Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              VOL. XXXVIII . MAY, 1937 No. 449
JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx Park, New York. N. Y.
Entered at the Post Office in New York. N". Y., as second- class matter.
Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
CAROL H. WOODWARD, Editor
MAY, 1937
ROCK GARDEN WEEK 105
A SIMPLE PROGRAM FOR DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL IN GARDENS
B. O. Dodge 106
WESTERN PLANTS IN EASTERN ROCK GARDENS P. J. van Melle 109
COLLECTING EXCURSIONS FOR MYXOMYCETES Robert Hagelstein 112
EXHIBIT OF FUNGI AT PARIS WORLD'S FAIR 115
SOME OF THE PLANTS TO BE SEEN IN THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL
ROCK GARDEN DURING MAY 116- 117
PROFESSOR C CONZATTI: A N APPRECIATION W H. Camp 118
TEN COMPLETE SCIENCE COURSE 121
CORN PRODUCTS SHOWN IN NEW EXHIBIT 123
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT 124
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS 125
THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL ROCK GARDEN
Established as a memorial to Dr. W Gilman Thompson, a former Presi­dent
of The New York Botanical Garden, the large rock garden secluded
between the two ridges east of the Museum Building is serving horticulture
in an important way.
Visitors who come to view its many thousands of plants during Rock
Garden Week and the month or more which follows will find there not
only broad drifts of color designed for a pleasing picture, but will be able
to observe hundreds of different kinds of plants which have been acquired
from countries far and near.
Even in the larger plantings of well known material, new or seldom
seen varieties and species will be discovered. Other rarities will be found
in small groups or single specimens, tucked away where their blooms will
appear as pure gems set among the rocks.
In planting these carefully chosen subjects, each is given the situation
best suited to its growth, whether that be a limestone crevice, a peaty bog,
a moraine, a wooded slope, a spot within reach of the spray from a water­fall,
a heath or a grassy meadow or any other special location.
From all over the world the Botanical Garden has gathered these plants
for the rock garden. Through correspondence with collectors and growers
and by exchange with other institutions in many countries, new species
and others as yet little known in cultivation have been introduced into
the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden. Native plants which are suited
to rock garden cultivation are brought in from the region around New
York. Other natives have been acquired from The New York Botanical
Garden's own expeditions into the southern Appalachians and Rocky
Mountains.
The Botanical Garden is always ready to give information on the source
and culture of the plants which it is attempting to introduce for the
future enrichment of gardens.
JOURNAL
of
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VOL. XXXVIII MAY, 1937 Xo. 449
ROCK GARDEN WEEK
The last week in May will be observed as Rock Garden Week
at The New York Botanical Garden, because this period is ex­pected
to open the season when the Thompson Memorial Rock
Garden may be seen at its best. Special announcements are being
issued to members and others, inviting them to visit the garden
for an exclusive preview May 21 and 22. Rock Garden Week
itself will extend from May 23 to 30.
Among the showiest plants to be seen during that week will be
the first of the many species and varieties of Dianthus, numerous
Primula varieties, and many kinds of Arabis, Iberis, Alyssum, and
related genera of crucifers, besides hundreds of other rock garden
plants which will then be in bloom, some in broad drifts of color,
others in small groups or as individual specimens. The season
of exuberant bloom will last well into June, and all through the
summer and fall there will be plants of interest in the rock garden.
The end of May, however, has been selected as the time when the
visitor can see the most in flower.
The American Rock Garden Society will make a special trip to
the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden the day after its annual
meeting and show in New York the last of May. Other garden­ing
organizations are also making special arrangements to visit
the rock garden, not only during Rock Garden Week, but also at
other times throughout May and June.
Signs are being erected throughout the grounds to point the way
for visitors to the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, which lies
in the glade east of the museum building. The gates will be kept
open daily from 10 to 5.
105
106
A SIMPLE PROGRAM FOR DISEASE AND PEST
CONTROL IN GARDENS
This is the season when home gardeners should be giving some
thought to the problems of disease and pest control. Abundant
bloom and foliage when the flowers first appear do not necessarily
mean their continuance throughout the summer. Annuals, per­ennials,
shrubs, vines, and trees should be watched assiduously for
signs of infestation. A few simple measures applied at the be­ginning—
that is, when the first signs of insects or disease appear—
will help to keep the garden at the peak of health until the flowers
have been taken by the autumn frosts.
The brief notes below comprise a summary of a lecture given
by the writer at the Botanical Garden last February 13. Four
divisions of pests and diseases are recognized here: sucking in­sects;
chewing insects; fungous, bacterial, and virus diseases; and
nematode or eelworm diseases. Remedies for each on the com­mon
garden plants of the vicinity are given under each division.
One of the first rules of all to remember is never to throw refuse
from any diseased plant on the compost heap. Handle it carefully
and burn it at once.
Some common sucking insects: ( 1) Aphids or plant lice.
( 2) Lace- bugs on azalea and rhododendron. ( 3) Mealy- bugs.
( 4) Scale insects. ( 5) Mites causing delphinium blacks and red-spider
mites on many kinds of plants in dry weather. ( 6) Leaf­hoppers.
( 7) White- flies. ( 8) Thrips.
Remedies: Use contact spray materials such as nicotine sul­phate
compounds ( tobacco extracts) or pyrethrum and rotenone
preparations. Follow directions on container. Hit the under sides
of the leaves. Use a fine spray with high pressure. Keep the
sprayer clean. Nicotine dusts are easier to apply but less effective
and more expensive.
Certain plants infested with sucking insects require different
measures of control. Important ones are listed here.
For root aphids on asters, iris, etc., dig in tobacco dust around
the base of plants.
Mealy- bugs on any plant are best controlled by forcibly spray­ing
infested plants with a fine spray from the garden hose.
107
Roses, lilacs, ash- trees, dogwoods, and willows infested with
scale insects should be sprayed in the spring, before buds open,
with either commercial lime sulphur, 1: 8, or a miscible oil, 1: 16.
Japanese cherry, euonymus, tulip- poplar and magnolia harbor­ing
scale insects should be sprayed with a miscible oil, 1: 16.
Some evergreens, such as Mugho and Scotch pines, harboring
the needle scale insects may be sprayed with lime sulphur, 1: 8,
while dormant. Summer sprays with the contact insecticides are
safer for evergreens in general.
Plants such as hollyhock, phlox, evergreens, etc., infested with
red- spider mites should be dusted often with a fine dusting sul­phur
; or when spraying use high pressure.
Leafhoppers ( on dahlias, for example) are repelled by bor­deaux
mixture.
Soak gladiolus corms ( from plants previously infested with
thrips) with mercuric chloride 1: 1000, or one ounce to eight
gallons of water, for two hours. Spray with contact sprays if
necessary later.
Chewing insects: ( 1) Caterpillars, bagworms, tent caterpillars
and the like. ( 2) Beetles, such as the rose chafer, blister beetle,
elm- leaf beetle, willow beetle, May beetle, Japanese and brown
Asiatic beetles, etc.
Remedies: ( a) Spray plants with arsenate of lead, one ounce
to one gallon of water, or 4 to 6 pounds to 100 gallons. The
arsenate acts more as a repellent against Japanese beetles.
( b) Beetles on blossom of roses, peonies, marigolds, etc., should
be knocked off into a can of kerosene. Beetle traps are useful if
the neighbors cooperate by also setting traps.
( c) If grubs of May beetle, Japanese beetle, etc., are killing
lawn grasses, apply 10 pounds of arsenate of lead to each 1,000
square feet of lawn. Add sand or dry soil to aid in distributing
it evenly; if applied as a spray, wash it in well with water.
( d) In early spring burn all leaves and rubbish on iris beds
where plants have been infested with the borer.
( e) Cane borers of lilac and other plants can be killed by in­serting
a flexible wire; or cut out and burn infested canes.
Common fungous, bacterial and virus diseases: ( 1) Powdery
mildews on roses, grapes, lilacs, phlox, chrysanthemums, asters,
etc. ( 2) Spot diseases such as rose black- spot, hollyhock rust,
108
leaf- spots of phlox, ' mums, dahlias, etc. ( 3) Gray mold on lilies,
roses, peonies, etc. ( 4) Delphinium bacterial black- spot, twig-blight
of lilac, rhododendron die- back, iris rhizome rot, delphin­ium
root rot, aster and dahlia wilts. ( 5) Perennial rusts on
sempervivum and blackberries. ( 6) Virus diseases of asters,
dahlias, lilies, etc.
Remedies: For plants infected with mildew, dust as needed.
Begin early, dust when the foliage is dry, and when there is little
wind. Avoid applying too much dust at once.
Dust roses once a week with a fine dusting sulphur for black-spot
; the same for hollyhock rust.
Plants infected with gray mold should be sprayed with bordeaux
mixture. Pull back the mulching on peonies so that the base of
the plants will keep dry in the spring.
Cut out and burn blighted branches on lilac and rhododendron.
Also cut and burn leaves and tops of delphiniums showing black-spot.
In the spring spray the ground around delphiniums with
bordeaux mixture if they showed black- spot the previous year.
Cut out iris rhizomes showing a foul- smelling bacterial soft-rot.
Saturate soil with semesan as directed or use some other
reliable disinfectant.
To sterilize garden plots where wilt diseases and root- rots have
been severe, pulverize soil down to ten inches or so. Saturate
thoroughly with formaldehyde, 1: 50. If the soil is dry use 1: 100
and use more of the solution. After ten days the plot may be
planted.
Destroy sempervivum plants and blackberries showing per­ennial
rusts.
Do not plant dahlia roots or lily bulbs from plants that showed
mosaic ( a virus disease) the previous year.
Nematode or celworm diseases and their cures: Phlox and
certain other garden plants are attacked by a stem nematode. The
worms come up inside the stems and branches, causing dwarfing
and deformation of leaves. Dig up and destroy such plants.
Garden ' mums are sometimes attacked by leaf nematodes. To
avoid them use cuttings from healthy plants. If they appear, con­tact
sprays applied frequently will kill both nematodes and aphids.
If plants are diseased, rotate your crops or sterilize the soil.
B. O. DODGE.
109
WESTERN PLANTS IN EASTERN ROCK GARDENS
If there is one province of gardening in which the precept
' American plants for American gardens" must be taken with a
grain of salt, it may well be lowland rock gardening, as in New
York and the New England states. Even here, insofar as it con­tains
an urge to explore and appreciate the flora of this and other
regions of our country, it is an excellent precept, but as an indica­tion
of the comparative practical worth of native and exotic plants
it seems hardly acceptable.
Difficult as it is to express an estimate of their comparative
importance in tangible terms, I venture, nevertheless, to present
such a comparison— not by way of a precise statement, but rather
as a matter of practical judgment. Out of every hundred first-rate
plants for rock gardens in the area indicated, I judge that
approximately eighty- five represent Old World materials, twelve
eastern United States and three western United States sorts. By
the adjective zvestcrn I mean, here, anything west of Ohio; and
in the last two figures I am counting only endemic materials. To
what extent the ratio here presented may eventually be changed,
that is another guess. I rather doubt that it will be very greatly
altered. I do not look for new introductions of eastern United
States plants in such numbers as to affect the present ratio. As
to western plants, the low percentage accorded them here does
not represent the comparative number of western plants which
are or may be made available, but rather the comparative number
of them which prove upon practical trial to be satisfactory, reason­ably
permanent things for eastern gardens.
It seems rather an ironic disposition of nature that the flora of
our eastern rock gardens, compared with that of western European
gardens, instead of reflecting the great plant- wealth of our western
states, should render so poor an account of it. I am not at all
willing to admit that this bespeaks ( as has so often been said) a
lack of appreciation on our part of the western flora. I believe
that the climate of northwestern Europe lends itself far better
than ours to the successful cultivation of western United States
plants.
My experience and observations lead me to the conclusion that
not one in fifty western plants available today can be grown suc­cessfully—
that is, with an assurance of long life— in our eastern
110
rock gardens. A really worth- while rock- garden plant, I take it,
must be both attractive and reasonably permanent. My estimate,
therefore, excludes many beautiful western things which, though
they may last a year or two in our gardens, must be continually
renewed. With certain notable exceptions, the adjective western,
in my experience, is synonymous with difficult or impermanent.
Wishing to miss out on no worth- while discovery, one continues
to experiment with these easily accessible western plants. But I
have come to set down my trials of them as comparatively un­profitable,
pleasurable as they may be. Trials of unfamiliar Old
World or eastern United States plants yield a much larger per­centage
of first- rate materials. As to the suitability of plants from
other regions to our eastern rock gardens, we live nearer to the
Alps and the Himalayas than to the Rocky Mountains.
Illustrations of the comparative difficulty of western plants
abound. Who, for instance, finds it difficult to grow any of the
hardy species of Sedum from the eastern United States or from
the Old World? Yet, how many of the western kinds succeed in
our gardens ? Again, in Iris— with the exception of certain notori­ously
difficult groups, such as the Onocyclus— what hardy Old
World or eastern United States species cannot be readily grown
in our gardens? But who succeeds for any length of time with
the western kinds ? I have, from time to time, grown and flowered
a number of them, and yet, there is not a good clump of any of
them in my garden today. I find the line clearly drawn even be­tween
closely related sorts that look, for all the world, as though
they should succeed under similar treatment. The eastern Iris
cristata is not at all difficult. /. lacustris, which would seem to be
simply a smaller version of it, behaves very poorly for me. Dicentra
eximia, our eastern species, thrives and self- sows like a weed in
my garden. D. formosa, from the West, simply will not grow for
me. I admit that I have seen it thriving here and there, but I
cannot seem to make it grow.
Shall we say that lewisias, brodiaeas, calochortus and western
erythroniums are generally satisfactory plants in eastern gardens?
I do not think so. They will not last in my garden. If I would
have them, I must plant them again and again. During the time
that I have been trying these things without success, excellent
bulbous plants have come into my garden from other parts of
the world.
I l l
Undoubtedly other gardeners, more skilled than I, will at times
succeed where I have failed with western plants. The common
experience may, perhaps, fall out a little more favorably in eastern
gardens closer to the seashore than mine. But I feel justified in
observing that, as a lot, western United States plants are far from
Mahonia Aquifolium, one of the best of western shrubs for eastern culture.
Its blossoms, fruits, and shining evergreen leaves which are often reddish are
equally beautiful in successive seasons.
satisfactory for amateurs' rock gardens in these parts; and that
their practical value for eastern rock gardens has been rather
seriously exaggerated in late years in our gardening magazines.
The glowing accounts of them appearing in such publications have
for the greater part come straight from the West, without benefit
of practical trial in eastern gardens.
A glance at my garden records reveals exceedingly meager net
results from trials of western plants. In fact they do not nearly
measure up to the humble three percent in my estimate, which
allows for a good many plants with which others have succeeded
and I have failed. I find today only the following really good and
abiding plants of considerable garden merit:
112
Actinea ( Tetraneuris) simplex Malvastrum coccineiim
Aquilcgia cacrulca Petrophytum caespitosum
Eriogonum umbcllatum Sedum oreganum
Eriophylhtm caespitosum Vancouvcria hexandra
Mahonia Aquifolium Viola rugulosa
Besides these, there are a few plants concerning which I prefer
to reserve judgment. They include Polemonium carncum, and the
new Talinum Okanoganense— both very beautiful things, which I
hope may prove fairly long- lived. But in view of the almost un­limited
wealth of lovely abiding things which are available from
other sources, I am not inclined to count every beautiful and
fleeting westerner among the list of first- rate plants, or even of
good plants. Undoubtedly, western plants will continue to intrigue
the curiosity of gardeners, and to provide interesting play for
skillful experimentation. But as far as any general use or recom­mendation
of them is concerned for amateurs' gardens, I am
satisfied that, on the whole, they represent a most difficult and
unsatisfactory lot.
Let us have " American plants for American gardens"— by all
means, in so far as we can find first- rate American plants. But
let us, above all, insist on the best only.
P. J. VAN MELLE.
COLLECTING EXCURSIONS FOR MYXOMYCETES
Nearly 1,000 specimens of Myxomycetes have been added to the
Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden during the past
year of 1936. A few have been acquired by exchange with other
students, but the great majority were collected in the field with
the assistance of my associates, Mr. Joseph H. Rispaud and
Mr. John D. Thomas. A series of eight separate trips which
were made into the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, Ver­mont,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia required
more than 6,000 miles of automobile traveling and more than eight
weeks of time during the collecting season from June to November.
Among the rare species gathered, several were found for the
first time east of the region of the Pacific Coast and one species
and one form of another for the first time in North America.
113
An early trip in June to the northern reaches of the Catskills,
in Schoharie County, New York, was not productive, as the
elusive forms were not yet in fruit, so advantage was taken of
the opportunity to visit the State Museum at Albany, and arrange
with Dr. H. D. House, State Botanist, for the examination, veri­fication,
and boxing of the Museum's collection of Myxomycetes,
which has since been done. Excursions to the same region in
October and November yielded several interesting species. Among
An unusual form of Fuligo scptica found by the author
while collecting Myxomycetes in the Catskills last fall.
them were numerous developments of a form which so far has
not been reported from North America, a phase of the common
Fuligo septica ( L.) Weber with the cortex replaced by a brain­like
layer of perfected sporangia.
The wild, wooded, mountainous regions of Pike County, Penn
sylvania, and Sussex County, New Jersey, on opposite sides of
the Delaware River, were fruitful fields where more than 90
species were collected over several trips. Cribraria oregana Gilb.
was found near High Point, in Sussex County. This species,
which bears its spores in a brown net resembling a tiny bird- cage
on a pole, was proposed by Gilbert in 1932, and so far has not
been reported elsewhere than from Oregon. We also found the
rare species, Didymhun anomalum Sturg., recognizable by the
white calcareous processes like microscopic pillars connecting the
upper and lower layers of the form. This was later collected re­peatedly
in Pike County, and on one occasion in great abundance.
In Pike County were also found several other rare forms: the
globular nets of Hemitrichia abictina ( Wig.) List, on slender
114
stalks, the black Hymenobolina parasitica Zukal and the brown
Kleistobolus pusillus Lipp., the last two consisting of minute cups
covered with glassy lids, beneath which lie many large, loose,
shining spores. Licea flexuosa Pers., a form which is sometimes
serpentine in outline, of deep brown with bright yellow spores,
was likewise collected there.
The longest journey, in August, was made through the forests
and mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Condi­tions
were not too good because of the long prevailing dry
weather, but nevertheless hundreds of developments were found
in damp wooded areas, and among them was the black and yellow
Trichia cascadensis Gilb., whose spores are intermingled in the
cupules with free threads. This species so far has not been re­ported
from eastern North America. An interesting feature of
this trip was a visit to the great Ripogenus Dam, built in the
deep forest some forty miles north of Moosehead Lake, Maine.
The foray of the Mycological Society of America at Mountain
Lake, Virginia, in September, was a pleasant affair for the mem­bers
and friends who took part. The lake is situated at an alti­tude
of nearly 4,000 feet, affording superb mountain views and
opportunities for collecting at fairly high altitudes. The party
was delightfully located in the cottages and laboratory of the Uni­versity
of Virginia, which maintains a summer station there. Bear­ing
chestnut trees were plentiful in the region, so abundant collec­tions
of Arcyria globosa Schw. were made. This species fruits
only upon the old burs of chestnut, where it is noticeable because
it powders the burs with white dots.
Collecting on Long Island, where we reside, was continued dur­ing
the intervals between the outside excursions. Another new
record for Long Island, and at the same time for North America,
was the finding of Physarum ovisporum G. List., recognized by
its irregular, rough mottling with a deposit of white lime.
The sum of the entire season's collecting was 135 species,
represented by more than 1,200 fruitings. The majority have
been boxed and added to the Garden's Herbarium, and the re­mainder
will be used for exchange purposes.
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN.
115
EXHIBIT OF FUNGI AT PARIS WORLD'S FAIR
At the World's Fair which opened in Paris the first of May,
part of the scientific exhibit shows the work of Dr. B. O. Dodge
on sexuality and hybridization among the ascomycetes. The in­vitation
to contribute a display came from Dr. R. Kiihner, Pro­fessor
of Botany at the Sorbonne.
The exhibit, which covers about 9 by 12 feet of wall space, is
concerned with three genera with which Dr. Dodge has done
special work: Neurospora, Gelasinospora, and Ptenrage. The prin­cipal
one among these is Neurospora, the bakery mold, which for
untold centuries, until present- day sanitation has helped to eradi­cate
it, has been the plague of bakers, and which in every known
war has also caused bread in great quantities to become uneat­able.
Sixty- three mounted photographs in seven series of nine pic­tures
each tell the story of these fungi. There is a master caption
for each set and a separate caption for each photograph.
The first row shows the morphology and gives the general life
history of all three genera. A colored photograph showing strik­ing
sex- linked characters is included in this series.
In the second set is shown the effect of spermatization on
fecundation, followed by pictures taken at six- hour intervals to
show the development of the fungus that has been fertilized.
Number three contrasts the " normal" fecundation illustrated above
with a newly discovered type, brought about by using monilioid
conidia. In the row below, phases of fecundation through nuclear
migration, without the aid of " male" or " female" bodies are
shown.
Three stories are told in series number five: The first inter­specific
hybrids produced in fungi are shown from Dr. Dodge's
photographs made during his first research on this subject in 1927.
Next is illustrated mendelian segregation of albino types as con­trasted
with orange- colored wild types; also segregation of sex
factors is shown. Third, the effect of lethal factors in producing
ascus abortion in Neurospora tetrasperma, a species from Surinam,
is illustrated. The sixth set of pictures reveals how the lethal
factor may be carried over into another species, through inter­specific
hybridization, with the same effect as above. This work
illustrates for the first time mendelian dominance among the fungi.
The seventh series of photographs shows reactions between bi­sexual
and unisexual races in the fungi under investigation.
SOME OF THE PLANTS
TO BE SEEN IN THE
THOMPSON MEMORIAL
ROCK GARDEN
DURING MAY
1. Houstonia serpyllifolid
2. Campanula cochlearifolia
3. Tulipa biflora.
tur\ estanica
118
PROFESSOR C. CONZATTI: AN APPRECIATION
On a table in my office, as I write this, are stacked more than
seven hundred carefully pressed specimens collected within the
last few months by one of the most interesting and remarkable
men it ever has been my pleasure to meet. For some years we
have been in correspondence concerning certain of the Mexican
Ericales but it was not until last winter that I had the pleasure of
making his acquaintance.
It was one of those warm brilliant days such as Oaxaca knows
in December. I had found my way to a street at the edge of
town and knocked at a great iron- studded door. During the brief
moment I waited, I looked to the north toward El Cerro de San
Felipe standing guard over the Valley of Oaxaca. This mountain
is a botanical shrine and is the type locality of numerous species.
That day its lower slopes were drenched in the golden sunshine of
southern Mexico. Its crest, reaching nearly two miles into the
air, had caught a passing cloud and was draped in a billowy shawl.
Presently I heard the scrape of a latch, and with the creak of old
hinges the great door swung open. There was a flash of sunlight
on plants blooming in a Mexican patio and then before me with
outstretched arms, welcoming me into his house, stood Professor
Conzatti.
He is slight of build, but with an erect carriage that belies his
years. He has a wealth of silver hair, keen eyes, and a radiant
smile that matches the sun in his garden. We embraced as old
friends in the Mexican manner and I was ushered into his home.
I wish that I might describe his patio garden, but the species it
contains would fill a book:— fragrant oranges; coffee bushes with
red fruit; pots with rare sedums; trees, shrubs, and herbs in pro­fusion,
some of them bearing his own name. Nearly a hundred
new species are due to his collecting and study, and the caesal-piniaceous
Conzattia with its graceful thornless stems and gorgeous
flowers, seemingly dipped in the yellow of old gold, is so like him
that no more fitting monument could have been chosen by Dr. Rose
when he named this genus.
Prof. Cassiano Conzatti was born Aug. 13, 1862, at Gvezzano,
near Trent, Tridentine Venice, at that time under Austrian rule. 1
In 1865 the family moved to Borgo Sacco near Rovereto. There
1 These essential facts have been taken from a brief autobiography pre­pared
at my request and now on file in the Library of The New York
Botanical Garden.
119
he finished his elementary education and in 1876 he entered the
Rovereto High School, but was unable to finish because of the
death of his father.
Approaching the age when he would be forced into military
service under the Austrian flag he took advantage of an offer to
join an Italian colonization expedition to Mexico, landing at Vera
Cruz with his mother and older brother in 1881 after a voyage of
36 days.
Photograph of Professor Conzatti taken March 3, 1937,
while pressing plants near the " ball- court" of the ancient
ruins on Monte Alban, near Oaxaca.
They settled in the village of Manuel Gonzalez about four miles
from the city of Huatusco and lived there for two years, during
which time other members of his family joined the colonists.
Moving into Jalapa, he matriculated at a private college and,
having mastered the Spanish language, was graduated and later
became a teacher at the County School of Coatepec. He was soon
transferred to the New Vera Cruz Normal School at Jalapa.
In December 1889 he was promoted to the Directorship of the
120
Orizaba Model School and in 1891 was given charge of the
Oaxaca Normal School for Teachers. This post he held for
nearly twenty years until forced to resign on account of ill health.
It was during this period that his interest in plants was crystalized
through friendship with such men as the Reverend Lucius C.
Smith, who lived in Oaxaca, and Dr. C. G. Pringle, dean of
Mexican collectors, who visited the region on numerous occasions
between 1894 and 1906. Dr. Pringle was accompanied by Prof.
Conzatti on various trips and the recently published notes2 of Dr.
Pringle indicate that Prof. Conzatti was a trusted friend.
Through the effort of Prof. Conzatti and under the approval
of the Department of Agriculture and Public Works, a Botanical
Garden was founded at Oaxaca. later supplemented by an Agri­cultural
Experiment Station. Professor Conzatti was appointed
Director of the Garden at the end of 1909. For nearly five years
he labored at this task against tremendous odds and with a negli­gible
budget. Just as the Oaxaca Botanical Garden was beginning
to take shape and the ground becoming green with its hundreds of
species of plants, its Director awoke one day to find that some
petty official had decided that there was no place for the Garden
in the Experiment Station and had plowed it under, ostensibly to
plant maize. Today, even the building which housed the Agricul­tural
Experiment Station is a pile of ruins.
After this painful reversal. Professor Conzatti in October 1915
was appointed Associate of the Division of Biological Research,
then under the direction of Prof. A. L. Herrera. In March 1916
he was promoted to the post of Sectional Head in the Institute of
General and Medical Biology, Division of Biological Research,
where he labored until December 1918. In January 1919 he was
appointed Resident Explorer of Oaxaca for the Division of Bio­logical
Research, and held this position until March 1922.
In April 1922 he was appointed Chief Technical Inspector for
the Installation of New Schools for the State of Oaxaca. He
continued in this position until April 1924 when he became Fed­eral
Inspector of Schools in the State of Oaxaca. He served in
this capacity until December 1927. Thus ended 47 years of con­tinuous
public service in official capacities. A truly enviable
record.
2 The editor of these notes ( Life and Work of Cyrus Guernsey Pringle
by H. B. Davis) has confused the Professor with his son Hugo, who also
accompanied Dr. Pringle on several excursions near Oaxaca.
121
I trust that Professor Conzatti will pardon this intrusion into
his private life, but it is so much a part of him that I cannot resist
recounting certain events as told to me by a mutual friend. His
long service with the public schools was rewarded by a pension
in the form of bonds. These bonds later were repudiated. The
year he retired from public service his house was badly damaged
by an earthquake. He rebuilt it. In 1932 a more severe earth­quake
damaged it still further. He rebuilt again, but this time
his financial resources were sadly depleted. The discomforts and
trials he has had through these last years are known only to him­self.
In the same situation many lesser men would have turned
their faces to the wall. But not Cassiano Conzatti. Long ago he
was cast in a different mold. Others might have failed, but his
spirit has not dimmed. I found him in his herbarium, surrounded
by his books and specimens, busily at work on the manuscript of
" A Revision of the Flora of Mexico."
I cherish the hours spent with him collecting in the swamps of
the Valley of Oaxaca and among the ancient ruins on Monte
Alban where, years ago, he collected with Pringle and Smith. I
often think of the laughter we shared, piecing together a conver­sation
with bits of Spanish. English, French, Italian, and Latin—
neither of us being fluent in a common tongue. Nor can I ever
forget his great personal charm, his genuine enthusiasm and wist­ful
desire that his work might be of some use to the world. It
was cold the morning I left Oaxaca, yet he had walked the long
distance to the station just to bid farewell and wish me a safe
journey. One remembers such things— always.
W. H. CAMP.
TEX COMPLETE SCIEXCE COURSE
Ten students received certificates for completion of the Science
Course for Professional Gardeners offered by The New York
Botanical Garden in brief exercises conducted April 19 in the
rooms of the Horticultural Society of New York, where the
weekly lectures have been given.
Four of the graduates this year were student gardeners who
for the past two years or more have been working full time at
the Botanical Garden and attending the Science Course, which is
part of their training. One was an exchange student from Kew,
122
England, who received a certificate for the two courses which he
completed during his year here, and the other five came from
estates around New York. This was the fifth graduation cere­mony
for members of the course, which was started in 1932. The
studies undertaken include systematic botany ( two terms), plant
physiology, plant morphology, plant pathology, entomology, soils
and fertilizers, and plant breeding.
Henry de Forest Baldwin, Vice- president of The New York
Botanical Garden, was the first to address the graduating students
at their exercises. He spoke of horticulture as an art— a demo­cratic
art— which appeals to all civilized mankind, and of pro­fessional
gardeners as teachers or evangelists who are able to
show other men how to produce surroundings of beauty for them­selves.
" The greatest reward of life," he said, " is found in seeking
beauty as an end in itself."
To pursue any art, he pointed out, requires discipline; in some
arts, exclusive dedication of oneself. But in gardening, substantial
and satisfactory results can be obtained when it is followed only
as an avocation. Even then, he admonished, it should be ap­proached
with sincerity and intelligence, and that is where the
background of science becomes useful.
" The investment made in this course," he said to the student
gardeners, " is an investment which can not be lost. It will ac­cumulate
dividends for you as long as you live."
Mrs. Dorothy E. Hansell, in speaking for the National Associa­tion
of Gardeners, pledged the continued support of that organiza­tion
as long as the Garden should sponsor training for professional
gardeners.
Two of the first graduates of the course, J. G. Esson and P. J.
McKenna, addressed the students, Mr. Esson defining a " skilled
gardener" with a century- old quotation from Loudon's Encyclo­pedia
of Gardening: " A skilled gardener is one who is skilled in
horticultural production, whether that production relates to utility,
ornament, or recreation."
Mr. McKenna, in emphasizing the advantages of study, said
that had more men in this country previously studied principles
such as are taught in the science course, there would be less human
suffering today as a result of the misuse of natural resources,
with the attendant floods, erosion, and droughts. In defining their
123
profession he said to the student gardeners: " Your factory is the
green leaf, and your laboratory the earth. It is your business to
work with nature, not against it. Without the fundamentals such
as you have been learning, ultimate success in your field is im­possible.
The profession of horticulture in this enlightened day
calls for knowledge, experience, and training."
Dr. H. A. Gleason, who presided, closed the ceremonies with a
short address in which he pointed to the need of keeping on learn­ing
and applying all useful knowledge available to the practice of
horticulture. The best gardeners, he concluded, possess three
essential qualities: being good plantsmen, being endowed with the
gift of leadership, and having a general knowledge which extends
beyond the immediate field of horticulture.
Certificates were presented by Dr. Forman T. McLean to John
Armstrong, Martin James Crehan, John James Harrison, and
Franklin C. Moore of The XTew York Botanical Garden and to
William G. Cabrey. Jr., Eric Lawaetz, David Penson, Edward W.
Robinson, and John Andrew Smith. Charles J. Collins, exchange
student from Kew, received his upon his return from a western
trip, just before sailing back to England.
CORN PRODUCTS SHOWN IN NEW EXHIBIT
Commercial products of corn and how they are developed, from
the time the seed is planted until the manufactured article is
packaged for the market, are shown in a new exhibit on the main
floor of the museum building.
Maps indicate the principal corn- growing regions of the United
States and of the world. Charts in color picture the corn plant and
its growth and show details of the structure of the ears and
kernels. On the major chart, every process of manufacture is
traced from the ripe corn to the finished packages of feed, meal,
starch, dextrine, syrup, sugar, and oil. The exhibit has been con­tributed
to the Botanical Garden by the Corn Products Refining
Company.
Also in the display are shown two measuring devices, one for
determining the angle between the leaf and stem in a stalk of corn,
the other for recording the length, diameter, and shape of an ear
of corn. The leaf- angle indicates the suitability of a variety of
corn for a certain locality, an acute angle indicating a drought-
124
resistant quality, Dr. Basil M. Bensin, designer of the apparatus,
explains. The second instrument is the one which was used in
making measurements for the regional types of corn which are
shown in an adjoining exhibit. These were explained in the
December Journal.
In an additional exhibit, three original charts by Dr. Bensin
illustrate ecological studies of corn- plant ecotypes which appear
under certain environmental conditions in various agricultural
regions. By systematic comparative studies of such types from
different parts of the world, Dr. Bensin explains, a basis for
standard methods of culture, acclimatization, and introduction of
new crop plants could be established for each agricultural region.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Spring vacation time in universities and colleges brought a
number of botanists to The Xew York Botanical Garden for
special study. From Michigan came Dr. William C. Steere, ex­tending
his work on mosses, Dr. Alexander H. Smith, proceeding
with special work on the higher fungi, and Frederick J. Hermann,
continuing his studies of the Juncaceae. Prof. H. E. McMinn
came from Mills College, Calif., Prof. Erling Dorf from Prince­ton
University, Robert T. Clausen from the Bailey Hortorium at
Ithaca, Prof. Bernard S. Meyer from Ohio State University, and
Reed C. Rollins and Alan A. Beetle from the Gray Herbarium at
Harvard. Dr. Ralph C. Benedict brought a group of students
from Brooklyn College. Dr. Helen Purdy Beale of the Boyce
Thompson Institute was among other April visitors.
* * *
At the monthly conference of the staff and registered students
of the Garden on April 14, Dr. W. H. Camp spoke ou " Continen­tal
Migration and Plant Distribution."
* * *
Dr. A. B. Stout has been appointed Collaborator of the United
States Forest Service, his cooperation to be particularly in the
newly developed work in tree breeding, of which Dr. E. J.
Schreiner, a former student at the Garden, is in special charge.
* * *
Walter S. Groesbeck, who had been Clerk and Accountant for
The New York Botanical Garden since 1899, retired from active
service with the Garden as of May 1. At the same time, Henry
Friedman, who had been his office associate for an almost equal
number of years, also retired.
125
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
( All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of
The New York Botanical Garden.)
HOUSE- PLANTS FOR EYERYOXE1
In his book on growing plants indoors, Allen Wood starts from
the beginning—" from scratch," so to speak. He wishes his in­struction
to be so clear and detailed that " wayfaring men, though
fools, shall not err therein." Most of us who have gardened for
years do not want to confess ourselves fools or wayfarers, yet we
are always beginners to some extent in this expanding world of
flowers and each " house- planter" can find much that is interesting
here. If for nothing else, the lists of new or fairly new plants
suggest the possibility of many hopeful experiments.
Instruction is given for potting, repotting, soils; for giving
ventilation, heat, light, water, food; for pruning, for the care of
seedlings; suggestions for the home type of greenhouse and
terrarium. Bulbous plants are considered, cacti and other suc­culents,
vines, miscellaneous house- plants, insects and much else.
A list of plants for decoration is given, with flowering period,
color, botanical and common names.
One may question some details, and occasionally may not agree
with the naming, which is not always in accordance with the Kew
Index. One may feel that lists of mesembryanthema should in­clude
more of the actual Mesembryanthemum and Lampranthus
types, which flower readily and profusely in pots under fairly
cool conditions. One may think— having tried it— that Gloriosa
superba would not be likely to flourish under house or even most
home greenhouse conditions and wonder why the fact was not
mentioned that Crinum campanulatum grows in water; but it is
easy to find faults in any book of the kind and in this one there
is much that is good and the rest is not so important. It will be
very helpful to the indoor gardener.
SARAH V. COOMBS.
BEAUTY ALONG THE HIGHWAY2
" Roadsides, the Front Yard of the Nation," is a textbook for
highway departments and their officials, and into the little book
Mr. Bennett has managed to crowd a surprisingly large amount
of information, including specifications for trees, shrubs, sod,
grass and other seeds, formulas for fertilizers, etc.
1 Wood, Allen H. Jr. Grow Them Indoors. 221 pages, illustrated, in­dexed.
Hale. Cushman & Flint, Boston, 1936. $ 1.75.
2 Bennett, J. M. Roadsides, The Front Yard of the Nation. 233 pages,
illustrated. The Stratford Company, Boston, 1936. $ 3.00.
126
The handling, planting, and pruning of trees is well taken care
of. His definition of parkways, freeways, and highways is ex­cellent
and it is easily seen that the book was written by a man
with vast experience in the handling of plant material for road­side
purposes.
Such things as signs, gas stations, and roadside sanitation are
discussed at length and with intelligence. Though a great oppor­tunity
was lost to bring out the fact that road improvement should
begin with its design in relation to the existing landscape and
contours, and though rather too little space is given to the design
of the planting, it is a book well worth the writing and one ex­tremely
useful to anyone connected with highway or parkway
improvements.
HERMANN W. MERKEL,
General Superintendent,
Westchester County Park Commission.
FINE PHOTOGRAPHS OF TREES3
All who admire trees in their varied aspects from season to
season will enjoy Thomas O. Sheckell's picture- book, which con­tains
82 of his own photographs of trees, made over the years in
many parts of the country. Turning the pages at random we find
lone trees on rocky heights, dogwood and apple- trees in the full­ness
of their spring bloom, the eccentric Joshua- tree of the south­western
desert, a Torrey pine on the California coast, the in­evitable
but always picturesque Monterey cypresses, elms above a
flowery meadow in XTew Jersey, snow- laden branches, the dead
chestnuts of the East, giant redwoods, and landscapes in which
trees predominate. The book carries the reader pleasantly into
many regions of familiar scenes.
Selections from the original photographs which comprise the
book were on view at the Botanical Garden during April.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
GARDENS FOR CITY DWELLERS4
One hears so much about the trials of gardens in our large
cities, about the dearth of trees, injuries from gas, soot, and im­proper
light, that it is refreshing to find an occasional hopeful
note. An attractive new volume tells an encouraging story of
backyard and penthouse gardens, and reenforces this with even
more attractive pictures of some of the fine gardens of the mem­bers
of the City Gardens Club of New York, of which Miss
McKenny is the able executive secretary. The style of the book
3 Sheckell, Thomas O. Trees. 82 illustrations, unpaged. Frederick A.
Stokes Company, New York, 1936. $ 4.00.
4 McKenny, Margaret, and Seymour, E. L. D. Your City Garden.
215 pages, illustrated, indexed. D. Appleton- Centurv Company, New York,
1937. $ 2.50.
127
is graceful and pleasing, more given to interesting anecdotes than
to being over- burdened with prosy dictums. Such general sugges­tions
as there are on garden building and care are terse and direct.
One suspects this to be the work of Mr. Seymour particularly.
Many entertaining items are sprinkled through, like the reference
to the Chinese Actinidia- vine, which is apparently a rival of
catnip in attracting cats. One wishes that somebody would dis­cover
a plant to drive cats away from the garden.
The list of plants recommended for city gardens is an exten­sive
one, and one wonders if the picture of flowering rhododen­drons
and mountain laurels, hydrangeas and honeysuckles, may be
a little too roseate. If so, those with courage to attempt gardens
amid city skyscrapers need encouragement.
Window and conservatory gardens get their share of notice,
and most appropriately the city garden clubs, which encourage the
city dweller's planting activities, are given their just mead of
praise.
FORMAN T. MCLEAN.
IN THE GREAT SMOKIES5
Reared near the Great Smokies and for the last ten years having
spent half of each year in her cottage near Gatlinburg, Miss
Thornborough brings to her book sincerity and authenticity. Hers
is a genuine enthusiasm for this interesting area, but one detects
here and there a bit of nostalgia for the days that are past, for
the ghosts of the mountaineers who once peopled the valleys in
what is now the Park Area stalk through its pages. The average
vacationist will rejoice with the news that so many trails have
been opened and graded, but to some of us old reactionaries who
like peace even at the price of a bit of discomfort it is discon­certing
to find that: " As late as 1932, the ascent ( of Mt. Le
Conte) was a true test of one's mountain climbing ability. XTow,
modern trails have made the ascent a simple matter, . . . In 1936,
instead of a mere handful, the astounding number of ten thousand
people climbed Le Conte. . . . " I was one of them, but did not
know it was that bad.
The jacket tells us that: " This pleasing volume comes near to
answering every question the prospective tourist could ask." The
book does just that and does it so admirably that I can ( vouching
for its authenticity) unhesitatingly recommend it to those who
have not yet visited the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
and who in the near future intend to do a little " exploring" on
its boulevard trails.
W. H. CAMP.
5 Thornborough, Laura. The Great Smoky Mountains. 147 pages, illus­trated,
indexed. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York, 1937. $ 2.00.
128
THE ROMANCE OF TEAG
The next time you are invited to tea you might pause for a
moment and think of the centuries of history that lie behind those
crumpled tea leaves. It is difficult for the average person to
satisfy the questions that inevitably arise in his mind, for many
of the reference books and records are not available, some of them
having been long out of print, while others are written in the
mysterious characters of China. In " The Romance of Tea,"
however, Mr. Ukers has brought together the answers to these
questions and has presented a complete treatment of the subject
couched in understandable terms and told in an interesting way,
even to the best recipes for making iced tea. While the sinologues
might find fault with the way the fifth and sixth strokes of the
character " ch'a" on page 5 are inscribed, the historical account of
tea, its legendary origin in the mythical era of the emperor Shen-nung
in China, its cultivation first as a medicinal and then as an
article of commerce, the quaint story of Daruma, the Buddhist
missionary from India to China in 520 A. D., and the systematiza-tion
of the knowledge of tea cultivation in the Tea Classic, or
Ch'a Ching written by Lu- Yu in 780 A. D., together with the
spread of this knowledge through all of Asia, comprise a fascinat­ing
picture of romance and adventure.
After thrilling descriptions of the great expeditions after tea,
from Marco Polo to Robert Fortune in 1843, and the commercial
battles of even later years, the technique of planting tea and the
different varieties are considered. Then come the social aspects
of drinking tea, with reference particularly to its effect on the fine
arts, such as oriental ceramics.
I wish this treatise could have ended right there; but no, as a
concession to the practical side of modern existence we had to be
told just how much tannin and caffeine are in tea— interesting,
but not nearly so romantic as the story pictured by the Chinese
Willow pattern, or glimpses of Dr. Samuel Johnson gulping
endless cups of tea in his favorite haunts, or peeking into Mincing
Lane to watch the excitement just before one of the China clippers
was about to dock.
With so much material to compress between the covers of one
volume it is no wonder that Mr. Ukers has to battle to keep his
story from reading at times like a catalogue, but he does so with
admirable success.
W. M. PORTERFIELD.
6 Ukers, William H. The Romance of Tea. 276 pages, illustrated
indexed. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1936. $ 3.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1938: L. H. BAILEY, MARSHALL FIELD, MRS. ELON HUNTINGTON
HOOKER, JOHN L. MERRILL ( Vice- president), COL. ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY,
H. HOBART PORTER, and RAYMOND H. TORREY.
Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. DE FOREST ( President),
CLARENCE LEWIS, E. D. MERRILL, and HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE ( Secretary and
Assistant Treasurer).
Until 1940: HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN ( Vice- president), CHILDS FRICK,
ADOLPH LEWISOHN, HENRY LOCKHART, JR., D. T. MACDOUGAL, and JOSEPH
R. SWAN ( Treasurer).
II. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS
FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York.
ROBERT MOSES, Park Commissioner.
HENRY C. TURNER, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
TRACY E. HAZEN, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. HARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and MAKSTOX T.
BOGEHT, appointed by Columbia University.
GARDEN STAFF
H. A. GLEASON, PH. D Deputy Director and Head Curator
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D., SC. D Curator
BERNARD O. DODGE, PH. D Plant Pathologist
FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., PH. D Supervisor of Public Education
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D... Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
ALBERT C. SMITH, P H . D Associate Curator
SARAH H. HARLOW. A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
HAROLD N. MOLDENKE, PH. D Assistant Curator
W. H. CAMP, PH. D Assistant Curator
CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant
THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist
G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent
OTTO DEGENER, M. S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. . Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
A. C PFANDER Assistant Superintendent
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Books
An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel
Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra­tions
of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinted. $ 13.50.
Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg.
969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $ 5.50 postpaid.
Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated.
1935. $ 1.65.
Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494
text figures. 1918. $ 3.50.
A Text- book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages.
76 plates. 1897. $ 2.50.
Periodicals
Addisonia, semi- annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in
each volume. Now in its twentieth volume. Subscription price, $ 10 a volume
{ two years). Not offered in exchange. Free to members of the Garden.
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news
and non- technical articles. Subscription, $ 1 a year; single copies 10 cents. Free
to members of the Garden. Now in its thirty- eighth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi,
including lichens, containing technical articles and news and notes of general in­terest.
$ 6 a year; single copies $ 1.25 each. Now in its twenty- ninth volume.
Twenty- four Year Index volume $ 3 in paper, $ 3.50 in fabrikoid.
Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $ 5 a volume.
Now in its second volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com­pleted
in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 81 parts now issued.
Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for $ 2 each. Not offered in exchange.
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $ 5 a volume. In the fourteenth
volume.
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific
papers. Volumes I'VII. Titles on request.
Direct all orders to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New
York, N. Y.
DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of
the Zoological Park at Fordham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River
Parkway. It may be reached by local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the
Botanical Garden Station ( 200th Street).
To reach the Garden by the Elevated and Subway systems, take the Third
Avenue Elevated to the end of the line ( Bronx Park Station); from the East and
West Side subways, transfer from the Lexington or Seventh Avenue line to the
Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Third Avenue. By Eighth Avenue
subway ( Independent system) take a C or CC train to Bedford Park Boulevard
( 200th Street), then walk east to the Garden.
To come by motor from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford
Park Boulevard ( 200th Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into
the Garden grounds.