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Vol. VII JUNE, 1906 No, 78 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL First Assistant CONTENTS PAGE A serious Chestnut Disease l^ The first Decade of the Garden J54 A large Oak struck by Lightning * 54 The Garden and the Public Schools ' 56 First Grant from the Students' Research Fund i57 Notes, News and Comment ' 58 Accessions , . 160 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUBBN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BV THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I C E R S , 1 9 0 6 . PRESIDENT— D. 0. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D O F M A N A G E R S , 1. E L E C T E D MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. E X - O F F I C I O MANAGERS. T H E PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. MOSES HERRMAN. T H E MAYOR OF T H E CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR*. PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR. G A R D E N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator. ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories. ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. V I I . June, 1906. No. 8. A SERIOUS CHESTNUT DISEASE. A serious disease of our native chestnut, which threatens the extinction of this valuable tree in and about New York City, was brought to my attention last summer by Mr. H. W. Merkel, of the New York Zoological Park, and has been under investigation here since that time. The immense number of dead and dying chestnut trees in the Zoological Park first caused Mr. Merkel to suspect the presence of a destructive fungus. The ravages of this fungus among the young chestnut trees of the nursery were later observed by him and the trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, a treatment afterwards administered to the larger trees in the Zoological Park. The same disease has been found to exist among the chestnuts of New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, and it is probable that the death of the chestnut in the lowlands of Alabama and Georgia, as noted by Mohr and Small, is largely due to this agency. Inquiries from various sources regarding the disease and the hope that suggestions made now may be of service during the present season have led me to publish at this time a preliminary account of the disease, reserving a more technical and detailed description for a later paper. Pure cultures from affected chestnut sprouts in the Botanical Garden were made last autumn, and transferred to agar, bean stems, and sterilized chestnut twigs; on all of which the fungus grew rapidly and fruited abundantly. Living chestnut twigs 143 144 FIG. 13. Three generations of the fungus, on sterilized bean stems. FIG. 14. Cultures of the fungus on sterilized chestnut branches, some with the cortex wholly or partially removed. 1411 placed under belljars with one end of the twig in water were then infected and the growth of the fungus watched, as preliminary to field infections. These latter were made on a number of young chestnut trees in the propagating houses of the Garden as soon as growth commenced in the spring, experiments with dormant trees being carefully avoided. As the preliminary experiments had led me to expect, the actively growing fungus, when transferred from bean stems to the branches of the young trees, attacked them with vigor and soon caused their death by girdling. The progress of the disease in infections through natural causes was observed in young trees transferred from the nursery of the Zoological Park and numerous older infected trees throughout Bronx Park. In all of these the fungus was found exceedingly active at the beginning of the season of growth, before the opening buds were able to use the large quantity of nourishment at hand. The fungus works beneath the cortex in the layers of inner bark and cambium. Its presence is first indicated by the death of the cortex and the change of its color to a pale brown, resembling that of a dead leaf. Later the fruiting pustules push up through the lenticels and give the bark a rough, warty appearance ; and from these numerous yellowish- brown pustules millions of minute summer spores emerge from day to day in elongated reddish- brown masses, to be disseminated by the wind and other agencies, such as insects, birds, squirrels, etc. In late autumn the winter spores are formed, which are disseminated from the dead branches the following spring. When grown in artificial cultures, the mycelium of the fungus is at first pure white, changing to yellow with age, and the fruiting pustules are a beautiful yellow. Winter spores sown November 27 on agar and transferred to bean stems showed young pustules on December 8 and mature spores in process of discharge by December 17. Cultures transferred to sterilized chestnut twigs developed with equal rapidity, while those remaining on agar were'considerably slower. Mycelium inserted beneath the bark of living chestnut twigs on December 13 developed a prominent spore- mass by December 27. Inoculations 147 ? IG. 15. Cultures of the fungus in sterilized and living chestnut branches. The central shows a large mass of yellow mycelium grown on the moist, cut surface of a living branch, igure to the right shows fruiting pustules arising from mycelium introduced beneath the of a living branch. On the left is an enlarged view of numerous pustules grown on steri-chestnut. 148 of growing mycelium into living trees in the propagating houses caused the death of infected branches and produced abundant fruit in from four to six weeks. One or two of these young trees appeared to be able to resist infection altogether, and a few of the older trees in the Garden are apparently immune, at least when in vigorous health. In its effect on the host, this fungus may be classed with the most destructive parasites ; the parts attacked being so vital and FIG. 16. Fruiting pustules and spore masses from chestnut cultures, X l 6 - A- Stages in the development of the pustules. B, C, D. Various forms of spore discharge in a moist atmosphere. 149 17. Young chestnut trees at the propagating houses inoculated with the fungus in various ays. A dead branch which has been killed by girdling is shown on the extreme left. 150 the attack so vigorous that young trees often succumb in one or two years, and older ones soon lose branches of such size that the vigor of the entire tree is materially impaired and its beauty and usefulness practically destroyed. It is not the primary effect of the fungus on the living tissues of the tree, widespread as this effect often is, that causes the greatest damage ; but the secondary effect of this injury on the remaining portions of the trunk or branch affected ; for it is the habit of the entering mycelium to proceed in a circle about the affected portion until it is completely girdled. This girdling habit is due to the stoppage of the circulation up and down the stem at the infected point and the growth of the mycelium toward the current of water and food supply, which is more and more deflected by the invading fungus until finally cut off altogether. This is well shown in Fig. 19, which represents a portion of a young tree being girdled by the fungus, viewed from three different, directions. The fungus entered in 1905 through an undressed pruning wound, and grew nearly half- way around the trunk during last season. The first week in May, 1906, when the weather was warm and moist and the inner bark full of food, the mycelium began to grow again, and by May 11 it had covered that part of the trunk indicated by the light area in the figure. On May 15 the two growing borders had united and the girdling was apparently complete ; though death did not ensue for several days, on account of tissues lying next to the sapwood that still remained uninjured. At this time the leaves of the opening buds were scarcely an inch in length; too young to have made use of much of the nutriment stored in the stem. When the tips of branches are affected, the progress of the disease is of necessity slow, since the affected area is small and the food supply scanty. On the other hand, the base of the young tree is a point of special danger, since the abundance of moisture and food it supplies facilitates the speedy growth of the fungus and thus endangers the life of the entire tree. The way in which the fungus in question first enters a chestnut tree is at present largely a matter of conjecture. Twigs, sprouts, nursery trees, branches of various sizes, and trunks a foot or 151 nore in diameter have been found infected, apparently irrespec-ive of their size or position. So far as field observations show, : he fungus might enter wherever a spore happened to find a rest-ng place. All of my experiments, however, have failed to introduce the fungus into a branch while the thin brown layer of rortex remained intact ; though it readily entered when this was scraped off or punctured. As the fungus does not attack the eaves, I was not surprised when repeated attempts failed to ntroduce the disease into green twigs, where, although no cortex s present, the quality of the food and the character of the bark .8. A nearer view is here given of the dead branch mentioned under Fig. I , . The fungus was roduced by scraping off the cortex and applying active mycelium grown on bean stems. s evidently not suited to its development. The present supposition is, therefore, that infection takes place only through wounds; sr, possibly, through the lenticels. Wounds are, unfortunately, only too frequent, especially in the : ase of a tender, rapidly- growing tree like the chestnut, which 152 has the additional misfortune of attracting lumbermen and nut-gatherers. If it escapes winter injuries to its trunk, the spring storms are sure to break the smaller branches and abrade the surfaces of the larger limbs ; if it is not disfigured by the green fly and twig- borer during summer, it is sure to be mutilated by FIG. 19. The trunk of an infected nursery tree, shown natural size. A, B and C are views from different directions. The point of infection in each view is shown at a, the area killed by the fungus last year at b, and the development early in May of this year at c. Three days after this figure was drawn the girdling was complete. savage hordes of small boys in autumn. Even the ubiquitous squirrel may spread the disease with tooth and claw while cutting off ripe burs and racing up and down the trunks ; while every bird and insect that rests upon an infected spot is liable to carry the spores upon its feet or body to other trees. Mice, voles and rabbits often make wounds about the base of a tree and carry the spores in their fur. All during the growing season spores are being developed in countless numbers, and these are liable to fall into even the slightest abrasions of the bark and germinate. The treatment of a disease of this nature must, of course, be almost entirely preventive. When once allowed to enter, it cannot be reached by poisons applied externally, nor can the spores, which issue continuously and abundantly through erup- 153 ions in the bark, be rendered innocuous by any coating applied tt intervals. On the other hand, no poisonous wash, even hough covering every part of the tree, can prevent the germi-lation of the disseminated spores when they fall into a wound, : ince the wound opens up fresh tissues unprotected by the aoison. The spraying of young trees with copper sulfate solution, or strong Bordeaux mixture, in the spring before the buds open night be of advantage in killing the spores that have found lodg-nent among the branches during the winter, but the real efficacy af this treatment is so doubtful that it could not be recommended " or large trees, where the practical difficulties and expense of ipplying it are much increased. Nursery trees should be pruned Df all affected branches as soon as they are discovered, and the rounds carefully dressed with tar or paint or other suitable substance. Vigilance and care should largely control the disease imong young trees. With older trees all dead and infected wood should be cut out and burned and all wounds covered without delay. Particular attention should be paid to water, soil ind other conditions of culture affecting the vitality of the tree; since anything that impairs its health renders it less able to resist ungus attack. It is possible that the conspicuous ravages of the disease about New York City are largely due to the severe and prolonged winter of i903-' 04, during which many trees of various kinds were killed or injured. The chestnut is peculiar, moreover, in ts power to sprout from the stump almost indefinitely, and most af the trees now existing in this region are descendants of trees : ut for lumber many decades ago. This repeated coppicing can-lot fail at length to impair the vigor of each new generation of iprouts and render them peculiarly liable to speedy infection and rigorous attack. W. A. MURRILL. 154 THE FIRST DECADE OF THE GARDEN. On the afternoon of May 23, 1906, the Torrey Botanical Club held a special meeting at the museum building in honor of the tenth anniversary of the commencement of work in the development of the New York Botanical Garden, planting having been commenced in the spring of 1896. The program consisted of an illustrated lecture by the President of the Club, Dr. Henry H. Rusby, who is also a member of the Board of Managers of the Garden, on " The History of Botany in New York City." The lecturer presented a historical sketch of the development of botany in the city of New York, giving special attention to the history of local botanical gardens, of the botanical department of Columbia University, and of the Torrey Botanical Club. The earliest local work related to the botanical gardens of Colden, Michaux, and Hosack, and to the publication of local catalogues and floras. The second period was that of text- books, manuals, and other educational works. Out of the associations resulting from local work, the Torrey Botanical Club developed so gradually that it was impossible to fix the date of its actual beginning. Portraits of its early members were exhibited, and brief biographical sketches presented. Out of the activity of the Club, and of the botanical department of Columbia University, grew the demand for a great botanical garden, which was satisfied by the establishment of the present New York Botanical Garden. The contemporary botanical forces at work in the city were briefly described, and their most important present needs outlined. The complete address will be published in Torreya for June, 1906. After the lecture an informal reception was held in the library, followed by an inspection of the laboratories, library, herbaria, and the museum and greenhouse exhibits. C. STUART GAGER. A LARGE OAK STRUCK BY LIGHTNING. During the first thunderstorm of the season, which occurred on April 21, the largest pin oak ( Quercus palustris) within the Garden was struck and cannot recover from the damage which 155 it suffered. The tree stands a few hundred feet southeast of the eastern end of the long stone bridge across the valley of the Bronx River, in the portion of the grounds set aside for the arboretum, and just south of the main driveway now approaching completion. In developing the general plan of the grounds this driveway was located in position and grade especially with reference to the preservation of this tree, and it is a great disappointment that we must lose it. The trunk is forked about 15 feet above the base, and the lightning shock has split this fork FIG. 20. Quercus palustris struck by lightning. deeply and loosened the bark from the ground to a height ot about 25 feet; the energy of the discharge hurled large pieces of bark to a distance of 40 feet from the tree, and plowed up the ground on all sides of it along the larger roots. The general effect of the lightning stroke is shown in the photograph herewith reproduced. During the development of the garden, a number of trees have been killed by lightning, which does not seem to be particular as 156 to what kind it selects, as it has already included a tulip tree, a chestnut, a hemlock, an American elm, and now a pin oak, and none of those which have been struck have recovered from the destruction, which is not at all confined to bark and outer layers, but apparently affects the entire trunk. N. L. BRITTON. THE GARDEN AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In the spring of 1905 the experiment was tried of utilizing the advantages of the garden in correlation with the nature study work of the public schools in New York City. A course of two lectures and demonstrations on the nature study of grade 4B, and a course of three lectures and demonstrations on the nature study of grade 5B were given by the Director- in- Chief and other members of the garden staff, as described in the garden JOURNAL for June, 1905. The course was repeated in the fall of 1905, and the plan proved so successful that it was decided to continue the work this spring. The lectures were given in the lecture hall of the museum building under the auspices of the Board of Education. The lectures to grade 5B were given by Dr. W. A. Murrill, on " Woody Plants and Plants Without Wood — The Protection of Trees in Cities"; Dr. Henry H. Rusby, on " Industries Depending on Forests. Plant Products" ; and by Dr. N. L. Britton, on " Classification of Plants." The lectures to grade 4B were by Mr. George V. Nash, on " The Cultivation of Plants " ; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, on " Seedless Plants." The classes assembled from the various schools of the Bronx Borough in charge of their teachers, and the audiences numbered from 450 to 850. After the lectures the pupils were divided into convenient groups, each under the charge of a guide and demonstrator, and the topics treated of in the lectures were further illustrated and enforced by study of the museum collections, and of the living plants in the greenhouses, and out of doors, in the forest and plantations. 157 These lectures and demonstrations have served to give to pupils in a crowded city a close contact with nature, and a breadth of view and inspiration such as could never be obtained under the more restricted conditions of the class room alone. C. STUART GAGER. FIRST GRANT FROM THE STUDENTS' RESEARCH FUND. Under an appropriation made by the Board of Managers at the annual meeting held last January, a grant of $ 150 has been made to Mr. Charles Budd Robinson from the accumulated income of the Students' Research Fund for the purpose of enabling him to complete his monograph of the North American species of the genus Chara, or brittleworts. These interesting plants, which have been little studied in America, inhabit fresh water and brackish ponds and slow flow.- ing streams, being entirely submerged, and thus quite unknown to most people. Many of them are very beautiful, however, and make interesting subjects for aquaria, though the offensive odor of some prevents this usage. Many of them absorb a great deal of lime from the waters in which they grow, and inasmuch as some ponds are very densely occupied by the plants, considerable thicknesses of carbonate of lime become deposited. Mr. Robinson's studies show that a much larger number of species inhabit North America than has previously been supposed, and several of those studied by him are new to science. The collection which has formed the basis of his work was accumulated by the late Dr. Timothy Field Allen, and presented by him to the garden in 1901 ( see JOURNAL 2: 52- 54). Considerable additions have been made to this collection during the studies of Mr. Robinson and it is one of the most complete in the world. Mr. Robinson has been a student at the garden for parts of three years, and during portions of his time with us has held one of the scholarships provided by the Board of Managers. He is a graduate of Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia, and continued his studies at Cambridge University, England. During his residence 15S in New York he has been a registered candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University, and this degree was awarded him at the commencement ceremonies on June 13, this monograph of Chara being accepted as his dissertation. It is published in the BULLETIN of the Garden, 4 : 244. 1906. N. L. BRITTON. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Construction work is proceeding this spring at a number of points north and east of the museum building. The Mosholu Parkway approach is now nearly completed, the driveway and paths at that point only requiring surfacing with broken stone and screenings already ordered, and the use of a steam roller for a few days ; the main east and west park driveway leading from this approach around the valley of the lakes and across the long bridge over the valley of the Bronx is in the same advanced stage of completion, also needing only its final surfacing. The gap in the border screen along the railroad at the end of the valley of the lakes has been closed by regulating and grading, and the planting of a heavy belt of conifers and deciduous trees and shrubs, and considerable planting has been done at both sides of the Mosholu Parkway approach. At the approach to the Woodlawn Road entrance, the filling for the driveway is still in progress, and nearly completed, and stone for the telford foundation is being assembled there, though it will be best to give this fill considerable more time for settling before paving this road ; the path connection of this entrance to the south has been completed and much planting of shrubs effected along it, and also throughout the fruticetum. At the lake bridge, just east of the museum building, much additional filling and grading has been done, and the paths leading to this bridge both from north and south are under construction ; this work has necessitated the letting off" of the water in both lakes for a time. The filling for the path approaches to the long bridge has been completed and these paths can be laid up within a few months. 159 Work is also going forward on the' telford foundations of the driveway along the east side of the Bronx River to complete the road connection between the east end of the long bridge and the Newell Avenue entrance at the north end of the garden. In addition to these larger works, a great deal of topsoiling and planting has been done during the spring at a number of points. All the earth and stone required in this grading and path and road building has been taken from the necessary excavations at the rear of the museum building. The sixth annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York was held at the garden on May 9, and the exhibition continued the next day. Dr. N. L. Britton delivered an illustrated lecture on " Horticulture in the West Indies." An important proposition came before the Council' of the Society relative to organizing a conference on " Hardiness and Acclimatization," to be held in the autumn of 1907.* Professor Howard J. Banker, of De Pauw University, is spending a portion of the summer vacation at the garden, working on the herbarium collection of the Hydnaceae, with special attention to the resupinate forms. Professor Banker was given the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Columbia University at the commencement in June. His thesis, entitled, " A Contribution to the Revision of the North American Hydnaceae," is devoted to the pileate forms. The thesis is published as Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 12, no. 2. The Hydnaceae are an interesting family of fungi. The total precipitation at the garden for May was 4.61 - f inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 77° on the 5th, 89" on the 13th, 900 on the 18th, and 87° on the 24th. Also minimum temperatures of 40.5 ° on the 4th, 36.5 ° on the 10th, 42.5 ° on the 21 st, 43 ° on the 22d, and 44.5° on the 30th. * The sixth summer meeting and exhibition was held at the Garden on June 13 and 14. Mr. Geo. T. Powell lectured on " The Importance of Selection in Propagating Plants." 160 ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 26 TO JUNE 1. American men of science. Edited by J. McKeen Cattell. New York, 1906. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) ARCANGELI, GIOVANNI. Compendia della flora Italiana. Edizione seconda. Torino, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BABINGTON, C. C. Manual of British bo'any. Eighth edition, London, 1881. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BENTHAM, GEORGE. Handbook of the British flora. Sixth edition, revised by Sir J. D. Hooker. London, 1896. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BOSE, JAGADIS CHUNDER. Plant response as a means of physiological investigation. New York and Bombay, 1906. BRAITHWAITE, R. The British moss- flora. London, 1880- 1905. 3 vols. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) Bulletin d'arboriculture, de floriculture et de culture potagire. Gand, 1865- 1905. 40 vols. CAMPBELL, D. H. Elements of structural and systematic botany. Boston, 1891. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) CARMEL, T. L'erborista Italiano. Pisa, 1883. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) DIXON, H. N., and JAMESON, H. I. The student's handbook of British mosses. London, 1896. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) DOUIN, ISIDORE. Nouvelle flore des mousses et des hipatiques. Paris, 1892. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) ELLIOTT, WILLIAM. The Washington guide. Washington City, 1837. FITCH, W. H., & SMITH, W. G. Illustrations of the British flora. Fourth edition. London, 1897. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) 4 Gartenflora. Erlangen, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1853- 1902. 51 vols. GoDRON, D. A. Recherches expirimentales sur Phybriditi dans le rlgne vtgital. Nancy, 1863. GREENE, EDWARD LEE. Manual of the botany of the region of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) GREGORY, EMILY. A scientist's confession of faith. New York, 1896. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) GREMLI, A. The flora of Switzerland. Translated from the fifth edition by Leonard W. Pailson. Zurich, 1888. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) HEAPE, WALTER. The breeding industry, its value to the country and its needs. Cambridge, 1906. HERTWIG, OSCAR. " Algemeine Biologie. Jena, 1906. JOHANNSEN, W. Das Aether- Verfahren beim Fruhtreiben mit besonderer Beriick-sichtigung der Fliedertreiberei. Jena, 1906. KoNIG, J. Die Untersuchung landwirtschaftlich und gewerblich wichtiger Stoffe. Dritte Auflage. Berlin, 1906. LOEB, JACQUES. The dynamics of living matter. New York, 1906. MAYR, HEINRICH. Fremdlandische Wall und Parkbdume fiir Europa. Berlin, 1906. MORAES NELLO. Phytographia. Rio de Janiro, 1S81. ( Deposited by^ the Trustees of Columbia University.) 161 MURBECK, Sv. Contributions a la connaissance de la flore du Nord- ouest de VAfrique et plus sptcialement de la Tunisic. Deuxieme serie. Lund, 1905. ( Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) OUDEMANS, C. A. J. A., & VRIES, H. DE. Leerboek der plantenkunde. Haarlem, 1895- 6. 3 vols. PARDO DE TAVERA, T. H. Biblioteca Filipina. Washington, 1903. ( Given by the Library of Congress.) PFEFFER, W. I he physiology of plants. Second edition. Vol. 3. Oxford, 1906. Pharmacopoeia nosocomii Neo- Eboracensis : or, the pharmacopoeia of the New York Hospital. New York, 1816. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) POULSEN, V. A. Botanical micro- chemistry. Translated by William Trelease. Bostcn, 1886. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) PULLE, A. An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together with their distribution and synonymy. Leiden, 1906. RADDI, GUISEPI'E. Plantarum Brasiliensium nova genera et species novae, vel minus cognitae. Florentiae, 1825. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) RATTAN, VOLNEY. A popular California flora or, manual of botany for beginners. Eighth revised edition. San Francisco, 1892. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke). Roses and how lo grow them. New York, 1906. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) SCHLEIDEN, M. J. Die Pflanze und ihr Leben. Ed. 5. Leipzig, 1858. ( Given by the Trustees of Columbia University.) SEDDING, JOHN D. Garden- craft old and new. London, ICOI. ( By exchange with Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) STOKES, ALFRED C. Microscopy for beginners. New York, 1887. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) Ihe cultivator. Second edition. Vols. 1- 4. Albany, 1838. 2 vols. TORREY, JOHN. Monograph of North American Cyperaceae. New York, 1836* ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) USTERI, ALFRED. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Philipfinen und ihrer Vegetation, mit Ausblicken auf Nachbargebiete. Zurich, 1905. VEITCH, JAMES H. Hortus Veitchii. London, 1906. ( Given by the author.) VIDAL Y S01. ER, S. Memoria sobre los montes dc Filipinas. Madrid, 1874. Voyages to the Madeira, and Leeward Caribbean Isles: with sketches of the natural history of these islands, by Maria R. . . . Edinburgh, 1792. VRIES, HUGO DE. De voeding der platen. Haarlem, 1886. VRIES, HUGO DE. Het leven der bloem. Haarlem, 1900. VRIES, HUGO DE. Oorsprong en bevruchting der blocmen. Amsterdam, 1904. VRIES, HUGO DE. Over veredelde landbouwplanten. Amsterdam, 1899. VRIES, HUGO DE. Zaaien en planten. Haarlem, 1899. WARMING, EUG. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Berlin, 1890. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) WEISMAN, AUGUST. Essays upon heredity aud kindred biological problems. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1901. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) WEISMAN, AUGUST. The evolution theory. Translated by J. Arthur Thomson and Margaret R. Thompson, London, 1904. 2 vols. WIESNER, JULIUS. Biologie der Pflcmzen. Zweite Auflage. Wien, 1902. WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Eludes de systematique et de geographic botaniques sur la flore duBas- eldu Moycn- Congo. Vol. I, fasc. 3. Bruxelles, 1905. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 162 WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Les phanerogames des terres Magellaniques. Anvers, 1905. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM, MAV, 1906. 162 specimens of marine algae from various localities. ( By exchange with Mr. F. S. Collins.) 6 specimens of sedges from Florida. ( By exchange with the Ames Botanical Laboratory.) 25 specimens from Bermuda. ( Byexchange with Mr. A. H. Moore.) 1 specimen of Tillaea erecta from Arizona, ( Given by Prof. J. J. Thornber.) 269 specimens from Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 1 specimen of Obolaria Virginica from Arkansas. ( Given by Mrs. M. L. Stevenson. ) 3,167 specimens from the Philippine Islands. ( By exchange with the Bureau of Government Laboratories.) 140 specimens from British America. ( By exchange with the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.) 2 herbarium specimens of Crataegus from Ohio. ( By exchange with Mr. E. Wilkinson.) 42 specimens of Crataegus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. W. " VV. Eggleston.) 48 specimens of Crataegus from Long Island. ( Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) 162 specimens of ferns from the Philippine Islands. ( Given by Prof. E. B. Copeland.) 3 specimens from the United States and Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 61 specimens of ferns from Guatemala. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 8 specimens of ferns from South Dakota and Oregon. ( Given by Prof. J. F. Kemp.) 26 specimens from Colorado. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout.) 7 specimens from British Columbia. ( Given by Prof. Charles H. Shaw.) 2 specimens of Quercus from New York. ( Given by Mr. Clayton Ryder.) 1 specimen of Epipactis viridifora from Medina, New York. ( Given by Mr. L H. Weld.) 14 specimens from the Southern States. ( Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.) 3 specimens of Quercus Leana from Ohio. ( Given by Mr. C. G. Lloyd.) 1 specimen oi Juniperus Pinchoti. ( Given by the U. S. Forest Service.) flDembevs of tbe Corporation. PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, WILLIAM L. BROWN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, HON. EDWARD COOPER, CHARLES F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W, BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, WILLIAM H. S. DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, FRANCIS L. STETSON, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, J WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - f- 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii - f- 204 pp. Vol. Ill, 1902, viii - f- 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- f- 242 pp. Vol. VI, 1905, viii- L- 224 pp. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1S96- 1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- 1903. Vol. Ill, Nos. 9- 11, 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903- 1905. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 pp., 1905. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consisted four or more parts. Subscription price $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December IS, 1905, contains descriptions of the families Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton ; the Pteroste-monaceae by Dr. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae by Percy Wilson and the Phyllo-nomaceae by Dr. H. H. Rusby. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Vellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book, including descriptions of 163 new species, ix - f- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's extensive researches together with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal morphological features are illustrated, xvi - f- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5-°° Pe r volume. Vol. I. Nos. I- 25, vi -|- 400 pp. 35 figures in the text and 34 plates. Vol. 11. Nos. 26- 50, vi-(- 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 18 plates. Vol. I I I . Nos. 51- 75, vi-(- 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. No. So. Heredity and the Origin of Species, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. No. 81. Studies in Etiolation, by A. D. Selby. No. 82. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora — XVI, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1906-06 |
Description-Table Of Contents | A Serious Chestnut Disease; The first Decade of the Garden; A large Oak struck by Lightning; The Garden and the Public Schools First Grant from the Students' Research Fund; Notes, News and Comment; Accessions. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 7, no. 78 |
Type | text |
Transcript | Vol. VII JUNE, 1906 No, 78 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL First Assistant CONTENTS PAGE A serious Chestnut Disease l^ The first Decade of the Garden J54 A large Oak struck by Lightning * 54 The Garden and the Public Schools ' 56 First Grant from the Students' Research Fund i57 Notes, News and Comment ' 58 Accessions , . 160 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUBBN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BV THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY O F F I C E R S , 1 9 0 6 . PRESIDENT— D. 0. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D O F M A N A G E R S , 1. E L E C T E D MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. E X - O F F I C I O MANAGERS. T H E PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. MOSES HERRMAN. T H E MAYOR OF T H E CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR*. PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR. G A R D E N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator. ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories. ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. V I I . June, 1906. No. 8. A SERIOUS CHESTNUT DISEASE. A serious disease of our native chestnut, which threatens the extinction of this valuable tree in and about New York City, was brought to my attention last summer by Mr. H. W. Merkel, of the New York Zoological Park, and has been under investigation here since that time. The immense number of dead and dying chestnut trees in the Zoological Park first caused Mr. Merkel to suspect the presence of a destructive fungus. The ravages of this fungus among the young chestnut trees of the nursery were later observed by him and the trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, a treatment afterwards administered to the larger trees in the Zoological Park. The same disease has been found to exist among the chestnuts of New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, and it is probable that the death of the chestnut in the lowlands of Alabama and Georgia, as noted by Mohr and Small, is largely due to this agency. Inquiries from various sources regarding the disease and the hope that suggestions made now may be of service during the present season have led me to publish at this time a preliminary account of the disease, reserving a more technical and detailed description for a later paper. Pure cultures from affected chestnut sprouts in the Botanical Garden were made last autumn, and transferred to agar, bean stems, and sterilized chestnut twigs; on all of which the fungus grew rapidly and fruited abundantly. Living chestnut twigs 143 144 FIG. 13. Three generations of the fungus, on sterilized bean stems. FIG. 14. Cultures of the fungus on sterilized chestnut branches, some with the cortex wholly or partially removed. 1411 placed under belljars with one end of the twig in water were then infected and the growth of the fungus watched, as preliminary to field infections. These latter were made on a number of young chestnut trees in the propagating houses of the Garden as soon as growth commenced in the spring, experiments with dormant trees being carefully avoided. As the preliminary experiments had led me to expect, the actively growing fungus, when transferred from bean stems to the branches of the young trees, attacked them with vigor and soon caused their death by girdling. The progress of the disease in infections through natural causes was observed in young trees transferred from the nursery of the Zoological Park and numerous older infected trees throughout Bronx Park. In all of these the fungus was found exceedingly active at the beginning of the season of growth, before the opening buds were able to use the large quantity of nourishment at hand. The fungus works beneath the cortex in the layers of inner bark and cambium. Its presence is first indicated by the death of the cortex and the change of its color to a pale brown, resembling that of a dead leaf. Later the fruiting pustules push up through the lenticels and give the bark a rough, warty appearance ; and from these numerous yellowish- brown pustules millions of minute summer spores emerge from day to day in elongated reddish- brown masses, to be disseminated by the wind and other agencies, such as insects, birds, squirrels, etc. In late autumn the winter spores are formed, which are disseminated from the dead branches the following spring. When grown in artificial cultures, the mycelium of the fungus is at first pure white, changing to yellow with age, and the fruiting pustules are a beautiful yellow. Winter spores sown November 27 on agar and transferred to bean stems showed young pustules on December 8 and mature spores in process of discharge by December 17. Cultures transferred to sterilized chestnut twigs developed with equal rapidity, while those remaining on agar were'considerably slower. Mycelium inserted beneath the bark of living chestnut twigs on December 13 developed a prominent spore- mass by December 27. Inoculations 147 ? IG. 15. Cultures of the fungus in sterilized and living chestnut branches. The central shows a large mass of yellow mycelium grown on the moist, cut surface of a living branch, igure to the right shows fruiting pustules arising from mycelium introduced beneath the of a living branch. On the left is an enlarged view of numerous pustules grown on steri-chestnut. 148 of growing mycelium into living trees in the propagating houses caused the death of infected branches and produced abundant fruit in from four to six weeks. One or two of these young trees appeared to be able to resist infection altogether, and a few of the older trees in the Garden are apparently immune, at least when in vigorous health. In its effect on the host, this fungus may be classed with the most destructive parasites ; the parts attacked being so vital and FIG. 16. Fruiting pustules and spore masses from chestnut cultures, X l 6 - A- Stages in the development of the pustules. B, C, D. Various forms of spore discharge in a moist atmosphere. 149 17. Young chestnut trees at the propagating houses inoculated with the fungus in various ays. A dead branch which has been killed by girdling is shown on the extreme left. 150 the attack so vigorous that young trees often succumb in one or two years, and older ones soon lose branches of such size that the vigor of the entire tree is materially impaired and its beauty and usefulness practically destroyed. It is not the primary effect of the fungus on the living tissues of the tree, widespread as this effect often is, that causes the greatest damage ; but the secondary effect of this injury on the remaining portions of the trunk or branch affected ; for it is the habit of the entering mycelium to proceed in a circle about the affected portion until it is completely girdled. This girdling habit is due to the stoppage of the circulation up and down the stem at the infected point and the growth of the mycelium toward the current of water and food supply, which is more and more deflected by the invading fungus until finally cut off altogether. This is well shown in Fig. 19, which represents a portion of a young tree being girdled by the fungus, viewed from three different, directions. The fungus entered in 1905 through an undressed pruning wound, and grew nearly half- way around the trunk during last season. The first week in May, 1906, when the weather was warm and moist and the inner bark full of food, the mycelium began to grow again, and by May 11 it had covered that part of the trunk indicated by the light area in the figure. On May 15 the two growing borders had united and the girdling was apparently complete ; though death did not ensue for several days, on account of tissues lying next to the sapwood that still remained uninjured. At this time the leaves of the opening buds were scarcely an inch in length; too young to have made use of much of the nutriment stored in the stem. When the tips of branches are affected, the progress of the disease is of necessity slow, since the affected area is small and the food supply scanty. On the other hand, the base of the young tree is a point of special danger, since the abundance of moisture and food it supplies facilitates the speedy growth of the fungus and thus endangers the life of the entire tree. The way in which the fungus in question first enters a chestnut tree is at present largely a matter of conjecture. Twigs, sprouts, nursery trees, branches of various sizes, and trunks a foot or 151 nore in diameter have been found infected, apparently irrespec-ive of their size or position. So far as field observations show, : he fungus might enter wherever a spore happened to find a rest-ng place. All of my experiments, however, have failed to introduce the fungus into a branch while the thin brown layer of rortex remained intact ; though it readily entered when this was scraped off or punctured. As the fungus does not attack the eaves, I was not surprised when repeated attempts failed to ntroduce the disease into green twigs, where, although no cortex s present, the quality of the food and the character of the bark .8. A nearer view is here given of the dead branch mentioned under Fig. I , . The fungus was roduced by scraping off the cortex and applying active mycelium grown on bean stems. s evidently not suited to its development. The present supposition is, therefore, that infection takes place only through wounds; sr, possibly, through the lenticels. Wounds are, unfortunately, only too frequent, especially in the : ase of a tender, rapidly- growing tree like the chestnut, which 152 has the additional misfortune of attracting lumbermen and nut-gatherers. If it escapes winter injuries to its trunk, the spring storms are sure to break the smaller branches and abrade the surfaces of the larger limbs ; if it is not disfigured by the green fly and twig- borer during summer, it is sure to be mutilated by FIG. 19. The trunk of an infected nursery tree, shown natural size. A, B and C are views from different directions. The point of infection in each view is shown at a, the area killed by the fungus last year at b, and the development early in May of this year at c. Three days after this figure was drawn the girdling was complete. savage hordes of small boys in autumn. Even the ubiquitous squirrel may spread the disease with tooth and claw while cutting off ripe burs and racing up and down the trunks ; while every bird and insect that rests upon an infected spot is liable to carry the spores upon its feet or body to other trees. Mice, voles and rabbits often make wounds about the base of a tree and carry the spores in their fur. All during the growing season spores are being developed in countless numbers, and these are liable to fall into even the slightest abrasions of the bark and germinate. The treatment of a disease of this nature must, of course, be almost entirely preventive. When once allowed to enter, it cannot be reached by poisons applied externally, nor can the spores, which issue continuously and abundantly through erup- 153 ions in the bark, be rendered innocuous by any coating applied tt intervals. On the other hand, no poisonous wash, even hough covering every part of the tree, can prevent the germi-lation of the disseminated spores when they fall into a wound, : ince the wound opens up fresh tissues unprotected by the aoison. The spraying of young trees with copper sulfate solution, or strong Bordeaux mixture, in the spring before the buds open night be of advantage in killing the spores that have found lodg-nent among the branches during the winter, but the real efficacy af this treatment is so doubtful that it could not be recommended " or large trees, where the practical difficulties and expense of ipplying it are much increased. Nursery trees should be pruned Df all affected branches as soon as they are discovered, and the rounds carefully dressed with tar or paint or other suitable substance. Vigilance and care should largely control the disease imong young trees. With older trees all dead and infected wood should be cut out and burned and all wounds covered without delay. Particular attention should be paid to water, soil ind other conditions of culture affecting the vitality of the tree; since anything that impairs its health renders it less able to resist ungus attack. It is possible that the conspicuous ravages of the disease about New York City are largely due to the severe and prolonged winter of i903-' 04, during which many trees of various kinds were killed or injured. The chestnut is peculiar, moreover, in ts power to sprout from the stump almost indefinitely, and most af the trees now existing in this region are descendants of trees : ut for lumber many decades ago. This repeated coppicing can-lot fail at length to impair the vigor of each new generation of iprouts and render them peculiarly liable to speedy infection and rigorous attack. W. A. MURRILL. 154 THE FIRST DECADE OF THE GARDEN. On the afternoon of May 23, 1906, the Torrey Botanical Club held a special meeting at the museum building in honor of the tenth anniversary of the commencement of work in the development of the New York Botanical Garden, planting having been commenced in the spring of 1896. The program consisted of an illustrated lecture by the President of the Club, Dr. Henry H. Rusby, who is also a member of the Board of Managers of the Garden, on " The History of Botany in New York City." The lecturer presented a historical sketch of the development of botany in the city of New York, giving special attention to the history of local botanical gardens, of the botanical department of Columbia University, and of the Torrey Botanical Club. The earliest local work related to the botanical gardens of Colden, Michaux, and Hosack, and to the publication of local catalogues and floras. The second period was that of text- books, manuals, and other educational works. Out of the associations resulting from local work, the Torrey Botanical Club developed so gradually that it was impossible to fix the date of its actual beginning. Portraits of its early members were exhibited, and brief biographical sketches presented. Out of the activity of the Club, and of the botanical department of Columbia University, grew the demand for a great botanical garden, which was satisfied by the establishment of the present New York Botanical Garden. The contemporary botanical forces at work in the city were briefly described, and their most important present needs outlined. The complete address will be published in Torreya for June, 1906. After the lecture an informal reception was held in the library, followed by an inspection of the laboratories, library, herbaria, and the museum and greenhouse exhibits. C. STUART GAGER. A LARGE OAK STRUCK BY LIGHTNING. During the first thunderstorm of the season, which occurred on April 21, the largest pin oak ( Quercus palustris) within the Garden was struck and cannot recover from the damage which 155 it suffered. The tree stands a few hundred feet southeast of the eastern end of the long stone bridge across the valley of the Bronx River, in the portion of the grounds set aside for the arboretum, and just south of the main driveway now approaching completion. In developing the general plan of the grounds this driveway was located in position and grade especially with reference to the preservation of this tree, and it is a great disappointment that we must lose it. The trunk is forked about 15 feet above the base, and the lightning shock has split this fork FIG. 20. Quercus palustris struck by lightning. deeply and loosened the bark from the ground to a height ot about 25 feet; the energy of the discharge hurled large pieces of bark to a distance of 40 feet from the tree, and plowed up the ground on all sides of it along the larger roots. The general effect of the lightning stroke is shown in the photograph herewith reproduced. During the development of the garden, a number of trees have been killed by lightning, which does not seem to be particular as 156 to what kind it selects, as it has already included a tulip tree, a chestnut, a hemlock, an American elm, and now a pin oak, and none of those which have been struck have recovered from the destruction, which is not at all confined to bark and outer layers, but apparently affects the entire trunk. N. L. BRITTON. THE GARDEN AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In the spring of 1905 the experiment was tried of utilizing the advantages of the garden in correlation with the nature study work of the public schools in New York City. A course of two lectures and demonstrations on the nature study of grade 4B, and a course of three lectures and demonstrations on the nature study of grade 5B were given by the Director- in- Chief and other members of the garden staff, as described in the garden JOURNAL for June, 1905. The course was repeated in the fall of 1905, and the plan proved so successful that it was decided to continue the work this spring. The lectures were given in the lecture hall of the museum building under the auspices of the Board of Education. The lectures to grade 5B were given by Dr. W. A. Murrill, on " Woody Plants and Plants Without Wood — The Protection of Trees in Cities"; Dr. Henry H. Rusby, on " Industries Depending on Forests. Plant Products" ; and by Dr. N. L. Britton, on " Classification of Plants." The lectures to grade 4B were by Mr. George V. Nash, on " The Cultivation of Plants " ; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, on " Seedless Plants." The classes assembled from the various schools of the Bronx Borough in charge of their teachers, and the audiences numbered from 450 to 850. After the lectures the pupils were divided into convenient groups, each under the charge of a guide and demonstrator, and the topics treated of in the lectures were further illustrated and enforced by study of the museum collections, and of the living plants in the greenhouses, and out of doors, in the forest and plantations. 157 These lectures and demonstrations have served to give to pupils in a crowded city a close contact with nature, and a breadth of view and inspiration such as could never be obtained under the more restricted conditions of the class room alone. C. STUART GAGER. FIRST GRANT FROM THE STUDENTS' RESEARCH FUND. Under an appropriation made by the Board of Managers at the annual meeting held last January, a grant of $ 150 has been made to Mr. Charles Budd Robinson from the accumulated income of the Students' Research Fund for the purpose of enabling him to complete his monograph of the North American species of the genus Chara, or brittleworts. These interesting plants, which have been little studied in America, inhabit fresh water and brackish ponds and slow flow.- ing streams, being entirely submerged, and thus quite unknown to most people. Many of them are very beautiful, however, and make interesting subjects for aquaria, though the offensive odor of some prevents this usage. Many of them absorb a great deal of lime from the waters in which they grow, and inasmuch as some ponds are very densely occupied by the plants, considerable thicknesses of carbonate of lime become deposited. Mr. Robinson's studies show that a much larger number of species inhabit North America than has previously been supposed, and several of those studied by him are new to science. The collection which has formed the basis of his work was accumulated by the late Dr. Timothy Field Allen, and presented by him to the garden in 1901 ( see JOURNAL 2: 52- 54). Considerable additions have been made to this collection during the studies of Mr. Robinson and it is one of the most complete in the world. Mr. Robinson has been a student at the garden for parts of three years, and during portions of his time with us has held one of the scholarships provided by the Board of Managers. He is a graduate of Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia, and continued his studies at Cambridge University, England. During his residence 15S in New York he has been a registered candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University, and this degree was awarded him at the commencement ceremonies on June 13, this monograph of Chara being accepted as his dissertation. It is published in the BULLETIN of the Garden, 4 : 244. 1906. N. L. BRITTON. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Construction work is proceeding this spring at a number of points north and east of the museum building. The Mosholu Parkway approach is now nearly completed, the driveway and paths at that point only requiring surfacing with broken stone and screenings already ordered, and the use of a steam roller for a few days ; the main east and west park driveway leading from this approach around the valley of the lakes and across the long bridge over the valley of the Bronx is in the same advanced stage of completion, also needing only its final surfacing. The gap in the border screen along the railroad at the end of the valley of the lakes has been closed by regulating and grading, and the planting of a heavy belt of conifers and deciduous trees and shrubs, and considerable planting has been done at both sides of the Mosholu Parkway approach. At the approach to the Woodlawn Road entrance, the filling for the driveway is still in progress, and nearly completed, and stone for the telford foundation is being assembled there, though it will be best to give this fill considerable more time for settling before paving this road ; the path connection of this entrance to the south has been completed and much planting of shrubs effected along it, and also throughout the fruticetum. At the lake bridge, just east of the museum building, much additional filling and grading has been done, and the paths leading to this bridge both from north and south are under construction ; this work has necessitated the letting off" of the water in both lakes for a time. The filling for the path approaches to the long bridge has been completed and these paths can be laid up within a few months. 159 Work is also going forward on the' telford foundations of the driveway along the east side of the Bronx River to complete the road connection between the east end of the long bridge and the Newell Avenue entrance at the north end of the garden. In addition to these larger works, a great deal of topsoiling and planting has been done during the spring at a number of points. All the earth and stone required in this grading and path and road building has been taken from the necessary excavations at the rear of the museum building. The sixth annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York was held at the garden on May 9, and the exhibition continued the next day. Dr. N. L. Britton delivered an illustrated lecture on " Horticulture in the West Indies." An important proposition came before the Council' of the Society relative to organizing a conference on " Hardiness and Acclimatization," to be held in the autumn of 1907.* Professor Howard J. Banker, of De Pauw University, is spending a portion of the summer vacation at the garden, working on the herbarium collection of the Hydnaceae, with special attention to the resupinate forms. Professor Banker was given the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Columbia University at the commencement in June. His thesis, entitled, " A Contribution to the Revision of the North American Hydnaceae," is devoted to the pileate forms. The thesis is published as Memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 12, no. 2. The Hydnaceae are an interesting family of fungi. The total precipitation at the garden for May was 4.61 - f inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 77° on the 5th, 89" on the 13th, 900 on the 18th, and 87° on the 24th. Also minimum temperatures of 40.5 ° on the 4th, 36.5 ° on the 10th, 42.5 ° on the 21 st, 43 ° on the 22d, and 44.5° on the 30th. * The sixth summer meeting and exhibition was held at the Garden on June 13 and 14. Mr. Geo. T. Powell lectured on " The Importance of Selection in Propagating Plants." 160 ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 26 TO JUNE 1. American men of science. Edited by J. McKeen Cattell. New York, 1906. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) ARCANGELI, GIOVANNI. Compendia della flora Italiana. Edizione seconda. Torino, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BABINGTON, C. C. Manual of British bo'any. Eighth edition, London, 1881. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BENTHAM, GEORGE. Handbook of the British flora. Sixth edition, revised by Sir J. D. Hooker. London, 1896. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) BOSE, JAGADIS CHUNDER. Plant response as a means of physiological investigation. New York and Bombay, 1906. BRAITHWAITE, R. The British moss- flora. London, 1880- 1905. 3 vols. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) Bulletin d'arboriculture, de floriculture et de culture potagire. Gand, 1865- 1905. 40 vols. CAMPBELL, D. H. Elements of structural and systematic botany. Boston, 1891. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) CARMEL, T. L'erborista Italiano. Pisa, 1883. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) DIXON, H. N., and JAMESON, H. I. The student's handbook of British mosses. London, 1896. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) DOUIN, ISIDORE. Nouvelle flore des mousses et des hipatiques. Paris, 1892. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) ELLIOTT, WILLIAM. The Washington guide. Washington City, 1837. FITCH, W. H., & SMITH, W. G. Illustrations of the British flora. Fourth edition. London, 1897. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) 4 Gartenflora. Erlangen, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1853- 1902. 51 vols. GoDRON, D. A. Recherches expirimentales sur Phybriditi dans le rlgne vtgital. Nancy, 1863. GREENE, EDWARD LEE. Manual of the botany of the region of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) GREGORY, EMILY. A scientist's confession of faith. New York, 1896. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) GREMLI, A. The flora of Switzerland. Translated from the fifth edition by Leonard W. Pailson. Zurich, 1888. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) HEAPE, WALTER. The breeding industry, its value to the country and its needs. Cambridge, 1906. HERTWIG, OSCAR. " Algemeine Biologie. Jena, 1906. JOHANNSEN, W. Das Aether- Verfahren beim Fruhtreiben mit besonderer Beriick-sichtigung der Fliedertreiberei. Jena, 1906. KoNIG, J. Die Untersuchung landwirtschaftlich und gewerblich wichtiger Stoffe. Dritte Auflage. Berlin, 1906. LOEB, JACQUES. The dynamics of living matter. New York, 1906. MAYR, HEINRICH. Fremdlandische Wall und Parkbdume fiir Europa. Berlin, 1906. MORAES NELLO. Phytographia. Rio de Janiro, 1S81. ( Deposited by^ the Trustees of Columbia University.) 161 MURBECK, Sv. Contributions a la connaissance de la flore du Nord- ouest de VAfrique et plus sptcialement de la Tunisic. Deuxieme serie. Lund, 1905. ( Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) OUDEMANS, C. A. J. A., & VRIES, H. DE. Leerboek der plantenkunde. Haarlem, 1895- 6. 3 vols. PARDO DE TAVERA, T. H. Biblioteca Filipina. Washington, 1903. ( Given by the Library of Congress.) PFEFFER, W. I he physiology of plants. Second edition. Vol. 3. Oxford, 1906. Pharmacopoeia nosocomii Neo- Eboracensis : or, the pharmacopoeia of the New York Hospital. New York, 1816. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) POULSEN, V. A. Botanical micro- chemistry. Translated by William Trelease. Bostcn, 1886. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) PULLE, A. An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together with their distribution and synonymy. Leiden, 1906. RADDI, GUISEPI'E. Plantarum Brasiliensium nova genera et species novae, vel minus cognitae. Florentiae, 1825. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) RATTAN, VOLNEY. A popular California flora or, manual of botany for beginners. Eighth revised edition. San Francisco, 1892. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke). Roses and how lo grow them. New York, 1906. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) SCHLEIDEN, M. J. Die Pflanze und ihr Leben. Ed. 5. Leipzig, 1858. ( Given by the Trustees of Columbia University.) SEDDING, JOHN D. Garden- craft old and new. London, ICOI. ( By exchange with Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) STOKES, ALFRED C. Microscopy for beginners. New York, 1887. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) Ihe cultivator. Second edition. Vols. 1- 4. Albany, 1838. 2 vols. TORREY, JOHN. Monograph of North American Cyperaceae. New York, 1836* ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) USTERI, ALFRED. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Philipfinen und ihrer Vegetation, mit Ausblicken auf Nachbargebiete. Zurich, 1905. VEITCH, JAMES H. Hortus Veitchii. London, 1906. ( Given by the author.) VIDAL Y S01. ER, S. Memoria sobre los montes dc Filipinas. Madrid, 1874. Voyages to the Madeira, and Leeward Caribbean Isles: with sketches of the natural history of these islands, by Maria R. . . . Edinburgh, 1792. VRIES, HUGO DE. De voeding der platen. Haarlem, 1886. VRIES, HUGO DE. Het leven der bloem. Haarlem, 1900. VRIES, HUGO DE. Oorsprong en bevruchting der blocmen. Amsterdam, 1904. VRIES, HUGO DE. Over veredelde landbouwplanten. Amsterdam, 1899. VRIES, HUGO DE. Zaaien en planten. Haarlem, 1899. WARMING, EUG. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Berlin, 1890. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) WEISMAN, AUGUST. Essays upon heredity aud kindred biological problems. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1901. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.) WEISMAN, AUGUST. The evolution theory. Translated by J. Arthur Thomson and Margaret R. Thompson, London, 1904. 2 vols. WIESNER, JULIUS. Biologie der Pflcmzen. Zweite Auflage. Wien, 1902. WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Eludes de systematique et de geographic botaniques sur la flore duBas- eldu Moycn- Congo. Vol. I, fasc. 3. Bruxelles, 1905. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 162 WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Les phanerogames des terres Magellaniques. Anvers, 1905. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM, MAV, 1906. 162 specimens of marine algae from various localities. ( By exchange with Mr. F. S. Collins.) 6 specimens of sedges from Florida. ( By exchange with the Ames Botanical Laboratory.) 25 specimens from Bermuda. ( Byexchange with Mr. A. H. Moore.) 1 specimen of Tillaea erecta from Arizona, ( Given by Prof. J. J. Thornber.) 269 specimens from Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 1 specimen of Obolaria Virginica from Arkansas. ( Given by Mrs. M. L. Stevenson. ) 3,167 specimens from the Philippine Islands. ( By exchange with the Bureau of Government Laboratories.) 140 specimens from British America. ( By exchange with the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.) 2 herbarium specimens of Crataegus from Ohio. ( By exchange with Mr. E. Wilkinson.) 42 specimens of Crataegus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. W. " VV. Eggleston.) 48 specimens of Crataegus from Long Island. ( Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) 162 specimens of ferns from the Philippine Islands. ( Given by Prof. E. B. Copeland.) 3 specimens from the United States and Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 61 specimens of ferns from Guatemala. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.) 8 specimens of ferns from South Dakota and Oregon. ( Given by Prof. J. F. Kemp.) 26 specimens from Colorado. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout.) 7 specimens from British Columbia. ( Given by Prof. Charles H. Shaw.) 2 specimens of Quercus from New York. ( Given by Mr. Clayton Ryder.) 1 specimen of Epipactis viridifora from Medina, New York. ( Given by Mr. L H. Weld.) 14 specimens from the Southern States. ( Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.) 3 specimens of Quercus Leana from Ohio. ( Given by Mr. C. G. Lloyd.) 1 specimen oi Juniperus Pinchoti. ( Given by the U. S. Forest Service.) flDembevs of tbe Corporation. PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, WILLIAM L. BROWN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, HON. EDWARD COOPER, CHARLES F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W, BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, WILLIAM H. S. DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, FRANCIS L. STETSON, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, J WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - f- 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii - f- 204 pp. Vol. Ill, 1902, viii - f- 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii + 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- f- 242 pp. Vol. VI, 1905, viii- L- 224 pp. Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden ; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1S96- 1900. Vol. II, Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- 1903. Vol. Ill, Nos. 9- 11, 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903- 1905. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 pp., 1905. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consisted four or more parts. Subscription price $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December IS, 1905, contains descriptions of the families Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton ; the Pteroste-monaceae by Dr. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae by Percy Wilson and the Phyllo-nomaceae by Dr. H. H. Rusby. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Vellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book, including descriptions of 163 new species, ix - f- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's extensive researches together with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal morphological features are illustrated, xvi - f- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5-°° Pe r volume. Vol. I. Nos. I- 25, vi -|- 400 pp. 35 figures in the text and 34 plates. Vol. 11. Nos. 26- 50, vi-(- 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and 18 plates. Vol. I I I . Nos. 51- 75, vi-(- 398 pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. No. So. Heredity and the Origin of Species, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. No. 81. Studies in Etiolation, by A. D. Selby. No. 82. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora — XVI, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY |
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