwarf
weeping type which came to the Garden from Mr. Lowell M.
Palmer in 1903, and is still less than a foot high.
17. Dwarf Japanese Yew.— A nearly flat- topped variety of the
Japanese Yew, becoming about 5 feet high, though some of our
plants are not over 4 feet high. One tree of this variety has
been used in the dwarf plantation, but the most noteworthy one
in the Garden collection is with the other yews, on the ridge
north of the Herbaceous Garden; this remarkable individual has
attained a diameter over all of about 30 feet. The normal Japa­nese
Yew, which forms a forest tree, may be seen along side of it.
18. Dwarf Chinese Juniper.— This was given to the Garden in
1917 by the firm of Bobbink & Atkins and has now reached the
height of about 3 feet, and is rather loosely branched. Trees
of the normal type 25 feet high may be seen in the Pinetum.
19. Globose Chinese Juniper.— Somewhat similar to the Dwarf
Chinese Juniper and about the same height, given by Mr. Henry
Hicks in 1917. The origin of this and of the Dwarf Chinese
Juniper is unrecorded.
20. Pfitzer's Chinese Juniper.— This has long been in cultiva­tion
and is recorded as having originated in a German nursery
many years ago. It is taller and more loosely branched than
either of the two preceding types described and forms highly
characteristic bushes.
21. Plumose Sawara Cypress.— A compact bushy evergreen,
with small and scale- like leaves; our plants were given by Bob­bink
& Atkins in 1914 and are now about 4j-< feet high. The
species is native of eastern Asia and normal trees about 25 feet
high may be seen in the Pinetum.
22. Dwarf Hinoki Cypress.— This is of Japanese origin, also
given by Bobbink & Atkins in 1914 and now about 6 feet high.
In Japan the normal tree reaches forest size.
23. Pigmy Hinoki Cypress.— This is a dense dark green dwarf
now about 2 feet high, which came to us from the Palmer col­lection
in 1903.
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24. Dwarf Box.— This has long been known and is esteemed
for forming borders along garden paths, reaching a height of
scarcely over a foot. It presumably originated in Europe, but
whether in nature or in some garden or nursery is not definitely
known.
We shall be glad to receive dwarfs of other kinds to add to
this plantation. Enough have been brought together, however,
to indicate something of the range of nanism in the vegetable
kingdom in North America, Europe, and Asia.
N. L. BRITTON.
THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF SOILS1
The lecturer prefaced his lecture by remarking that the sub­ject
of soils was one in which both geology and botany are in­timately
involved, and that a knowledge of the structure and
composition of rocks, as well as of the structure and life- history
of plants is essential for a thorough knowledge of the origin,
history, and general characters of soils. It is a case of cause
and effect. Geology may be regarded as representing the cause
and botany as representing the effect, for the reason that soil
must first be formed by geological processes before plant Ufe is
possible.
The average person, if asked to define soil, would probably
reply " Soil? Why, soil is loose earth," or something to that
effect; and that would be a sufficient definition for all practical
purposes, unless some particular kind of soil was in question.
The Standard Dictionary defines soil as " finely divided rock ma­terial,
mixed with decayed vegetable or animal matter, constitut­ing
that portion of the surface of the earth in which plants grow
or may grow.'' From the viewpoint of exact science, however,
soil may be defined as disintegrated rock, or decayed organic
matter, or a mixture of both; and it may or may not be capable
of supporting plant life. It may be composed entirely of mineral
matter, such as a fresh area of beach or dune sand, or volcanic
ash; or it may consist entirely of vegetable matter, such as a
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of
The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, October 31,
I925.
30
bed of peat or layer of leaf mould; or it may be a mixture of
mineral, vegetable, and animal matter, such as the ordinary soils
of farms and gardens. All soils, however, hark back primarily
to a purely mineral or inorganic origin— to the disintegration of
the original hard rock crust of the primitive earth, by chemical
and mechanical agencies. These primitive conditions, however,
will never prevail again and need not concern us further.
The origin and formation of soil, under conditions that pre­vail
to- day, may be observed and studied almost everywhere.
There are very few places in which soil of some sort is not in
process of formation. Even upon the roofs of our tallest city
buildings there is a constant fall of atmospheric dust, soot, fine
ashes, etc., that, in the aggregate, represents many tons of soil
deposited each year.
Soil may be either native, that is, formed in the locality where
it is found, or it may have originated elsewhere and was trans­ported
by natural agencies to its present location. Native soil—
soil formed " in place," as it is usually designated— necessarily
consists only of elements that were constituents of the under­lying
parent rock from which it was derived. Transported soil,
however, may contain constituents very different from any that
are in the rock upon which it rests. Soil that is formed in place
is due to the fracturing and subsequent mechanical and chemical
disintegration of the underlying parent rock. Rain, frost, sun­shine—
each plays its part in the process— and then vegetation
becomes established and contributes its quota. Some kinds of
plants can get along and flourish with surprisingly little soil in
which to maintain their growth. Lichens, for example, are
partly fungoid and partly algoid in their composition. They
grow very often upon what appears to be bare, smooth rock sur­faces.
But their tiny rootlets are insinuated into the inequalities,
and, once established, they begin the process of rock distintegra-tion.
The mechanical effects that they produce are infinitesimal
and the chemical effects are but little more so. If we lift up or
scrape away a growth of lichen from a rock the surface beneath
may be seen to be roughened and a thin layer or film of soil,
usually more or less black from the decayed parts of the lichen,
may be seen. This is one of the simplest examples of the forma­tion
of soil in place and although the amount so produced is
31
almost negligible it is of interest because it probably represents
the origin of the first terrestrial plant- bearing soil. Lichens can
exist on hot, sunbaked rocks under conditions in which any other
form of vegetation would be impossible. Hence we may assume
that when the original crust of the earth had cooled sufficiently
for the first terrestrial vegetation to establish itself the lichens
or lichenoid algae represented the first kind of vegetation to
emerge from the adjacent waters and adapt itself to, and assist
in forming, the primitive terrestrial soil.
Many of the higher plants also require but little soil to main­tain
their existence. The sedums or stone- crops and the Opuntia
or common cactus of this vicinity are familiar examples in this
connection, and they follow the lichens closely as primal agents
of rock disintegration. They usually take possession of cracks,
crevices, or joints in rocks, which are thus slowly eaten into and
widened and become receptacles for soil, until enough has been
formed to harbor the seeds of shrubs and trees. As soon as
these are able to germinate and maintain an existence, the dis­integration
of the rock is more rapid, due to the more vigorous
root growth which frequently splits the rock asunder and hastens
its disintegration and its decay into soil.
The effect of marine vegetation is simliar to that of terrestrial,
as may be seen by an examination of rocks on the seashore,
where they are covered with growths of seaweeds; but on the
seashore the mechanical effect of wave action in wearing away
the rocks is at a maximum, and the disintegrating effect of vege­tation
is incalculably small in comparison. The gravelly and
sandy soil of beaches is due, to all intents and purposes, entirely
to the disintegration and attrition wrought by water, ice, and
wind.
Soils that are almost purely organic in their constituents are
formed wherever vegetation decays and accumulates, as on the
floor of a forest. This is what is commonly known as leaf- mold,
and in the aggregate it forms no inconsiderable part of the Earth's
surface- soil. Peat bogs are also examples of the formation of
organic soil in place, and these often contain beds of peat many
feet in thickness and extend over miles of territory.
Transported soil is due mostly to the action of running water,
volcanic action, wind, or ice, usually in the form of glaciers. Rivers
32
transport vast quantities of sediment, often for hundreds of miles,
and deposit it at their outlets where it forms bars and deltas. The
deltas of the Nile and the Mississippi are too well known to re­quire
more than passing mention. They are hundreds of miles
in extent and their soils represent the disintegrated rock from
thousands of square miles of territory drained by the rivers and
their tributary branches.
Volcanic activity was a far more extensive source of soil for­mation
in the past than it has been in historic time; but a number
of intermittently active volcanos ( Etna, Vesuvius, Krakatoa,
Katmai, and others), have contributed an enormous amount of
ash and cinder soil to their respective vicinities.
Sand dunes represent the most striking example of transported
soil due to wind action. The sand and fine gravel of sea and
lake beaches is carried inland during high winds and is piled into
drifts that in certain localities reach more than a hundred feet
in height. It is a more or less difficult matter for vegetation to
gain a foothold on a sand dune, as it is always shifting its position
more or less, and the composition of the soil is usually such that
only a limited number of plant species are suited to it. The
region in the vicinity of Provincetown, at the end of Cape Cod,
furnishes some of the most striking examples of the formation
of sand dunes and the phenomena connected with them.
Jce- transported soil may be seen and studied in connection
with any glacier that terminates on the land. Glaciers may be
likened to slow- moving rivers of ice that are constantly traveling
from high altitudes to lower ones. In the course of their travels
they erode the rock surfaces over which they pass, and also ac­cumulate
fragments that fall on their surfaces. This material
is pushed and carried forward and is finally dropped when the
ice is melted at its place of furthest advance. This accumulation
of material is known as the terminal moraine. Where it rests
upon bed rock the line of demarkation is usually sharp and well
defined, without any of the phenomena of gradual rock disin­tegration
into surface soil. Glacier- transported soil and other
phenomena of glacial action may be seen almost everywhere in
the vicinity of New York, in connection with the morainal de­posits
of the great continental glacier that extended southward
to this region during the geological period that we know as the
33
Quaternary or Ice Age. Practically all of the soil in this vicinity
has come to us through glacial action from regions to the north;
and if we examine the boulders and larger rock fragments of
this soil we may recognize examples of most of the rock outcrops
that occur between here and the Adirondack mountains or even
the highlands of Canada.
The lecture was illustrated by means of lantern slides of lich­ens,
trees, and other forms of vegetation growing on the surface
and in the crevices of rocks; forest floor and peat bed accumula­tions
of plant remains; rock disintegration and soil formation in
place; and transported soil as exemplified by the ash and cinder
deposits in the vicinity of Mt. Katmai, Alaska, and Mount Pelee,
Martinique; the sand dunes of Cape Cod and exposures of the
terminal moraine on Staten Island.
ARTHUR HOLLICK.
BOTANIZING IN THE HIGHER ALLEGHANY
MOUNTAINS
II. WEST VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE
In the first instalment of this paper, I gave an account of our
botanical work in West Virginia, and mentioned our return to
Staunton. Here we stopped at the Y. M. C. A., partly because
there were no tourist camps near the city, and partly because Mr.
Perry and myself thought that we needed a good hot bath. Our
next intended field of exploration was the renowned Peaks of
Otter. These mountains are most accessible from Bedford on
the road between Roanoke and Lynchburg. As one of my former
colleagues, Dr. Murrill, has his home in the latter place, I thought
it would be pleasant to call on him. We decided to drive to
Lynchburg by the way of Af ton, rather than by Lexington, partly
because the state road through the latter place was said to be
under repair. We crossed the Blue Ridge just before we came
to Afton, but did not stop for botanizing. The Ridge had a
typical Alleghanian hardwood flora. Shortly after leaving Afton
we found that the state road as far as Lovingston was under
construction and we had to make a long detour on rather poor
dirt roads. After some inquiry we located Dr. Murrill's tem-
34
porary dwelling place. He was the sole occupant of the home
of his aunt, Mrs. Ford, who, on account of sickness, was staying
with her daughter, the assistant directress of the Miller Orphan­age
for girls, in the suburbs of Lynchburg. The back veranda
of the house was turned over to us as a work room, where we
attended to the pressing of our specimens and packed boxes for
shipment. We found lodging for two nights in the Y. M. C. A.,
and took a whole day off from the work. Dr. Murrill enter­tained
us with music, partly of his own composition, set to poetry
relating to flowers, birds, and nature study in general, intended
for Boy Scout and Girl Scout camps, etc.
In the forenoon of June 30th, we left Lynchburg, passed
through Bedford at noon and reached the high gap between the
two Peaks of Otter early enough to make a good camp near a
spring. On the following day we climbed " The Peak," i. e., the
most southern of the two mountains. The peaks, as well as some
lower mountains north thereof, are now included in a U. S. Forest
Reserve, except the very top of " The Peak," which still remains
as private property. At the entrance of this, is a toll gate ( 50
cents admission), a log cabin containing a small lunchroom and
a few bedrooms, further up two water- tanks, a log cabin shelter,
where campers may spend the night, and wooden stairs to the
top of the big boulders on the summit. An old wagon road, made
when the houses were built, leads zigzag to the toll gate, but is
not now used, as the supplies are now brought up on horseback.
It can not be used for automobiles. A few steeper trails unite
right before reaching the gate. The view from the top is superb.
" The Peak" is a very steep cone with an altitude of 3,875 feet.
It is wooded to near the top which is covered with a few enormous
bare boulders. The woods consist entirely of Alleghanian hard­woods,
of which were noted hickories ( Hicoria glabra and H.
ovata), oaks ( Quercus maxima, Q. Priuus), basswood ( Tilia
heterophylla), maple ( Acer spicatum and A. nigrum), chestnut
( Castanea dentata), etc. The chestnuts on the peak were free
from blight, but in the lower valleys of the Blue Ridge they were
more or less infested and in some places wholly destroyed. At
the foot of the boulders at the summit we found dogwood ( Cor­nus
altemifotia), rock maple ( Acer spicatum), and chokeberry
( Aronia melanocarpa). Among the undergrowth may be men-
35
tioned Uvularia grandiflora, Hydrangea arborescens, Circaea
lutetiana, Clintonia umbeliata, a species of Asarum, probably A.
canadense, Atragene americana, Ranunculus recurvatus, Aruncus
alleghaniensis, Coreopsis stellata, Lilium Grayi, Scophularia
leporella, three species of Monarda, an unknown Stachys, Con­vallaria
majalis, Tithymalus paniculatus, Heuchera Curtisii,
Galium latifolium, Thalictrum coriaceum, Veratrum parviflorum,
and enormous specimens of Urticastrum divaricatum, 3- 4 feet
high.
The following day, July 2, we made an attempt to climb the
" Flat Top" the northern of the two peaks. " The Peak" has
numerous visitors, not only tourists but also the native popula­tion,
which often gathers there on the 4th of July and other oc­casions
for picnics. There is a fairly large inn at the pass and
a dance pavilion near where we camped. The " Flat Top" is
seldom climbed even by the natives. We were told that there
was an old trail to the top, used occasionally by the U. S. forest
rangers and that it started near the " Big Spring." We missed
the trail and got into a primeval forest of chestnuts, oaks, hick­ories,
and basswood. The shade was so deep that there were no
flowers to be found among the undergrowth. We got into such
a tangle of blackberries, raspberries, Virginia creepers, etc., etc.,
that we became exhausted and gave up the climb as a " bad job,"
and retreated down the slope. When nearing the wagon road
we crossed an abandoned field, where we found some weeds and
introduced plants, such as two species of wild lettuce, a spurge
( Tithymalus paniculatus), and milk- weed, ( Aclepias exaltata),
winter cress, ( Barbareo vema), and a rare immigrant from the
Old World, Silene dichotoma, growing in profusion. We spent
an hour or two collecting along the road through the pass but
found little of interest. As the day was very hot, in fact the
hottest day we had during the summer, we returned to our camp
rather early.
On July 3, we continued our journey, passing through Bedford,
Roanoke, Pulaski, Wytheville, and Marion to Abingdon where we
camped the second night. We had intended to visit White Top
and Mt. Rogers, the two highest mountains in Virginia, near the
North Carolina border, both about 5,500 feet high. As we wished
to see the higher mountains of the latter state and Tennessee as
36
early in the summer as possible we left these mountains for the
return journey, but I may just as well give the account of our
visit here.
On our return trip nearly a month later, on July 29, we left the
main state road at Chilhowie, turning southeast, taking the road for
Konnarock. The road crosses the Iron Mountains. The inclines
on both sides are very steep, but the road was as good as a moun­tain
road could be expected to be. On the other side of Iron
Mountain the road followed a branch of White Top River down
through a most beautiful narrow dell, both sides being lined with
primeval forest trees and the river- banks covered by rhododen­drons
( R. maximum). I recognized the place from my former
trip to White Top, 18 years ago, when I traveled the road in an
old rickety wagon, drawn by a white horse and an almost black
mule. At that time the rhododendrons were in full bloom. I
am not the only one that has recognized the beauty of the spot,
for the present owner of the land, a lumber company, has decided
to preserve the dell in its present shape. Eighteen years ago, the
bottom of White Top River was all covered with old forest,
which is now gone. Near the old crossing of the river, the main
road now turned to the right, following the river to Konnarock,
two miles below. I do not know if there was any settlement there
at all eighteen years ago, as I was not so far down the river then.
Now it is a thrifty place with a large saw mill, a good general
store, a hotel, post- office and a high school, all the result of the
operations of the lumber company and the wise management of
the manager, Mr. Hessinger.
We stopped at the post- office and inquired where we could
make camp. Somebody suggested that we cross the river into a
piece of land set aside as a community ground with a pavilion,
fire place, etc., among the rhododendrons. Here we camped.
The next morning, as the radiator was leaking, we did not dare
to try to reach the top of White Top in our car, and decided to
make the trip on foot. We inquired for the best trail up, as the
wagon road would be at least five miles longer than a direct trail.
Hearing this, Mr. Hessinger's second son offered to take us up
in his old Franklin, which offer we accepted. The party con­sisted
of young Mr. Hessinger, a cousin and an aunt of his, and
ourselves. The two young men, both college students, accom-
37
panie'd us on our tramp on top of White Top, while the aunt
stayed in the car.
The White Top reaches an altitude of 5,520 feet. The slopes
are covered by hardwood forest, in the valleys mixed with pines.
Near the top on the southwest side there is a large grass- covered
space devoid of trees. This space is covered by a nearly pure
stand of Danthonia compressa. In the fall when the grass is dry,
this spot is light yellow and in winter white with snow, in great
contrast to the dark green spruce- forest on the cap above. Hence
the name White Top. The forest cap consists of red spruce. I
did not see any balsam but the balsam ( Abies Fraseri) is said to
be found on the top of Mt. Rogers, a mountain north east of
White Top and of about the same height. On Mt. Rogers and
Pine Mountain, another neighboring mountain, Dr. and Mrs. Brit­ton
and Miss Vail in 1892 collected also Picea australis Small, a
species related to the red spruce, but with less hairy and more
slender twigs, more slender needles, and smaller cones. Perhaps
those specimens collected by me on Panther Mountain and re­ferred
to as Picea canadensis in my former instalment may belong
to this rather than to the white spruce. The latter has not been
reported from any place in West Virginia, Virginia, or Pennsyl­vania.
.. Northern New York seems to be the southern limit of
said species. The upper part of White Top and especially the
grass- covered part is used for horse pasture. On this account
and as the summer had been exceedingly dry, our trip was almost
a failure as far as herbarium specimens were concerned. The
only specimens of real interest collected were Cardamine Clemati-tis
and Aster chlorolepis.
The following morning young Mr. Hessinger and his cousin
took us up a ridge halfway up the Iron Mountain, but it began to
rain and we returned to Konnarock. After noon the sun began
to shine and his car stopped opposite our camp. Mr. Hessinger
had also joined the party. We drove up to the same place, where
the car was parked. Mr. Hessinger led the way along a ridge.
As we were ready to descend into the valley of the upper White
Top River a sudden shower came down and soaked us thor­oughly.
In the valley we saw the most magnificent forests, which
will be the field of operation of the sawmill next year. Only a
few herbarium specimens were gathered.
38
At Abbington we were told that the road between Bluffs and
Johnson City and between Bluffs and Elizabethstown was under
repair and we were advised to go to Roan Mountain by way of
Damascus, Va., Mountain City and Hampton, Tenn. Our in­former
had been as far as Mountain City and he said that the
road was good. So far it was good, but at that place we were told
that from there to Hampton the road could not be made by an
auto and that none had gone that way for two or three years. We
were told either to go back to Abbington or else cross over into
North Carolina and go by Trade, Vilas, and Banners Elk. The
mountain road was said to be fair at first and then bad for about
6 miles to the state line. To us the bad road seemed to be at least
twice that long and indeed very bad and narrow. As soon as we
entered North Carolina the road suddenly become twice as wide
and excellent and remained so even after returning into Ten­nessee.
We arrived at Roan Mountain station on July 5 and
camped on the edge of the village. The following day we stayed
in camp and attended to our pressing and mailed material to New
York. On July 7th, we started for Roan Mountain, 14 miles
away.
On our automobile map the road to the top was indicated as a
" good dirt road," and it had been so until lately. Eighteen years
ago when I visited the mountain it was a fairly good wagon road,
leading up to the hotel at the summit. Fifty or even a hundred
years ago it was a rather noted place, and visited by many of the
older botanists, as Buckley, Curtis, Chickering, Carey, Gray, etc.
On my former visit there were more than forty guests at the
hotel, most of them, however, persons afflicted with hay- fever
seeking relief in the high altitude. Some years ago the hotel was
torn down, after having been damaged by a fire and the road fell
into disuse. We drove to a sawmill near the foot of the moun­tain
itself. The road was rather poor but passable. At the saw­mill,
a farmer, according to a previous agreement, waited for us
with two horses, one for packing tent, blankets, and provisions for
two days, the other a saddle horse on which we were to take
turns. At the next to the last house on the road we found a mule
which was to be taken up to the mountain pasture. Mr. Perry
rode it most of the way and I used the horse up to the gap near
the top and two miles from our camp. Not having been on horse-
39
back for fourteen years, I became so broken up that I could
scarcely walk.
The flora of Roan Mountain is Alleghanian up to said gap. We
did no collecting during the ascent. The forest consisted of oaks,
hickories, yellow birch, maples, and chestnut; in the upper part,
mostly maple and birch. We found a few trees of buckeye ( prob­ably
Aesculus octandra) even near the gap ( Carver's Gap) at an
altitude of nearly 6,000 feet. Here one is met by a northerly ex­tension
of the grassland which covers the whole southern slope
and in some places reaches the top of the ridge. This grassland
was indeed poor picking ground for a botanist, as it is used as pas­tures
for horses, mules, and sheep. At our visit it was exceed­ingly
so, partly due to the exceptionally dry summer. At the gap
the road turns west and passes north of the highest knoll and
about 500 feet below the summit, which is 6,318 feet high and
covered with evergreens, i. e., red spruce and Fraser's balsam.
On the southern side, this grove is bordered by a fringe of alders.
The road ascends gradually till it reaches the most northwesterly
part of the ridge, where the old hotel was situated. Here the
ridge swings south and is mostly covered by rhododendrons ( R.
catawbiense). Here is found a field of this beautiful shrub,
stretching about two miles in length and more than half a mile
in width at some places. It must represent a gorgeous sight when
the shrubs are in full bloom. We found only about half a dozen
flower- clusters still remaining. The shrubs were a good deal
taller than at my former visit and evidently had encroached on
the grass field, but the flora was otherwise much poorer than in
1907. In the undergrowths we found among other plants, Sie­versia
radiata, Houstonia serpyllifolia, H. montana, Arenaria
glabra, Viola blanda, Dendrium Lyonii, Veronica serpyllifolia,
Alsine graminea, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, etc. At the southern
end of the rhododendron field is another knoll of spruce and bal­sam
ending at the precipitous rock- ledges, forming a rim, from
which in clear days the most magnificent view is seen of the
Nolichucky Valley. In the spruce forest we found the mountain
cranberry ( Hugeria erythrocarpa). The plant is so unlike a cran­berry
that I can not understand why that name and why Dr. Gray
and others classified the shrub among the species now known as
Oxycoccus. Our stay on Roan Mountain was not pleasant on ac-
40
count of the cold wind, the fog, and drizzly rain that we encoun­tered.
We stayed only one night and made our descent the
second afternoon, I walking down the mountain proper and riding
only two miles to the sawmill, where our car was waiting. We
returned to Roan Mountain station about eight P M.
P. A. RYDBERG.
ORIGINAL EXPLORATION OF THE YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK1
Rumors of a geyser region in the Yellowstone, chiefly through
the stories of hunters and trappers, had been attracting increasing
attention. In 1871 a military reconnaissance into the region dis­covered
that the rumors were based upon facts, and in 1872 the
government sent the Hayden Geological Survey Expedition to
study the region and report the results. In those days, the gov­ernment
sent expeditions to explore and map the unknown regions
of our country. The Hayden Expedition included representatives
of the various sciences, the purpose being to collect information
not only as to the geography of the unknown region, but also its
geology, mineralogy, zoology, and botany.
The main outfitting camp was at Ogden, Utah. After the or­ganization
of the exploring party, with its scientific corps, and the
necessary addition of guides, packers, hunters, etc., the party
started by pack train north toward the Yellowstone country, fol­lowing
hunters' trails when possible. They first entered the Teton
country and spent some time in exploring and mapping it. Then
they proceeded northward to discover the geysers. They knew
the general direction, but were confused in following it. Many
days were spent in traveling over very rough country without
finding the geysers. Finally, trees were climbed daily, and at
last, on the edge of the horizon, dense volumes of steam were seen
rising, as if coming from some manufacturing city. A hard
march brought the explorers into the midst of this steam, and the
hot springs and geysers were discovered.
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building
of The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, Novem­ber
21, 1925.
41
Each scientific member of the party was assigned a geyser for
study. His duty was to time the period of eruption and measure
the height of eruption. It was also interesting to decide upon the
names to be given to the various geysers. This work continued
through most of the summer, with numerous side trips into the
neighboring country. Especially impressive were Yellowstone
Lake and Falls and the Grand Canyon, with its marvelous color­ing.
The artist of the expedition was Thomas Moran, whose
wonderful painting of the Grand Canyon now hangs in the Capitol
building at Washington.
In addition to the excitement of hot springs and geysers, the
party had many experiences with the wild animals, which really
congested the region. The Indians were afraid to enter it, and
so the animals found it a park of safety for them.
The experiences and incidents of this summer of exploration
would fill a volume, but the result was that the Yellowstone Na­tional
Park was established and mapped, and is now a great center
of tourist travel.
The speaker showed lantern slides illustrating the geysers, can­yons,
lakes, and characteristic plants of the Yellowstone National
Park.
JOHN M. COULTER.
BOTANICAL FEATURES OF CEYLON1
The island of Ceylon consists of a central mass of mountains,
surrounded by a rather narrow fringe of lowlands. The latter
portion is chiefly in cultivation and the small remaining areas of
wild land have also been greatly altered by cutting and burning.
In the mountains as well, the lower slopes have been largely
brought under cultivation. Rubber is grown extensively to an
altitude of about 1,500 feet, above which it is replaced by enor­mous
tea gardens covering the mountain sides to 5,000 feet, above
which the land is reserved by the government for forests.
The great botanical garden of Ceylon is located at Peradeniya,
at an altitude of about 1,500 feet, and has long been famous for
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture by Dr. H. A. Gleason, given in
the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden on Satur­day
afternoon, November 28, 1925.
42
its beautiful and important displays and for its researches into
various problems of tropical botany. It covers an area of 150
acres and the grounds have been developed for landscape effects,
making it wonderfully attractive. There are spacious lawns, long
vistas among the trees, gorgeous beds of flowering plants, and
numerous specimen trees of great interest. Among the latter may
be noted the huge tree of India rubber, the giant bamboos, the
Kauri pines, the banyans, and the talipot palms. The latter bloom
but once, usually when from forty to sixty years old, and then
die. Their clusters of flowers project above the crown of leaves,
are fifteen feet high and wide, and form a most magnificent
display.
The mountains which tower above the botanical garden toward
the east appear from a distance to be forested, but a closer view
shows that they are covered with tea gardens and with sorts of
economic trees, and it is not until the forest reserves are reached
at 5,000 feet that really natural vegetation is encountered.
The forest on these high elevations is ordinarily known as a
mossy forest, from the great development of mosses and epiphytes
on the trunks and branches. Seen from across a valley, the
crowns of the trees present a great range of shades and colors.
Within the forest, the view is not so pleasing. The trees are sel­dom
more than 30 feet high, with crooked gnarly trunks, while
the floor of the forest is a tangle of many sorts of shrubs, among
which a small bamboo and the erect Strobilanthus are most con­spicuous.
The latter is interesting from its habit of growth in
dense patches, in which almost every individual blooms simul­taneously
and then dies, so that each patch is of uniform age and
size. Periodic blooming of this type is known also for other
plants, notably certain bamboos and orchids, and its cause is not
yet fully understood.
The mossy forest covers all the mountains to their very sum­mits.
The highest peak is 8,300 feet, so that a true alpine vege­tation
is not developed.
A conspicuous feature of the higher mountains is the series
of wide grassy plains, known as patanas, occupying many of the
mountain valleys and extending a short distance up their slopes.
The patanas are occupied almost completely by herbaceous plants,
the only conspicuous exception being the isolated rhododendrons,
43
reaching a height of twenty to thirty feet. Whatever may have
been the original cause for the development of patanas, their per­petuation
is undoubtedly due to fire, which annually sweeps over
them, doing no permanent injury to the herbs, but killing all seed­ling
trees except a few of the rhododendrons. They seem re­markably
resistant to fire, and the older trunks are almost in­variably
fire- scarred. If fires are prevented, as they are near
some of the tea gardens, the rhododendrons multiply rapidly, soon
cover the whole patana, and serve as shelters for many other
species, so that the patana is soon completely reforested.
H. A. GLEASON.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton left New York for San Juan on
January 21. They plan to devote two months or more to a con­tinuation
of their field studies of the flora of Porto Rico.
Dr. H. A. Gleason, Curator, sailed on January 14 for Porto
Rico, where he will undertake an ecological survey of the island
in collaboration with Dr. Mel. T. Cook, of the Insular Experi­ment
Station, and under the joint auspices of The New York
Botanical Garden and the Department of Agriculture of Porto
Rico. It is planned to publish the results of the survey as a part
of the Scientific Survey of Porto Rico, to which The New York
Botanical Garden has already made notable contributions. The
work of Dr. Gleason and Dr. Cook promises to be of unusual in­terest
to ecological science, since comparatively little survey work
has hitherto been attempted in the tropics.
As the outcome of a special hearing held in Washington in No­vember,
the Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. Wm. M. Jardine,
announced on December 30 that the restrictions on the entry of
Narcissus bulbs authorized by Secretary of Agriculture Wallace
three years ago were to go into effect on January 1, 1926, as
scheduled, without modification. In commenting on his action,
the Secretary said that the information available in 1922 on the
entry of pests on these bulbs undoubtedly justified fully the plac­ing
of the restrictions, and that the facts obtained since that time
44
have emphasized the menace to agriculture then indicated. How­ever,
the restrictions on the entry of eight other classes of bulbs
transferred from the restricted to the free list in 1922 for a three-year
period have been postponed by order of the Secretary to give
more opportunity to determine the risk in connection with their
entry. These eight classes, which may still be imported under
special permit, are Chionodoxa ( Glory of the Snow), Galanthus
( Snowdrop), Scilla ( Squill), Fritillaria imperialis ( Crown Im­perial),
Fritillaria meleagris ( Guineahen- flower), Muscari ( Grape
Hyacinth), Eranthis ( Winter Aconite), and Ixia.
On Saturday afternoon, October 24, in the lecture hall of the
Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden, Pro­fessor
H. H. Whetzel, of the Department of Plant Pathology,
Cornell University, gave a talk on " Keeping Plants in the Gar­dens
and Borders Healthy." Professor Whetzel has been inter­ested
for many years in the study of diseases of certain garden
perennials, especially peonies. He has also studied the diseases
of tulips. He said that the first thing to be kept in mind in keep­ing
the plants of the garden and border clean is the necessity of
observing certain sanitary practices. In the first place, no bulbs
or plants should be put in the border or garden which show any
evidences of diseases at the time they are being planted. All dis­eased
plants and bulbs should be rigorously examined and dis­carded
or if especially valuable should be put in a corner by them­selves
where they can be carefully watched during the growing
season, and if disease appears they should be immediately de­stroyed.
A careful watch should be kept of the plants and any
which show diseases of any sort should be brought to the atten­tion
of a competent plant pathologist for suggestions as to what
to do in the particular case. Plants which evidently are dying
from disease should be promptly removed and destroyed. In the
autumn as soon as the blooming season is over all tops of her­baceous
perennials and annuals should be promptly removed and
burned before mulching the beds for the winter. Such measures
will go far to keep the plants during succeeding years free of dis­ease.
During the growing season the plants should be frequently
sprayed, or better, dusted with some copper spray or dust mix­ture.
Dusting has many advantages in that the plants are not dis-
45
colored by the mixture as they are when bordeaux is used as a
spray. It is also more convenient and rapid. It is quite as ef­fective.
Sanders' copper lime dust is most satisfactory for gen­eral
dusting. However sulphur dust is more effective for certain
leaf spots and mildews. Nicotine dust should be kept on hand to
apply when plants show sucking insects such as aphids and a
spray or dust of some arsenical such as arsenate of lead should
be used for insects that eat the foliage. Since most diseases of
plants require special consideration the grower should keep in
touch with some plant pathologist who can advise him regarding
the different cases as they come up. The lecturer spoke without
lantern slides but illustrated his talk with blackboard sketches.
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM T H E GENEVA BOTANICAL
GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 ( CONTINUED)
ROTH, AI. BRECHT WILHELM. Enumeratio plantarum phaenogamarum in
Germania sponte nasceniium. 2 vols. Lipsiae, 1827.
. Tentamen florae germanicae. Vols. J- 3, pt. 1. Lipsiae, 1788-
1800.
SACHS, FERDINAND GUSTAV JULIUS VON. Traite de botanique . . . traduit
de I'allemand sur la 3 edition et annote par Ph. Van Tieghem. Paris,
1874-
SADLER, JOSEPH. Flora Comitatus pestiensis. 2 vols. Pestini, 1825- 26.
SAVI, CAETANO. Observations in varias Trifoliorum species. Florentiae,
1810.
SCHLECHTENDAL, DIEDERICH FRANZ LEONHARD VON. Flora berolinensis. 2
vols. Berolini, 1823- 24.
SCHOUSBOE, PEDER KOFOD ANKER. Observations sur le rkgne vegetal au
Moroc. . . . Paris, 1874.
SCHOUW, JOAKIM FREDERIK. Grundziige einer allgemeinen Pflanzengeo-graphie.
Berlin, 1823.
SCHRANK, KARL MORITZ. Morpholgische Studien. Heft 1. Leipzig, 1892.
SIBTHORP, JOHN. Florae graecae prodromus . . . cum annotationibus elab-oravit
Jacobus Eduardus Smith. 2 vols. Londini, 1806- 13.
SMITH, JOHN DONNELL. Enumeratio plantarum guatemalensium. Pars.
6, 8. Oquawkae, 1903- 07.
SOMMERFELT, SJZJREN CHRISTIAN. Supplementum florae lapponicae quam
edidit Georgius Wahlenberg. Christianiae, 1826.
46
SORET, CHARLES. Catalogue des ouvrages, articles et memoires publies Par
les professeurs de I'Universite de Geneve, anisi que les theses pre­sentees
de 1873 a 18Q5. Geneve, 1896.
SPRENGEL, KURT POLYCARP JOACHIM. Historia rei herbariae. 2 vols.
Parisiis, 1808.
• . Plantarum minus cognitarum. Pugillus secundus. Halae, 1815.
THOMPSON, HAROLD STUART. Liste des phanerogames et cryptogames vas-culaires
recueillis au- dessus de 8,000 feet . . dans les districts du
Mont- Cenis, de la Savoie, du Dauphine & des Alpes- Maritimes ( Juin-
Septembre, 1907). Paris, 1908.
Tokyo botanical magazine. Vols. 15- 28. Tokyo, 1901- 14.
Transactions of the botanical society [ of Edinburgh]. Vols. 1- 26. Edin­burgh,
1841- 1915.
TRIANA, JOSE JERONIMO, & PLANCHON, JULES £ MILE. Prodromus florae
novo- granatensis; ou, enumeration des plantes de la Nouvelle- Grenade.
Paris, 1862.
VAHL, MARTIN. Enumeratio plantarum, vel ab aliis, vel ab ipso obser-vatarum.
2 vols. Hauniae, 1805- 06.
VEI. ENOVSKY, JOSEF. Flora bulgarica. Pragae, 1891,— Nachtrdge 2- 6.
Prag., 1892- 98.
Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins fur die Provinz Brandenburg und
die angrenzenden Lander. Vols. 1- 59. Berlin, 1859- 1917.
Verhandlungen der zoologisch- botanischen Verein in Wien. Vols. 1- 9.
Wien, 1852- 59.
WAHLENBERG, GORAN. De vegetationes et climate in Helvetia septen-trionali
inter flumen Rhenum et Arolam observatis . . tentamen.
Turici Helvetorum, 1813.
WILLDENOW, CARL LUDWIG. Berlinische Baumzucht; oder, Beschreibung
der im K. botanischen Garten bei Berlin im Freien ausdauernden
Bdume und Straucher. Ed. 2. Berlin, 1811.
WILLKOMM, HEINRICH MORITZ. Supplementum prodromi florae hispanicae.
Stuttgartiae, 1893.
WILLKOMM, HEINRICH MORITZ, & LANGE, JOHAN MARTIN CHRISTIAN. Pro­dromus
florae hispanicae. 3 vols. Stuttgartiae, 1861- 80.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
1,439 specimens of flowering plants from Ecuador. ( Collected by Pro­fessor
A. S. Hitchcock.)
44 specimens of mosses from various localities. ( By exchange with the
University of California.)
118 specimens of flowering plants from British Guiana. ( By exchange
with Harvard University.)
3 photographs of North American plants. ( By exchange with the
United States National Museum.)
15 specimens of flowering plants from Trinidad, West Indies. ( By ex­change
with the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago.)
47
3 specimens, 2 plants, and i photograph of North American plants. ( By
exchange with the United States National Museum.)
56 specimens of flowering plants from British Guiana. ( By exchange
with the Field Museum of Natural History.)
3 specimens of sedges from Brownsville, Texas. ( By exchange with
the United States National Museum.)
JO specimens of flowering plants from Connecticut and Massachusetts.
( Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
430 specimens of flowering plants from Long Island, New York. ( Given
by Mr. W. C. Ferguson.)
2 specimens, Quercus Caput- rivuli and Tilia eburnea. ( Given by Mr. W.
W. Ashe.) . . . \; ;
75 specimens bi; flowed rig'". plants from the low'er Hio Grande region.
( By exchangewith Mx; ' Robert Runyon.)
76 specimens of ferns and flowering plants from the local flora region.
( Collected by Mr. A. T. Beals.)
1 speciment of Rubus from New Jersey. ( Collected by Messrs. Beals
and Bassett.)
4 photographs of North American plants. ( By exchange with the United
States National Museum.)
26 specimens of flowering plants from the local flora region. ( Given by
Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
97 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the local flora region.
( Given by Dr. H. M. Denslow.)
600 specimens of flowerless and flowering plants from Porto Rico and
the Virgin Islands. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Mr. K.
R. Boynton.)
2 specimens of New England Hepaticae. ( By exchange with Miss Annie
Lorenz.)
I specimen of Spyridia filamentosa from Chesapeake Bay. ( By ex­change
with U. S. National Herbarium.)
1 specimen of Enteromorpha compressa from Patuxent River, Md. ( By
exchange with U. S. National Herbarium.)
1 specimen of Tribonema utriculosum from Dutchess Co., N. Y. ( Given
by Mr. Harrison Elliott.)
1 specimen of Hydrodictyon reticulatum from Ohio. ( Given by Mr.
Harrison Elliott.)
64 specimens of miscellaneous algae. ( Given by Dr. W. C. Sturgis.)
1 specimen of Lithothamnium glaciate from New Brunswick. ( Given by
Mr. Frits Johansen.) '••
18 Hepaticae from Colombia, S. A. ( Collected by Dr. F. W. Pennell.)
1 specimen of Neomeris van Bosseae from Palao Island. ( Given by
Professor Yukio Yamada.)
3 specimens of mosses and 2 of fresh- water algae from Alabama.
( Given by Miss Helen Blackiston.)
48
ADDITIONS TO T H E COLLECTION OF D A H L I AS
34 Dahlia roots, 32 varieties. ( By exchange with Mr. Joe Robinson.)
28 Dahlia roots, 15 varieties. ( By exchange with Dr. Marshall A.
Howe.)
25 Dahlia roots, 6 varieties. ( Given by Dahliadel Nurseries.)
22 Dahlia roots, 18 varieties. ( Given by Mr. J. J. Broomall.)
20 Dahlia roots, 8 varieties. ( Given by Slocombe's Dahlia Gardens.)
18 Dahlia plants, 1 variety. ( Given by Mr. Wm. F. Jost.)
16 Dahlia plants, 12 varieties. ( Given by Fisher and Masson.)
10 Dahlia roots and 6 Dahlia plants, 8 varieties. ( Given by Meachen
and Sherman.)
16 Dahlia plants, 8 varieties. ( Given by R. Vincent, Jr., & Sons.)
16 Dahlia roots, 10 varieties. ( Given by Mr. W. H. Waite.)
15 Dahlia roots, 15 varieties. ( Given by the E. T. Bedford Estate.)
14 Dahlia roots, 8 varieties. ( Given by Mr. Alfred E. Doty.)
10 Dahlia plants, 5 varieties. ( Given by Mr. John Harding.)
10 Dahlia roots, 6 varieties. ( Given by Babylon Dahlia Gardens.)
9 Dahlia roots, 9 varieties. ( By exchange with New York State Agr.
Exp. Station.)
8 Dahlia plants, 8 varieties. ( Given by Fraser's Dahlia Gardens.)
7 Dahlia plants, 7 varieties, and I Dahlia root. ( By exchange with Mr.
Richard Collins Colt.)
7 Dahlia roots, 4 varieties, and 2 Dahlia plants, 2 varieties. ( Given by
Mr. Andrew Lufkin.)
7 Dahlia roots, 6 varieties. ( Given by Mr. Wm. Marshall.)
7 Dahlia roots, 6 varieties. ( By exchange with Mr. L. B. Hulit.)
6 Dahlia clumps, 5 varieties. ( By exchange with Mr. F. P. Quinby.)
6 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. ( Given by Mr. W. L. W. Darnell.)
6 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. ( Given by Rocky Edge Dahlia Gardens.)
5 Dahlia plants, 1 variety. ( By exchange with New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station.)
4 Dahlia plants, 3 varieties, and r Dahlia root. ( Given by Mr. T. J.
Murphy.)
4 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. ( By exchange with Mrs. Chas. H. Stout.)
2 Dahlia plants, 2 varieties. ( Given by Dr. F. R. Waite, Jr.)
2 Dahlia plants, 1 variety. ( Given by Mr. H. J. Allen.)
2 Dahlia plants, 1 variety. ( Given by Mr. J. A. Kemp.)
2 Dahlia roots, 1 variety, and 1 Dahlia plant. ( Given by Flushing Dahlia
Gardens.)
2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. ( By exchange with Mr. C. P. Brummer.)
2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. ( By exchange with Miss Rosalie Weikert.)
2 Dahlia roots, I variety. ( Given by Mr. L. N. Davis.)
2 Dahlia roots, 1 variety. ( Given by Mr. John W. Eierman.)
2 Dahlia roots, I variety. ( Given by W. W. Kennedy and Sons.)
r Dahlia root. ( By exchange with Mr. Gunther Ackerman.)
1 Dahlia root. ( By exchange with Mr. M. H. Davidson.)
1 Dahlia root. ( By exchange with Mr. L. J. Manz.)
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Dr. Robert Abbe
Edward D. Adams
Charles B. Alexander
Vincent Astor
F. L. Atkins
John W. Auchincloss
George F. Baker
Stephen Baker
Henry de Forest Baldwin
Edmund L. Baylies
Prof. Charles P. Berkey
C. K. G. Billings
George Blumenthal
George P. Brett
George S. Brewster
Prof. N. L. Britton
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess
Or. Nicholas M. Butler
Prof. W, H. Carpenter
C. A. Coffin
Marin Le Brun Cooper
Paul D. Cravath
James W. Cromwell
Charles Deering
Henry W. de Forest
Robert W. de Forest
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow
Cleveland H. Dodge
Benjamin T. Fairchild
Samuel W. Fairchild
Marshall Field
William B. O. Field
James B. Ford
Childs Frick
Prof. W. J. Gies
Daniel Guggenheim
Murry Guggenheim
J. Horace Harding
J. Montgomery Hare
Edward S. Harkness
Prof. R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
A. Heckscher
Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy
Frederick Trevor Hill
Anton G. Hodenpyl
Archer M. Huntington
Adrian Iselin
Dr. Walter B. James
Walter Jennings
Otto H. Kahn
Prof. James F. Kemp
Darwin P. Kingsley
Prof. Frederic S. Lee
Adolph Lewisohn
Frederick J. Lisman
Kenneth K. Mackenzie
V. Everit Macy
Edgar L. Marston
W. J. Matheson
George McAneny
John L. Merrill
Ogden Mills
Hon. Ogden L. Mills
H. de la Montagne
Barrington Moore
J. Pierpont Morgan
Dr. Lewis R. Morris
Robert T. Morris
Frederic R. Newbold
Eben E. Olcott •
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
Rufus L. Patterson
Henry Phipps
F. R. Pierson
James R. Pitcher
Ira A. Place
H. Hobart Porter
Charles F. Rand
Johnston L. Redmond
Ogden Mills Reid
Prof. H. M. Richards
John D. Rockefeller
W. Emlen Roosevelt
Prof. H. H. Rusby
Hon. George J. Ryan
Dr, Reginald H. Sayre
Mortimer L. Schiff
Henry A. Siebrccht
Valentine P. Snyder
James Speyer
Frederick Strauss
F. K. Sturgis
B. B. Thayer
Charles G. Thompson
W. Boyce Thompson
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson
Louis C. Tiffany
Felix M. Warburg
Paul M. Warburg
Allen Wardwell
H. H. Westinghouse
Bronson Winthrop
Grenville L. Winthrop
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs.
Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs.
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman Mrs.
Mrs. N. L. Britton Mrs.
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs.
Mrs. Fred. A. Constable Mrs.
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs.
Mrs. John W. Draper Mrs
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton Mrs
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs.
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mrs.
Mrs. Frederick C. Hodgdon Mrs.
Walter Jennings Mrs.
Bradish Johnson Mrs.
Delancey Kane Mrs.
Gustav E. Kissel Mrs.
Frederic S. Lee Mrs.
William A. Lockwood Mrs.
A. A. Low Mrs.
David Ives Mackie Mrs.
Pierre Mali Mrs.
Henry Marquand Mrs.
Roswell Miller Mrs.
Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs.
George W. Perkins
Harold I. Pratt
Wm. Kelly Prentice
James Roosevelt
Arthur H. Scribner
Theron G. Strong
Henry O. Taylor
John T. Terry
W. G. Thompson
Harold M. Turner
Cabot Ward
William H. Woodin
HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman
Mrs. John I. Kane
Mrs. James A. Scrymser
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries.
Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies,
gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of
greenhouse- blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants.
An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer­ican
and foreign species.
^ Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­istic
flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above
features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural,
and forestal subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000
Member for Life single contribution 250
Fellowship Member annual fee IOO
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
Annual Member annual fee 10
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form of bequest:
/ hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Lazvs of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY