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Vol, VI OCTOBER, 1905 No. 70 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE Bermuda in September 153 Explorations in Utah 158 Hotes, News and Comment 165 Accessions 165 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREBT, LANCASTER, PA. BY T H E NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I O K R S , 1905. PRESIDENT— D. 0. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D OH- M A N A G E R S , 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. 0. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. JOHN J. PALLAS. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. HENRY N. TIFFT. G A R D E N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator. DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WM. J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. VI. October, 1905. No. 70. BERMUDA IN SEPTEMBER. To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Gentlemen: By permission of the President I visited the Bermuda Islands in September for the purposes of making some study of the land flora of the archipelago and of its relationship to that of the West Indies and that of the Southern States, and for obtaining specimens and plants to illustrate it in our collections, which hitherto had contained very little material from this interesting isolated group of islands. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Stewardson Brown, Curator of Botany in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and through their aid was enabled to secure the largest botanical collection that has yet been brought from Bermuda. We were absent from August 29 to September 22. Previous students of the Bermudian flora had demonstrated the fact that a number of the wild plants of the islands were endemic, occurring in the feral condition nowhere else in the world ; this was recognized, indeed, by Linnaeus, who in 1753 published scientific descriptions of the Bermuda red cedar ( Juniperus Bermudiana); the Bermuda blue-eyed grass ( Sisyrinchium Bermudianum); and of the Bermuda bedstraw ( Galium Bermudianum); in 1829, Glazebrook ascertained that the Bermuda palmetto ( Sabal Blackburnianum) was different from the palmetto of the South Atlantic Coast and the Bahamas, although he did not know that it was wild there. A number of popular accounts of the flora were published from 1845 to 1884, the most noteworthy of these being the paper by 153 154 Governor Lefroy in Bulletin 25 of the United States National Museum. Lefroy studied the plants very enthusiastically and diligently during his six years' residence, and made considerable collections of them. The only report approximating completeness by a trained botanist, however, is the valuable paper by Mr. W. B. Hemsley, now Keeper of the herbarium of the Royal Gardens at Kew, published in the Reports of the cruise of H'. M. S. " Challenger " in 1884, based upon collections made mainly by Governor Lefroy and by Moseley, the naturalist of the Challenger staff, who spent parts of three months in the spring, about 1873, collecting on the Bermudas. Hemsley discovered that the Bermuda fleabane ( Erigeron Darrellianus), named in honor of a member of a distinguished Bermuda family, and the Bermuda sea lavender ( Limonium Lefroyi [ Statice Lefroyi Hemsley]), which commemorates Lefroy's scientific work, were also restricted to Bermuda, as well as the Bermuda sedge ( Carex Bermudiana) ; Mr. J. G. Baker, former Keeper of the Kew Herbarium, studied the ferns and contributed an account of them to Mr. Hemsley's work, recording the endemic status of the Bermuda shield- fern ( Dryopteris Bermudiana) ; the Bermuda spleenwort ( Asplenium Laffanianum), named in honor of Governor Laffan, and of the Bermuda maiden- hair fern ( Adiantum bellum); Mr. Mitten studied the mosses and made out that one of them ( Tortula Bermudiana) was in the same category. Thus eleven of the native species of the islands were known to be peculiar to them. A preliminary study of our collections indicates that this list is not yet complete. The total wild land flora of the islands, exclusive of fungi, lichens and algae, comprises about 200 species. With the exception of the endemic elements, its distribution is almost wholly West Indian and Floridian, which indicates that it has been mainly derived from the south and southwest, through natural agencies well known to transport seeds or fruits through long distances — migratory birds, ocean currents and hurricane winds. With the exception of Erigeron Darrellianus and Carex Bermudiana the eleven endemic species hitherto recorded have close relatives indigenous in the West Indies or Florida, which 155 may have probably been their ancestors, or at any rate are of common ancestry ; the two exceptions have no known immediate American relatives living. The restriction of these eleven or more species to Bermuda ( and insular floras as is well known, are often, in large part, composed of endemic species) gives text for a consideration of the causes which effect the modification of a plant into a species different from its parents ; from the experiments and observations of de Vries and MacDougal, we no longer need believe that the change must necessarily be a very gradual one, occupying thousands or tens of thousands of years ; a new species may be evolved from an old one in a single generation, and if organized so as to successfully dispute the right of way with its parent species, may survive and ultimately displace the type which gave it birth. The immediate cause or causes which induce this mutation of species are as yet obscure, but the isolation of the offspring species from the ancestral one is clearly not necessarily one of them. Let us take up the case of the Bermuda palmetto and follow briefly its probable ancient history. A hurricane uproots a fruiting Floridian or Bahamian palmetto ( Sabal Palmetto) and carries it into the sea; the Gulf Stream carries the wreck northeastward, the winds cause it to drift more seaward and it is ultimately cast up in a marshy place upon the old Bermudian shore ; its fruits have maintained the life of the seed within them, and one or more of these seeds germinate, and grow into palmettos ; either these original palmettos of Bermuda, or some of their offspring mutate ; the new palmetto is better adapted to the climate, or soil of Bermuda, or to both the climate and soil, and it survives, giving us Sabal Blackburniana instead of Sabal Palmetto. As the Bermuda tree is more elegant than its ancestor, loyal Bermudians will doubtless rejoice that mutation has taken place and produced one of the most interesting plants of their islands, a feature which does not fail to attract the attention of all observant visitors. The natural landscapes of Bermuda, though in general uniform, are charming and indeed sufficiently varied to be thoroughly enjoyable; the rounded hills, rising in places to above 250 feet, 156 alternate with basin- like swales and glades; they are mainly of gentle contour, though locally we see bold cliffs, precipitous to the water. The coast lines, while mainly rocky, are locally white sand beaches, extending in some places a considerable distance back from the sea; the harbors and Sound are irregular in outline, dotted with numerous islets. Over all is spread what seems from the sea a dark green mantle broken only by the white limestone houses which dot it very conspicuously. This mantle is the Bermuda red cedar, one of the most characteristic natural features ; after exploring a little, the mantle is seen to be not quite as continuous as it at first appears, but there are doubtless more individual red cedar trees than of all other kinds of trees wild or planted collectively; some of them are of great size, especially in the Devonshire marshes. Mangrove trees, identical with those of Florida and the West Indies, fringe the banks of coves and creeks and the borders of salt and brackish marshes. The rarest trees of the islands are the olive- wood ( Elaeodendron sp.), the yellow- wood ( Fagara flava), nettle- tree ( Celtis sp.) and the wild red mulberry ( Morus sp.), now confined to a very interesting ridge east of Harrington Sound, which harbors also numerous kinds of shrubs and lowly plants as well, including rare and fascinating ferns and mosses, hidden away in the caves and crevices which abound in this interesting region, known as the " Walsingham Tract" ; it was made a special study by Governor Lefroy, who, writing in 1879, says : " This remarkable region is a narrow ridge, about two miles long and from a quarter to half a mile wide, which separates Castle Harbor from Harrington Sound, and does not altogether comprise above 200 acres. It contains nearly the whole of the indigenous vegetation of the group." Such a unique region must always be a place of great interest, and it should be preserved in its natural condition as a point of attraction and reverence. Since Governor Lefroy's writing, it has become menaced by cultivation, agricultural operations being now in progress at points within very short distances of some of its best natural features. " Walsingham Park " would at once become an additional attraction to. visitors and its cost might 157 readily be partly or wholly defrayed by an admittance charge and by the income from proper concessions, put to the credit of a sinking fund ; suitable roads and paths could be laid out through it without damaging its natural beauty and interest; the views afforded by these both over Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound are among the most attractive on the islands; it is accessible from Hamilton or St. George's, the two largest towns, either by land or by water. Another unique natural feature, on a very much smaller scale, is the remarkable growth of the palmetto in Paget Marsh, a very short distance from Hamilton ; here also a considerable number of rare plants exist, including an evergreen tree related to the northern cherries not seen by us elsewhere. But the growth of the palmetto here is simply wonderful, and the reservation of a few acres of this swale is also very desirable, as it likewise is in proximity to cultivation and has been threatened by fire. The exotic plants of Bermuda include a very great variety of species from tropical and subtropical lands, most of them growing luxuriantly and including many notable and- instructive examples. This already great variety will doubtless be increased through the work of the recently established experimental gardens, now under the able management of Mr. T. J. Harris, who brings to it, from his former duties in the Department of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaca, wide experience and critical knowledge of tropical agriculture and horticulture. The exportable products of the islands, now mainly potatoes, onions, lily-bulbs, and arrow- root, will be improved and their cultivation made more successful, and other elements will be added through scientific experimentation and suggestion. The collections made by us include museum and herbarium specimens, seeds and living- plants of about 400 species, illustrated by more than 3,000 specimens, including many duplicates, some of which go to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, whose cooperation gave the expedition the efficient services of Mr. Stewardson Brown, and the remainder may be used in exchange with other institutions. A visit of the same duration 158 some February or March would yield specimens of a considerable number of species not to be found during the summer. We received a most cordial reception in Bermuda ; our thanks are especially tendered to the Hon. Eyre Hutson, Colonial Secre-retary, to Mr. Harris, Superintendent of the experimental gardens, to Mr. Nicholas L. Peniston, of Paynters Vale, and to Mr. F. T. Frith, Librarian of the Public Library, Hamilton. The seaweed flora of Bermuda was studied by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, assistant curator, during the summer of 1900, who at that time made extensive collections which have since been placed in our museums and herbarium. It was a matter of keen regret that our visit was subsequent to this season's session of the Biological Laboratory conducted by New York University and Harvard University under the direction of Professor Bristol and Professor Mark. The buildings are beautifully and advantageously located on a tidal strait, the outlet of Harrington Sound. Respectfully submitted, N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- chief. EXPLORATIONS IN UTAH. DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF. Sir: In accordance with your permission and directions I started the twenty- ninth of May of this year on a botanical exploration trip to Utah, which lasted nearly three months. The trip was undertaken mainly to give me the opportunity of a personal visit to this part of the Rocky Mountain region. While I had spent seven summers in the Rocky Mountains and adjacent country, principally in Montana, Colorado, western Nebraska and the Black Hills of South Dakota, and also made shorter stays in Wyoming and Idaho, I had botanized only two days within the state of Utah, one at Logan and one in the Echo Can on. The field was therefore practically new to me. Utah, together with Southern Idaho, constitutes the part of the Rocky Mountain region least well known botanically of all. 159 Very little botanical collecting has been done in the state, except what was done by Dr. Sereno Watson principally in the northeastern portion of the state in 1868 and 1869, during the expedition commanded by Clarence King; by Dr. Edward Palmer and Dr. C. C. Parry in the extreme southwestern part, the former in 1870 and 1877, the latter in 1874; and by Professor Marcus E. Jones, a resident botanist of Salt Lake City. The regions west and southwest of Great Salt Lake are practically unknown, and the same can almost be said about the part of the state southeast of the Colorado River. My intention was to spend most of the time in the district southwest of Great Salt Lake along the new San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. My plans were changed later, however, for reasons given below. A round trip ticket to San Francisco and Los Angeles at the time of my starting, cost only a few dollars more than one to Salt Lake City. I therefore bought a ticket reading over the two first mentioned places, especially as you thought it advisable to visit the California Academy of Sciences and make arrangement for exchanges with that institution. On my way I stopped for a day at Laramie, Wyoming, to make a visit to the State University. I spent a very pleasant time with Professor Aven Nelson and saw nearly all of the types of his new species, of which, there are not cotypes in the herbarium of the Garden. This will help me considerably in my work on a manual of Rocky Mountain botany. On the third of June I arrived at Salt Lake City. Awaiting the arrival of Professor E. C. Carlton, of Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minn., who was to act as my assistant during the summer, I set out to collect in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. During these trips I was usually accompanied by Professor O. Garrett, of the Salt Lake City high school. Although Professor Garrett's botanical interests are directed in a different line from mine, his speciality being the rusts and smuts, this collaboration I think was of mutual benefit. The foot- hills and outer mountains facing the Salt Lake Valley are practically destitute of woods. They are, however, covered more or less by shrubs, in some places scattered, in others forming dense chaparrals. These are mostly 160 made up of Quercus Utahensis in the foot- hills and of Ceanothus velutinus on the higher ridges. The pine, spruce and aspen woods are mostly confined to the higher mountains, especially those at some distance from the valleys, and the cottonwood groves to the river banks and the canons. The foot- hills are dry, and their flora is made up principally of plants characteristic of the Great Basin. Shrubs belonging to this class, as the different kinds of sage- brush and rabbit- brush ( Artemisia and Chrysotham-nus), were common quite high up. I afterwards found that the general character of the foot- hills and lower mountains was the same in all parts of Utah that I visited, only that farther south the place of the oak was often taken by junipers and pifions. In order to find typical Rocky Mountain vegetation, i. e., to reach what Merriam calls the Canadian Zone, one must go up into the mountains, several miles from the open valleys. One day in the afternoon we reached Beck's Hot Springs; the water is strongly charged with sulphur and the soil around the springs and the lake below is strongly impregnated by salts and alkalies. Here we found a peculiar flora, not to be met with except in the neighborhood of Great Salt Lake and similar regions. The characteristic plants here belong mostly to the Chenopodiaceae and are more or less fleshy, as Spirostachys occidentalis, Kochia vestita, Sarcobatus vermicularis and species of Dondia and Atriplex. On the road- bed of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, we found a large white poppy, Argemone hispida, in great profusion ; while along the Oregon Short Line and Salt Lake City and Odgen Railroad, only a few rods distant on either side, not a single specimen was found. The explanation may be found in the fact that the line of the first named road from Salt Lake City to Ogden is of a more recent origin and the gravel to make up the road- bed across a marsh had evidently been brought in from some other locality ; another striking illustration of the dispersion of plants indirectly by the agency of man. Through some misunderstanding, Professor Carlton did not meet me at Salt Lake City, but had proceeded from Portland, where he visited the Lewis and Clark Exposition, to San Francisco. I had intended to continue my journey to that place later 161 in the summer, but as the time of the visit was unimportant, I started as soon as I had received the information that Mr. Carlton was there. During my stay in San Francisco I visited the California Academy of Sciences and met Miss Eastwood and also Mrs. Brandegee, in the herbarium. I easily made arrangements for future exchanges with the institution, and saw a small part of the collections, especially of Saxifragaceae, the latter valuable on account of the forthcoming monograph by Dr. Small and myself in the North American Flora. Miss Eastwood invited us to make a trip the following day to Mount Tamalpais. We had a very enjoyable and profitable tramp, and it is no wonder that Miss Eastwood and other San Franciscans are proud of their mountain. I shall not try to describe its flora, as it is outside of the scope of the summer's exploration. From San Francisco we returned by way of Los Angeles. From the latter place to Salt Lake City we travelled on the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, which took us through the desert regions of southeastern California and southern Nevada, a very interesting but inhospitable country. At Las Vegas, Nevada, the train stopped for about half an hour, which I used in collecting around the station, but I did not find more than a dozen species in all. The only woody plant was a species of Prosopis. We stopped for a day at Milford, in southwestern Utah. We had intended to spend some time in this part of the state, but I thought it scarcely worth the time and effort. The season was very dry and the spring flora was altogether gone by this time. In this part of Utah very few flowers bloom in the middle of summer. Most flowers bloom in the spring immediately after the early rains, and a number of shrubby plants, mostly composites, bloom in the fall from August to November. For these we were too early. The specimens we secured from the plains consisted mostly of a few species of Cactaceae and Malvaceae. The flora of the mountain east of Milford, which we visited, was nearly identical with that of the mountains around Salt Lake City. On the twenty- third of June we arrived at Salt Lake City where we stayed a few days to complete our camp outfit and to 162 provision. On the twenty- sixth we secured a team which took us thirty miles up into the mountains. We camped near Silver Lake, near the headwaters of the Big Cottonwood Creek. Here we were joined by Professor Garrett and stayed about two weeks. The Big Cottonwood and its tributaries run through a number of small lakes and the canons and valleys are surrounded by mountains of an altitude of 9,000- 12,000 feet. Our collection was rich in specimens, although the flowers of the alpine flora were not in bloom as yet. I have made arrangements with Professor Garrett who was to spend the month of August in this region to collect a set of the plants blooming later. After our return from Salt Lake City we took the train to Garfield one day, and collected on the salt marshes and sand dunes along Great Salt Lake. On July 18 we took the train to Marysvale, which served as our headquarters for the remaining part of the summer. After having collected a few days in the valley of Sevier River around' Marysvale, we secured a team which took us up into the Bullion Canon. Our outfit was transported by wagon for eight miles, i. e., as far as there was a wagon road, and then for a mile or two on pack horses. We collected both in the canon of the Bullion Creek and on the surrounding mountains, and secured a valuable collection of specimens. Our camp was situated about 8,000 feet above the sea, and we climbed several mountains ranging from 10,000- 12,600 feet. The highest of these was Delano Peak, the third in height of the range. We intended to climb Mt. Belknapp and Baldy Mountain, both over 13,000 feet, and started out one day to do so. By taking a wrong trail we found ourselves on a ridge separated from them by a deep canon. Seeing that the upper parts of both mountains were covered by loose rocks and apparently without any vegetation, we did not think it worth the effort of either crossing the canon or retracing our steps to the junction of the trail leading to Mt. Belknapp. After our return to Marysvale we started out for a trip to the Aquarius Plateau and Fish Lake. The former, as far as I know, had not been visited by any botantist. A few very interesting plants had been picked up there by the distinguished geologist 163 Dr. Lester F. Ward, and we expected much from the trip. We received the information that there were no roads there, therefore we secured three saddle horses, three pack mules and a boy to take care of the animals. However, we found that a fairly good road had been made to the top of the plateau to a dairy-ranch, which was run there during the summer. A part of the plateau is now a government forest reserve, but cattle and sheep are allowed to be pastured on certain parts, which, of course, left us very little to collect. Nobody, who has not seen it with his own eyes, can get an idea of the appearance of the land after a herd of from 10,000 to 40,000 sheep have passed over it, for scarcely a blade of grass or anything else living is left. We had a day of fairly good collecting toward the edge of the plateau, but on the other days we secured very little. We did not stay as long as we intended, but decided to proceed to Fish Lake. We could choose between three ways. The way least troublesome was to retrace our steps down into the valley of the East Fork of Sevier River, follow this down to the reservoir and then up the Grass Valley to the base of the Fish Lake Plateau, but this way meant two extra days of travel. The shortest way led north along the edge of the plateau, but there was only one place where water could be had ; if we should miss the little spring at the head of Dry Wash, or find it dry, we should have to go without water for two days. The third way was to go northeast to Bean or Antelope Spring, from there to Loa, in the Rabbit Valley and from there to Fish Lake. We selected the route last mentioned and were told to take the right hand trails and keep well towards the east. We did this so well that we missed Bean Springs, passing east thereof, and had to ride the whole day without water. Late in the evening we reached the Rabbit Valley, near Thurber, seven miles southeast of Loa, and late at night the following day we reached Fish Lake which is situated about 10,000 feet above the sea. The collecting around the lake and along the brooks running into the same was fairly good, that on the Fish Lake Plateau, was fair on the east side but very poor on the west side. Sheep are not allowed here, it being a forest reserve, but some herders had 164 violated the law and one of the rangers of the reserve, whom we met a few days later, told us that two of the sheep owners had to answer before the courts for their trespasses. From Fish Lake we moved into the valley of Seven Mile Creek, camping at the base of Mt. Marvin. We climbed this mountain but found scarcely anything to collect, the upper half being bare rocks and large fields of broken lava. We intended to visit two other neighboring mountains, but were discouraged by the poor luck we had here, and proceeded to Richfield, the nearest railroad station. Here I took the train to Marysvale to settle our accounts. The following day we took the train for Nephi, which is situated near the foot of Mt. Nebo. Although the mountain is only a little over 12,000 feet, it seems much higher, rising abruptly from a valley not 5,000 feet above the sea. Knowing from experience that the side facing the valley as a rule is much poorer botanically than the opposite side, we secured a horse and buggy, drove about twelve miles around the southern end of the mountain and up into a canon on the east side. We started the climbing of the mountain about eleven o'clock and Mr. Carlton reached the top about five o'clock P. M. I being in speaking distance below, asked him if he found anything of interest where he was. His answer being that there were no plants different from those where I was, we decided to return so that we could reach the bottom of the canon before dark. We had climbed the mountain along some ridges, and now made the descent following a little stream ; this soon entered a steep canon, and made more than a dozen waterfalls from twenty to forty feet high, making the journey very perilous. A peculiarity of the flora of Mt. Nebo was that we did not find more than one truly alpine plant, although the mountain reached more than a thousand feet above timber- line. The flora consisted mostly in species of Eriogonum, Erigeron, Artemisia, Lupinus, Macronema and other plants characteristic of the plains, foot- hills and lower mountains. Even the sage brush reached here an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet. As it now was very near the time when I had to return to New York, we did not think it advisable to undertake to visit 165 any other mountain, but returned to Salt Lake City. Here I stayed only one day to arrange our affairs, and returned to New York. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr E. J. Durand, of Cornell University, was at the Garden during two weeks in September, carrying on some special work on Fungi. Dr. B. E. Livingston, of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, spent September at the Garden upon some investigations of the effect of water of swamps and bogs upon the growth of plants. Professor McCloskey, of Princeton University, spent a few days at the Garden during the last month consulting the library. Mr. Perley Spaulding, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C, spent a few days at the Garden in the latter part of September, in an examination of the Polyporaceae. The total precipitation in the Garden during September, 1905, amounted to 6.09 inches. Maximum temperatures of 840 on the 10th, 83" on the 13th, 840 on the 22d, and 890 on the 30th, were observed; also minima of 60" on the 2d, 53.5° on the 10th, 42° on the 15th, 470 on the 24th, and 370 on the 27th. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY 15 TO SEPTEMBER 23. BECK VON MANNAGETTA, GUNTHER RITTER. Flora von Bosnien der Herzegowina und des Sandzaks Novipazar. I. Wien, 1904. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) BECK VON MANNAGETTA, GUNTHER RITTER. Grundriss der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreiches. 2d edition. Wien, 1905. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) Broteria. Vol. I. Lisboa, 1902. BURR, FEARING, JR, The field and garden. Boston, 1865. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) CHRISTENSEN, CARL. Index filicum. Fasciculus 1- 3. Hafniae, 1905. CLEMENTS, FREDERIC EDWARD. Research methods in ecology. Lincoln, 1905. 166 CONZATTI, C. Losgeneros vegetates Mexicanos. Vol. I . Mexico, 1903- 5. DANA, SAMUEL L. A muck manual for farmers. 5th ed. New York, 1855. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) DARLINGTON, WILLIAM. American weeds and useful plants. 2d ed. New York, 1859. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) DELAGE, IVES. Uhirediti. Paris, 1903. DES CARS, A. Tree pruning. Translated from the seventh French edition, by Charles S. Sargent. London, 1893. EASTWOOD, ALICE. A handbook of the trees of California. San Francisco, 1905. ( Given by the author.) FLINT, CHARLES L. Grasses and forage plants. Boston, 1867. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) Gardening. London, 1880- 1892. 13 vols. GARVENS, WILHELM. Kaffee, Kultur, Handel und Bereitung im Produktions-iandc. Hannover, 1905. GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON. Our native orchids with descriptive text elaborated from the author's notes, by Helena Leeming Jelliffe. New York, 1905. GRAY, ASA. Field, forest and garden botany. New York, 1869. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) GRAY, ASA. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Fifth revised edition. New York, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) GRAY, ASA. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. Fourth revised edition. New York, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HALLIER, HANS. Neue Schlaglichter auf das natiirliche System der Dikotyle-donen. Gera- Untermhaus, 1905. HENDERSON, PETER. Garden and farm topics. New York, 1884. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOLE, S. REYNOLDS. A book about roses. Third edition. Edinburgh and London, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOOPES, JOSIAH. The book of evergreens. New York ( 1868). ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOSACK, DAVID. Outline of the Linnean System; arranged for the use of the students of Rutgers Medical College. New York, no date. ( Given by Miss Vail.) INDEX KEWENSIS. Supplemento secundum : Leucocoryne- Zygostates et emendanda addenda. Oxonii, 1905. IRELAND. Official guide to the Northern Counties. { Botany by R. Lloyd Praeger.) Fifth edition, Belfast, 1905. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) JOHNSON, SAMUEL W. HOW crops grow. New York ( 1868). ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) LISTER, ARTHUR. Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department of Botany, British Museum [ Natural History}. Second edition. London, 1905. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) LONG, ELIAS A. Ornamental gardening for Americans. New York, 1893. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) MARTIUS, HEINRICH VON. Prodromusfloraes Mosquensis. Editio altera. Lipsiae, 1817. 167 MARTIUS, K. F. P H . VON. Die Pfianzen und Thiere des tropischen America. Miinchen, 1831. MASSEE, G., & CROSSLAND, C The fungus- flora of Yorkshire. London, 1905. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) MIQUEL, F. A. W. Systema Piperacearum 1- 2. Roterdami, 1843- 4. Our farm of four acres. From the twelfth London edition. New York, 1865. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) PETERSON, MAUDE GRIDLEY. HOW to know the wild fruits. New York, 1905. POTONIE, H. Die flora des Rothleigenden von Thiiringen. Berlin, 1903. Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, J8g6- i8gg. Reports. Vol. 8. Botany. Parts /- j. Princeton and Stuttgart, 1903- 5. ( Given by the author.) 3 vols. ROBINSON, W. The parks, promenades and gardens of Paris. London, 1869. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) SMITH, J. J. Die Orchideen von Java [ Flora von Buitenzorg, Vol. 6.) Leiden, 1905. SMITH, WORTHINGTON G. Guide to Sowerby's models of British Fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum [ Natural History"). London, 1889. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) STEFFEN, JUAN. Viages i estudios en la region hidrografica del Rio Pueblo. Santiago de Chile, 1S98. THOMAS, J. T- Rural affairs ; a practical and copiously illustrated register of rural economy and rural taste. Albany, 1876- 1881. 9 vols. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) TREVIRANUS, LUDOLF CHRISTIAN. Physiologie der Gezvachse. Bonn, 1835- 8. 2 vols. TWINING, ELIZABETH. The plant world. London, 1866. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) VAUX, CALVERT. Villas and cottages. New York, 1864. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) - 3 J u Q w ( X < Q D 5 si w CQ w flDembers of tbe Corporation. PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, WM. L. BROWN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER, WM. G. CHOATE, HON. EDWARD COOPER, CHAS. F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEO. W. MYERS, GEO. M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WM. ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WM. D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, HON. HENRY N. TIFFT, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEO. W. VANDERBILT, WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy; £ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - f- 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii - f- 204 pp. Vol. Ill, 1902, viii- f- 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii - f- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- j- 242 pp. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, # 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896- 1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- 1903. 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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1905-10 |
Description-Table Of Contents | Bermuda in September; Explorations in Utah; Notes, News and Comment; Accessions. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 6, no. 70 |
Type | text |
Transcript | Vol, VI OCTOBER, 1905 No. 70 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Assistant Director CONTENTS PAGE Bermuda in September 153 Explorations in Utah 158 Hotes, News and Comment 165 Accessions 165 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUEEN STREBT, LANCASTER, PA. BY T H E NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I O K R S , 1905. PRESIDENT— D. 0. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D OH- M A N A G E R S , 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. 0. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. JOHN J. PALLAS. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. HENRY N. TIFFT. G A R D E N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator. DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WM. J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. VI. October, 1905. No. 70. BERMUDA IN SEPTEMBER. To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Gentlemen: By permission of the President I visited the Bermuda Islands in September for the purposes of making some study of the land flora of the archipelago and of its relationship to that of the West Indies and that of the Southern States, and for obtaining specimens and plants to illustrate it in our collections, which hitherto had contained very little material from this interesting isolated group of islands. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Stewardson Brown, Curator of Botany in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and through their aid was enabled to secure the largest botanical collection that has yet been brought from Bermuda. We were absent from August 29 to September 22. Previous students of the Bermudian flora had demonstrated the fact that a number of the wild plants of the islands were endemic, occurring in the feral condition nowhere else in the world ; this was recognized, indeed, by Linnaeus, who in 1753 published scientific descriptions of the Bermuda red cedar ( Juniperus Bermudiana); the Bermuda blue-eyed grass ( Sisyrinchium Bermudianum); and of the Bermuda bedstraw ( Galium Bermudianum); in 1829, Glazebrook ascertained that the Bermuda palmetto ( Sabal Blackburnianum) was different from the palmetto of the South Atlantic Coast and the Bahamas, although he did not know that it was wild there. A number of popular accounts of the flora were published from 1845 to 1884, the most noteworthy of these being the paper by 153 154 Governor Lefroy in Bulletin 25 of the United States National Museum. Lefroy studied the plants very enthusiastically and diligently during his six years' residence, and made considerable collections of them. The only report approximating completeness by a trained botanist, however, is the valuable paper by Mr. W. B. Hemsley, now Keeper of the herbarium of the Royal Gardens at Kew, published in the Reports of the cruise of H'. M. S. " Challenger " in 1884, based upon collections made mainly by Governor Lefroy and by Moseley, the naturalist of the Challenger staff, who spent parts of three months in the spring, about 1873, collecting on the Bermudas. Hemsley discovered that the Bermuda fleabane ( Erigeron Darrellianus), named in honor of a member of a distinguished Bermuda family, and the Bermuda sea lavender ( Limonium Lefroyi [ Statice Lefroyi Hemsley]), which commemorates Lefroy's scientific work, were also restricted to Bermuda, as well as the Bermuda sedge ( Carex Bermudiana) ; Mr. J. G. Baker, former Keeper of the Kew Herbarium, studied the ferns and contributed an account of them to Mr. Hemsley's work, recording the endemic status of the Bermuda shield- fern ( Dryopteris Bermudiana) ; the Bermuda spleenwort ( Asplenium Laffanianum), named in honor of Governor Laffan, and of the Bermuda maiden- hair fern ( Adiantum bellum); Mr. Mitten studied the mosses and made out that one of them ( Tortula Bermudiana) was in the same category. Thus eleven of the native species of the islands were known to be peculiar to them. A preliminary study of our collections indicates that this list is not yet complete. The total wild land flora of the islands, exclusive of fungi, lichens and algae, comprises about 200 species. With the exception of the endemic elements, its distribution is almost wholly West Indian and Floridian, which indicates that it has been mainly derived from the south and southwest, through natural agencies well known to transport seeds or fruits through long distances — migratory birds, ocean currents and hurricane winds. With the exception of Erigeron Darrellianus and Carex Bermudiana the eleven endemic species hitherto recorded have close relatives indigenous in the West Indies or Florida, which 155 may have probably been their ancestors, or at any rate are of common ancestry ; the two exceptions have no known immediate American relatives living. The restriction of these eleven or more species to Bermuda ( and insular floras as is well known, are often, in large part, composed of endemic species) gives text for a consideration of the causes which effect the modification of a plant into a species different from its parents ; from the experiments and observations of de Vries and MacDougal, we no longer need believe that the change must necessarily be a very gradual one, occupying thousands or tens of thousands of years ; a new species may be evolved from an old one in a single generation, and if organized so as to successfully dispute the right of way with its parent species, may survive and ultimately displace the type which gave it birth. The immediate cause or causes which induce this mutation of species are as yet obscure, but the isolation of the offspring species from the ancestral one is clearly not necessarily one of them. Let us take up the case of the Bermuda palmetto and follow briefly its probable ancient history. A hurricane uproots a fruiting Floridian or Bahamian palmetto ( Sabal Palmetto) and carries it into the sea; the Gulf Stream carries the wreck northeastward, the winds cause it to drift more seaward and it is ultimately cast up in a marshy place upon the old Bermudian shore ; its fruits have maintained the life of the seed within them, and one or more of these seeds germinate, and grow into palmettos ; either these original palmettos of Bermuda, or some of their offspring mutate ; the new palmetto is better adapted to the climate, or soil of Bermuda, or to both the climate and soil, and it survives, giving us Sabal Blackburniana instead of Sabal Palmetto. As the Bermuda tree is more elegant than its ancestor, loyal Bermudians will doubtless rejoice that mutation has taken place and produced one of the most interesting plants of their islands, a feature which does not fail to attract the attention of all observant visitors. The natural landscapes of Bermuda, though in general uniform, are charming and indeed sufficiently varied to be thoroughly enjoyable; the rounded hills, rising in places to above 250 feet, 156 alternate with basin- like swales and glades; they are mainly of gentle contour, though locally we see bold cliffs, precipitous to the water. The coast lines, while mainly rocky, are locally white sand beaches, extending in some places a considerable distance back from the sea; the harbors and Sound are irregular in outline, dotted with numerous islets. Over all is spread what seems from the sea a dark green mantle broken only by the white limestone houses which dot it very conspicuously. This mantle is the Bermuda red cedar, one of the most characteristic natural features ; after exploring a little, the mantle is seen to be not quite as continuous as it at first appears, but there are doubtless more individual red cedar trees than of all other kinds of trees wild or planted collectively; some of them are of great size, especially in the Devonshire marshes. Mangrove trees, identical with those of Florida and the West Indies, fringe the banks of coves and creeks and the borders of salt and brackish marshes. The rarest trees of the islands are the olive- wood ( Elaeodendron sp.), the yellow- wood ( Fagara flava), nettle- tree ( Celtis sp.) and the wild red mulberry ( Morus sp.), now confined to a very interesting ridge east of Harrington Sound, which harbors also numerous kinds of shrubs and lowly plants as well, including rare and fascinating ferns and mosses, hidden away in the caves and crevices which abound in this interesting region, known as the " Walsingham Tract" ; it was made a special study by Governor Lefroy, who, writing in 1879, says : " This remarkable region is a narrow ridge, about two miles long and from a quarter to half a mile wide, which separates Castle Harbor from Harrington Sound, and does not altogether comprise above 200 acres. It contains nearly the whole of the indigenous vegetation of the group." Such a unique region must always be a place of great interest, and it should be preserved in its natural condition as a point of attraction and reverence. Since Governor Lefroy's writing, it has become menaced by cultivation, agricultural operations being now in progress at points within very short distances of some of its best natural features. " Walsingham Park " would at once become an additional attraction to. visitors and its cost might 157 readily be partly or wholly defrayed by an admittance charge and by the income from proper concessions, put to the credit of a sinking fund ; suitable roads and paths could be laid out through it without damaging its natural beauty and interest; the views afforded by these both over Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound are among the most attractive on the islands; it is accessible from Hamilton or St. George's, the two largest towns, either by land or by water. Another unique natural feature, on a very much smaller scale, is the remarkable growth of the palmetto in Paget Marsh, a very short distance from Hamilton ; here also a considerable number of rare plants exist, including an evergreen tree related to the northern cherries not seen by us elsewhere. But the growth of the palmetto here is simply wonderful, and the reservation of a few acres of this swale is also very desirable, as it likewise is in proximity to cultivation and has been threatened by fire. The exotic plants of Bermuda include a very great variety of species from tropical and subtropical lands, most of them growing luxuriantly and including many notable and- instructive examples. This already great variety will doubtless be increased through the work of the recently established experimental gardens, now under the able management of Mr. T. J. Harris, who brings to it, from his former duties in the Department of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaca, wide experience and critical knowledge of tropical agriculture and horticulture. The exportable products of the islands, now mainly potatoes, onions, lily-bulbs, and arrow- root, will be improved and their cultivation made more successful, and other elements will be added through scientific experimentation and suggestion. The collections made by us include museum and herbarium specimens, seeds and living- plants of about 400 species, illustrated by more than 3,000 specimens, including many duplicates, some of which go to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, whose cooperation gave the expedition the efficient services of Mr. Stewardson Brown, and the remainder may be used in exchange with other institutions. A visit of the same duration 158 some February or March would yield specimens of a considerable number of species not to be found during the summer. We received a most cordial reception in Bermuda ; our thanks are especially tendered to the Hon. Eyre Hutson, Colonial Secre-retary, to Mr. Harris, Superintendent of the experimental gardens, to Mr. Nicholas L. Peniston, of Paynters Vale, and to Mr. F. T. Frith, Librarian of the Public Library, Hamilton. The seaweed flora of Bermuda was studied by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, assistant curator, during the summer of 1900, who at that time made extensive collections which have since been placed in our museums and herbarium. It was a matter of keen regret that our visit was subsequent to this season's session of the Biological Laboratory conducted by New York University and Harvard University under the direction of Professor Bristol and Professor Mark. The buildings are beautifully and advantageously located on a tidal strait, the outlet of Harrington Sound. Respectfully submitted, N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- chief. EXPLORATIONS IN UTAH. DR. N. L. BRITTON, DIRECTOR- IN- CHIEF. Sir: In accordance with your permission and directions I started the twenty- ninth of May of this year on a botanical exploration trip to Utah, which lasted nearly three months. The trip was undertaken mainly to give me the opportunity of a personal visit to this part of the Rocky Mountain region. While I had spent seven summers in the Rocky Mountains and adjacent country, principally in Montana, Colorado, western Nebraska and the Black Hills of South Dakota, and also made shorter stays in Wyoming and Idaho, I had botanized only two days within the state of Utah, one at Logan and one in the Echo Can on. The field was therefore practically new to me. Utah, together with Southern Idaho, constitutes the part of the Rocky Mountain region least well known botanically of all. 159 Very little botanical collecting has been done in the state, except what was done by Dr. Sereno Watson principally in the northeastern portion of the state in 1868 and 1869, during the expedition commanded by Clarence King; by Dr. Edward Palmer and Dr. C. C. Parry in the extreme southwestern part, the former in 1870 and 1877, the latter in 1874; and by Professor Marcus E. Jones, a resident botanist of Salt Lake City. The regions west and southwest of Great Salt Lake are practically unknown, and the same can almost be said about the part of the state southeast of the Colorado River. My intention was to spend most of the time in the district southwest of Great Salt Lake along the new San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. My plans were changed later, however, for reasons given below. A round trip ticket to San Francisco and Los Angeles at the time of my starting, cost only a few dollars more than one to Salt Lake City. I therefore bought a ticket reading over the two first mentioned places, especially as you thought it advisable to visit the California Academy of Sciences and make arrangement for exchanges with that institution. On my way I stopped for a day at Laramie, Wyoming, to make a visit to the State University. I spent a very pleasant time with Professor Aven Nelson and saw nearly all of the types of his new species, of which, there are not cotypes in the herbarium of the Garden. This will help me considerably in my work on a manual of Rocky Mountain botany. On the third of June I arrived at Salt Lake City. Awaiting the arrival of Professor E. C. Carlton, of Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minn., who was to act as my assistant during the summer, I set out to collect in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. During these trips I was usually accompanied by Professor O. Garrett, of the Salt Lake City high school. Although Professor Garrett's botanical interests are directed in a different line from mine, his speciality being the rusts and smuts, this collaboration I think was of mutual benefit. The foot- hills and outer mountains facing the Salt Lake Valley are practically destitute of woods. They are, however, covered more or less by shrubs, in some places scattered, in others forming dense chaparrals. These are mostly 160 made up of Quercus Utahensis in the foot- hills and of Ceanothus velutinus on the higher ridges. The pine, spruce and aspen woods are mostly confined to the higher mountains, especially those at some distance from the valleys, and the cottonwood groves to the river banks and the canons. The foot- hills are dry, and their flora is made up principally of plants characteristic of the Great Basin. Shrubs belonging to this class, as the different kinds of sage- brush and rabbit- brush ( Artemisia and Chrysotham-nus), were common quite high up. I afterwards found that the general character of the foot- hills and lower mountains was the same in all parts of Utah that I visited, only that farther south the place of the oak was often taken by junipers and pifions. In order to find typical Rocky Mountain vegetation, i. e., to reach what Merriam calls the Canadian Zone, one must go up into the mountains, several miles from the open valleys. One day in the afternoon we reached Beck's Hot Springs; the water is strongly charged with sulphur and the soil around the springs and the lake below is strongly impregnated by salts and alkalies. Here we found a peculiar flora, not to be met with except in the neighborhood of Great Salt Lake and similar regions. The characteristic plants here belong mostly to the Chenopodiaceae and are more or less fleshy, as Spirostachys occidentalis, Kochia vestita, Sarcobatus vermicularis and species of Dondia and Atriplex. On the road- bed of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, we found a large white poppy, Argemone hispida, in great profusion ; while along the Oregon Short Line and Salt Lake City and Odgen Railroad, only a few rods distant on either side, not a single specimen was found. The explanation may be found in the fact that the line of the first named road from Salt Lake City to Ogden is of a more recent origin and the gravel to make up the road- bed across a marsh had evidently been brought in from some other locality ; another striking illustration of the dispersion of plants indirectly by the agency of man. Through some misunderstanding, Professor Carlton did not meet me at Salt Lake City, but had proceeded from Portland, where he visited the Lewis and Clark Exposition, to San Francisco. I had intended to continue my journey to that place later 161 in the summer, but as the time of the visit was unimportant, I started as soon as I had received the information that Mr. Carlton was there. During my stay in San Francisco I visited the California Academy of Sciences and met Miss Eastwood and also Mrs. Brandegee, in the herbarium. I easily made arrangements for future exchanges with the institution, and saw a small part of the collections, especially of Saxifragaceae, the latter valuable on account of the forthcoming monograph by Dr. Small and myself in the North American Flora. Miss Eastwood invited us to make a trip the following day to Mount Tamalpais. We had a very enjoyable and profitable tramp, and it is no wonder that Miss Eastwood and other San Franciscans are proud of their mountain. I shall not try to describe its flora, as it is outside of the scope of the summer's exploration. From San Francisco we returned by way of Los Angeles. From the latter place to Salt Lake City we travelled on the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, which took us through the desert regions of southeastern California and southern Nevada, a very interesting but inhospitable country. At Las Vegas, Nevada, the train stopped for about half an hour, which I used in collecting around the station, but I did not find more than a dozen species in all. The only woody plant was a species of Prosopis. We stopped for a day at Milford, in southwestern Utah. We had intended to spend some time in this part of the state, but I thought it scarcely worth the time and effort. The season was very dry and the spring flora was altogether gone by this time. In this part of Utah very few flowers bloom in the middle of summer. Most flowers bloom in the spring immediately after the early rains, and a number of shrubby plants, mostly composites, bloom in the fall from August to November. For these we were too early. The specimens we secured from the plains consisted mostly of a few species of Cactaceae and Malvaceae. The flora of the mountain east of Milford, which we visited, was nearly identical with that of the mountains around Salt Lake City. On the twenty- third of June we arrived at Salt Lake City where we stayed a few days to complete our camp outfit and to 162 provision. On the twenty- sixth we secured a team which took us thirty miles up into the mountains. We camped near Silver Lake, near the headwaters of the Big Cottonwood Creek. Here we were joined by Professor Garrett and stayed about two weeks. The Big Cottonwood and its tributaries run through a number of small lakes and the canons and valleys are surrounded by mountains of an altitude of 9,000- 12,000 feet. Our collection was rich in specimens, although the flowers of the alpine flora were not in bloom as yet. I have made arrangements with Professor Garrett who was to spend the month of August in this region to collect a set of the plants blooming later. After our return from Salt Lake City we took the train to Garfield one day, and collected on the salt marshes and sand dunes along Great Salt Lake. On July 18 we took the train to Marysvale, which served as our headquarters for the remaining part of the summer. After having collected a few days in the valley of Sevier River around' Marysvale, we secured a team which took us up into the Bullion Canon. Our outfit was transported by wagon for eight miles, i. e., as far as there was a wagon road, and then for a mile or two on pack horses. We collected both in the canon of the Bullion Creek and on the surrounding mountains, and secured a valuable collection of specimens. Our camp was situated about 8,000 feet above the sea, and we climbed several mountains ranging from 10,000- 12,600 feet. The highest of these was Delano Peak, the third in height of the range. We intended to climb Mt. Belknapp and Baldy Mountain, both over 13,000 feet, and started out one day to do so. By taking a wrong trail we found ourselves on a ridge separated from them by a deep canon. Seeing that the upper parts of both mountains were covered by loose rocks and apparently without any vegetation, we did not think it worth the effort of either crossing the canon or retracing our steps to the junction of the trail leading to Mt. Belknapp. After our return to Marysvale we started out for a trip to the Aquarius Plateau and Fish Lake. The former, as far as I know, had not been visited by any botantist. A few very interesting plants had been picked up there by the distinguished geologist 163 Dr. Lester F. Ward, and we expected much from the trip. We received the information that there were no roads there, therefore we secured three saddle horses, three pack mules and a boy to take care of the animals. However, we found that a fairly good road had been made to the top of the plateau to a dairy-ranch, which was run there during the summer. A part of the plateau is now a government forest reserve, but cattle and sheep are allowed to be pastured on certain parts, which, of course, left us very little to collect. Nobody, who has not seen it with his own eyes, can get an idea of the appearance of the land after a herd of from 10,000 to 40,000 sheep have passed over it, for scarcely a blade of grass or anything else living is left. We had a day of fairly good collecting toward the edge of the plateau, but on the other days we secured very little. We did not stay as long as we intended, but decided to proceed to Fish Lake. We could choose between three ways. The way least troublesome was to retrace our steps down into the valley of the East Fork of Sevier River, follow this down to the reservoir and then up the Grass Valley to the base of the Fish Lake Plateau, but this way meant two extra days of travel. The shortest way led north along the edge of the plateau, but there was only one place where water could be had ; if we should miss the little spring at the head of Dry Wash, or find it dry, we should have to go without water for two days. The third way was to go northeast to Bean or Antelope Spring, from there to Loa, in the Rabbit Valley and from there to Fish Lake. We selected the route last mentioned and were told to take the right hand trails and keep well towards the east. We did this so well that we missed Bean Springs, passing east thereof, and had to ride the whole day without water. Late in the evening we reached the Rabbit Valley, near Thurber, seven miles southeast of Loa, and late at night the following day we reached Fish Lake which is situated about 10,000 feet above the sea. The collecting around the lake and along the brooks running into the same was fairly good, that on the Fish Lake Plateau, was fair on the east side but very poor on the west side. Sheep are not allowed here, it being a forest reserve, but some herders had 164 violated the law and one of the rangers of the reserve, whom we met a few days later, told us that two of the sheep owners had to answer before the courts for their trespasses. From Fish Lake we moved into the valley of Seven Mile Creek, camping at the base of Mt. Marvin. We climbed this mountain but found scarcely anything to collect, the upper half being bare rocks and large fields of broken lava. We intended to visit two other neighboring mountains, but were discouraged by the poor luck we had here, and proceeded to Richfield, the nearest railroad station. Here I took the train to Marysvale to settle our accounts. The following day we took the train for Nephi, which is situated near the foot of Mt. Nebo. Although the mountain is only a little over 12,000 feet, it seems much higher, rising abruptly from a valley not 5,000 feet above the sea. Knowing from experience that the side facing the valley as a rule is much poorer botanically than the opposite side, we secured a horse and buggy, drove about twelve miles around the southern end of the mountain and up into a canon on the east side. We started the climbing of the mountain about eleven o'clock and Mr. Carlton reached the top about five o'clock P. M. I being in speaking distance below, asked him if he found anything of interest where he was. His answer being that there were no plants different from those where I was, we decided to return so that we could reach the bottom of the canon before dark. We had climbed the mountain along some ridges, and now made the descent following a little stream ; this soon entered a steep canon, and made more than a dozen waterfalls from twenty to forty feet high, making the journey very perilous. A peculiarity of the flora of Mt. Nebo was that we did not find more than one truly alpine plant, although the mountain reached more than a thousand feet above timber- line. The flora consisted mostly in species of Eriogonum, Erigeron, Artemisia, Lupinus, Macronema and other plants characteristic of the plains, foot- hills and lower mountains. Even the sage brush reached here an altitude of nearly 10,000 feet. As it now was very near the time when I had to return to New York, we did not think it advisable to undertake to visit 165 any other mountain, but returned to Salt Lake City. Here I stayed only one day to arrange our affairs, and returned to New York. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr E. J. Durand, of Cornell University, was at the Garden during two weeks in September, carrying on some special work on Fungi. Dr. B. E. Livingston, of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, spent September at the Garden upon some investigations of the effect of water of swamps and bogs upon the growth of plants. Professor McCloskey, of Princeton University, spent a few days at the Garden during the last month consulting the library. Mr. Perley Spaulding, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C, spent a few days at the Garden in the latter part of September, in an examination of the Polyporaceae. The total precipitation in the Garden during September, 1905, amounted to 6.09 inches. Maximum temperatures of 840 on the 10th, 83" on the 13th, 840 on the 22d, and 890 on the 30th, were observed; also minima of 60" on the 2d, 53.5° on the 10th, 42° on the 15th, 470 on the 24th, and 370 on the 27th. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY 15 TO SEPTEMBER 23. BECK VON MANNAGETTA, GUNTHER RITTER. Flora von Bosnien der Herzegowina und des Sandzaks Novipazar. I. Wien, 1904. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) BECK VON MANNAGETTA, GUNTHER RITTER. Grundriss der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreiches. 2d edition. Wien, 1905. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) Broteria. Vol. I. Lisboa, 1902. BURR, FEARING, JR, The field and garden. Boston, 1865. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) CHRISTENSEN, CARL. Index filicum. Fasciculus 1- 3. Hafniae, 1905. CLEMENTS, FREDERIC EDWARD. Research methods in ecology. Lincoln, 1905. 166 CONZATTI, C. Losgeneros vegetates Mexicanos. Vol. I . Mexico, 1903- 5. DANA, SAMUEL L. A muck manual for farmers. 5th ed. New York, 1855. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) DARLINGTON, WILLIAM. American weeds and useful plants. 2d ed. New York, 1859. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) DELAGE, IVES. Uhirediti. Paris, 1903. DES CARS, A. Tree pruning. Translated from the seventh French edition, by Charles S. Sargent. London, 1893. EASTWOOD, ALICE. A handbook of the trees of California. San Francisco, 1905. ( Given by the author.) FLINT, CHARLES L. Grasses and forage plants. Boston, 1867. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) Gardening. London, 1880- 1892. 13 vols. GARVENS, WILHELM. Kaffee, Kultur, Handel und Bereitung im Produktions-iandc. Hannover, 1905. GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON. Our native orchids with descriptive text elaborated from the author's notes, by Helena Leeming Jelliffe. New York, 1905. GRAY, ASA. Field, forest and garden botany. New York, 1869. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) GRAY, ASA. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Fifth revised edition. New York, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) GRAY, ASA. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. Fourth revised edition. New York, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HALLIER, HANS. Neue Schlaglichter auf das natiirliche System der Dikotyle-donen. Gera- Untermhaus, 1905. HENDERSON, PETER. Garden and farm topics. New York, 1884. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOLE, S. REYNOLDS. A book about roses. Third edition. Edinburgh and London, 1870. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOOPES, JOSIAH. The book of evergreens. New York ( 1868). ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) HOSACK, DAVID. Outline of the Linnean System; arranged for the use of the students of Rutgers Medical College. New York, no date. ( Given by Miss Vail.) INDEX KEWENSIS. Supplemento secundum : Leucocoryne- Zygostates et emendanda addenda. Oxonii, 1905. IRELAND. Official guide to the Northern Counties. { Botany by R. Lloyd Praeger.) Fifth edition, Belfast, 1905. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) JOHNSON, SAMUEL W. HOW crops grow. New York ( 1868). ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) LISTER, ARTHUR. Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department of Botany, British Museum [ Natural History}. Second edition. London, 1905. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) LONG, ELIAS A. Ornamental gardening for Americans. New York, 1893. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) MARTIUS, HEINRICH VON. Prodromusfloraes Mosquensis. Editio altera. Lipsiae, 1817. 167 MARTIUS, K. F. P H . VON. Die Pfianzen und Thiere des tropischen America. Miinchen, 1831. MASSEE, G., & CROSSLAND, C The fungus- flora of Yorkshire. London, 1905. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) MIQUEL, F. A. W. Systema Piperacearum 1- 2. Roterdami, 1843- 4. Our farm of four acres. From the twelfth London edition. New York, 1865. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) PETERSON, MAUDE GRIDLEY. HOW to know the wild fruits. New York, 1905. POTONIE, H. Die flora des Rothleigenden von Thiiringen. Berlin, 1903. Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, J8g6- i8gg. Reports. Vol. 8. Botany. Parts /- j. Princeton and Stuttgart, 1903- 5. ( Given by the author.) 3 vols. ROBINSON, W. The parks, promenades and gardens of Paris. London, 1869. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) SMITH, J. J. Die Orchideen von Java [ Flora von Buitenzorg, Vol. 6.) Leiden, 1905. SMITH, WORTHINGTON G. Guide to Sowerby's models of British Fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum [ Natural History"). London, 1889. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) STEFFEN, JUAN. Viages i estudios en la region hidrografica del Rio Pueblo. Santiago de Chile, 1S98. THOMAS, J. T- Rural affairs ; a practical and copiously illustrated register of rural economy and rural taste. Albany, 1876- 1881. 9 vols. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) TREVIRANUS, LUDOLF CHRISTIAN. Physiologie der Gezvachse. Bonn, 1835- 8. 2 vols. TWINING, ELIZABETH. The plant world. London, 1866. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) VAUX, CALVERT. Villas and cottages. New York, 1864. ( Given by Mr. Martin Eiche.) - 3 J u Q w ( X < Q D 5 si w CQ w flDembers of tbe Corporation. PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, WM. L. BROWN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER, WM. G. CHOATE, HON. EDWARD COOPER, CHAS. F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEO. W. MYERS, GEO. M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WM. ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WM. D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, HON. HENRY N. TIFFT, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEO. W. VANDERBILT, WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy; £ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - f- 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii - f- 204 pp. Vol. Ill, 1902, viii- f- 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii - f- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- j- 242 pp. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, # 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896- 1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- 1903. Vol. Ill, No. 9, 174 pp., 15 plates, 1903; No. 10, 114 pp., 1903; No. 11, 174 pp., 15 plates with index and table of contents of volume. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 pp. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in thirty volumes. Each volume to consist of four parts or more. Subscription price $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. ( Not offered in exchange.) Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22d, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, gi. 00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book and including descriptions of 163 new species, ix -|- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's extensive researches together with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal morphological features are illustrated, xvi - f- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5-°° Per volume. Vol. I. Inclusive of Nos. 1- 25, vi- f 400 pp. 35 figures in the text and 34 plates. Vol. II. Nos. 26- 50, vi - f- 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 18 plates. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. No. 63. Chemical stimulation of a green alga, by Dr. B. E. Livingston. No. 64. The occurrence and origin of amber in eastern United States by Dr. Arthur Hollick. No. 65. The Polyporaceae of North America— X. Agaricus, Lenzites, Cerrena, and Favolus, by Dr. \ V. A. Murrill. No. 66. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora— XIV, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. No. 67. Phycological Studies— I. New Chlorophyceae from Florida and the Bahamas, by Dr. M. A. Howe. No. 68. Bryological Notes— II, by Elizabeth G. Britton. AH subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK Citf |
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