Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              Vol. VII JUNE, 1906 No, 78
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
First Assistant
CONTENTS
PAGE
A serious Chestnut Disease l^
The first Decade of the Garden J54
A large Oak struck by Lightning * 54
The Garden and the Public Schools ' 56
First Grant from the Students' Research Fund i57
Notes, News and Comment ' 58
Accessions , . 160
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT 41 NORTH QUBBN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.
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O F F I C E R S , 1 9 0 6 .
PRESIDENT— D. 0. MILLS,
VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON.
B O A R D O F M A N A G E R S ,
1. E L E C T E D MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN,
JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.
2. E X - O F F I C I O MANAGERS.
T H E PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. MOSES HERRMAN.
T H E MAYOR OF T H E CITY OF NEW YORK,
HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR*.
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman.
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR.
G A R D E N S T A F F .
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief.
DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistant.
DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian.
PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. V I I . June, 1906. No. 8.
A SERIOUS CHESTNUT DISEASE.
A serious disease of our native chestnut, which threatens the
extinction of this valuable tree in and about New York City, was
brought to my attention last summer by Mr. H. W. Merkel, of
the New York Zoological Park, and has been under investiga­tion
here since that time.
The immense number of dead and dying chestnut trees in the
Zoological Park first caused Mr. Merkel to suspect the pres­ence
of a destructive fungus. The ravages of this fungus among
the young chestnut trees of the nursery were later observed by
him and the trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, a treatment
afterwards administered to the larger trees in the Zoological
Park. The same disease has been found to exist among the
chestnuts of New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, and it is prob­able
that the death of the chestnut in the lowlands of Alabama
and Georgia, as noted by Mohr and Small, is largely due to this
agency.
Inquiries from various sources regarding the disease and the
hope that suggestions made now may be of service during the
present season have led me to publish at this time a preliminary
account of the disease, reserving a more technical and detailed
description for a later paper.
Pure cultures from affected chestnut sprouts in the Botanical
Garden were made last autumn, and transferred to agar, bean
stems, and sterilized chestnut twigs; on all of which the fungus
grew rapidly and fruited abundantly. Living chestnut twigs
143
144
FIG. 13. Three generations of the fungus, on sterilized bean stems.
FIG. 14. Cultures of the fungus on sterilized chestnut branches, some with the cortex wholly
or partially removed.
1411
placed under belljars with one end of the twig in water were then
infected and the growth of the fungus watched, as preliminary to
field infections. These latter were made on a number of young
chestnut trees in the propagating houses of the Garden as soon as
growth commenced in the spring, experiments with dormant trees
being carefully avoided. As the preliminary experiments had led
me to expect, the actively growing fungus, when transferred
from bean stems to the branches of the young trees, attacked them
with vigor and soon caused their death by girdling.
The progress of the disease in infections through natural
causes was observed in young trees transferred from the nursery
of the Zoological Park and numerous older infected trees through­out
Bronx Park. In all of these the fungus was found exceed­ingly
active at the beginning of the season of growth, before the
opening buds were able to use the large quantity of nourishment
at hand.
The fungus works beneath the cortex in the layers of inner
bark and cambium. Its presence is first indicated by the death
of the cortex and the change of its color to a pale brown, resemb­ling
that of a dead leaf. Later the fruiting pustules push up
through the lenticels and give the bark a rough, warty appear­ance
; and from these numerous yellowish- brown pustules mil­lions
of minute summer spores emerge from day to day in elon­gated
reddish- brown masses, to be disseminated by the wind and
other agencies, such as insects, birds, squirrels, etc. In late
autumn the winter spores are formed, which are disseminated
from the dead branches the following spring.
When grown in artificial cultures, the mycelium of the fun­gus
is at first pure white, changing to yellow with age, and the
fruiting pustules are a beautiful yellow. Winter spores sown
November 27 on agar and transferred to bean stems showed
young pustules on December 8 and mature spores in process of
discharge by December 17. Cultures transferred to sterilized
chestnut twigs developed with equal rapidity, while those remain­ing
on agar were'considerably slower. Mycelium inserted be­neath
the bark of living chestnut twigs on December 13 devel­oped
a prominent spore- mass by December 27. Inoculations
147
? IG. 15. Cultures of the fungus in sterilized and living chestnut branches. The central
shows a large mass of yellow mycelium grown on the moist, cut surface of a living branch,
igure to the right shows fruiting pustules arising from mycelium introduced beneath the
of a living branch. On the left is an enlarged view of numerous pustules grown on steri-chestnut.
148
of growing mycelium into living trees in the propagating houses
caused the death of infected branches and produced abundant
fruit in from four to six weeks. One or two of these young trees
appeared to be able to resist infection altogether, and a few of the
older trees in the Garden are apparently immune, at least when
in vigorous health.
In its effect on the host, this fungus may be classed with the
most destructive parasites ; the parts attacked being so vital and
FIG. 16. Fruiting pustules and spore masses from chestnut cultures, X l 6 - A- Stages
in the development of the pustules. B, C, D. Various forms of spore discharge in a moist
atmosphere.
149
17. Young chestnut trees at the propagating houses inoculated with the fungus in various
ays. A dead branch which has been killed by girdling is shown on the extreme left.
150
the attack so vigorous that young trees often succumb in one or
two years, and older ones soon lose branches of such size that
the vigor of the entire tree is materially impaired and its beauty
and usefulness practically destroyed. It is not the primary effect
of the fungus on the living tissues of the tree, widespread as this
effect often is, that causes the greatest damage ; but the secondary
effect of this injury on the remaining portions of the trunk or
branch affected ; for it is the habit of the entering mycelium to
proceed in a circle about the affected portion until it is completely
girdled. This girdling habit is due to the stoppage of the circula­tion
up and down the stem at the infected point and the growth of
the mycelium toward the current of water and food supply, which
is more and more deflected by the invading fungus until finally
cut off altogether.
This is well shown in Fig. 19, which represents a portion of a
young tree being girdled by the fungus, viewed from three
different, directions. The fungus entered in 1905 through an
undressed pruning wound, and grew nearly half- way around the
trunk during last season. The first week in May, 1906, when
the weather was warm and moist and the inner bark full of food,
the mycelium began to grow again, and by May 11 it had cov­ered
that part of the trunk indicated by the light area in the figure.
On May 15 the two growing borders had united and the girdling
was apparently complete ; though death did not ensue for several
days, on account of tissues lying next to the sapwood that still
remained uninjured. At this time the leaves of the opening buds
were scarcely an inch in length; too young to have made use of
much of the nutriment stored in the stem.
When the tips of branches are affected, the progress of the
disease is of necessity slow, since the affected area is small and
the food supply scanty. On the other hand, the base of the
young tree is a point of special danger, since the abundance of
moisture and food it supplies facilitates the speedy growth of the
fungus and thus endangers the life of the entire tree.
The way in which the fungus in question first enters a chestnut
tree is at present largely a matter of conjecture. Twigs, sprouts,
nursery trees, branches of various sizes, and trunks a foot or
151
nore in diameter have been found infected, apparently irrespec-ive
of their size or position. So far as field observations show,
: he fungus might enter wherever a spore happened to find a rest-ng
place. All of my experiments, however, have failed to intro­duce
the fungus into a branch while the thin brown layer of
rortex remained intact ; though it readily entered when this was
scraped off or punctured. As the fungus does not attack the
eaves, I was not surprised when repeated attempts failed to
ntroduce the disease into green twigs, where, although no cortex
s present, the quality of the food and the character of the bark
.8. A nearer view is here given of the dead branch mentioned under Fig. I , . The fungus was
roduced by scraping off the cortex and applying active mycelium grown on bean stems.
s evidently not suited to its development. The present suppo­sition
is, therefore, that infection takes place only through wounds;
sr, possibly, through the lenticels.
Wounds are, unfortunately, only too frequent, especially in the
: ase of a tender, rapidly- growing tree like the chestnut, which
152
has the additional misfortune of attracting lumbermen and nut-gatherers.
If it escapes winter injuries to its trunk, the spring
storms are sure to break the smaller branches and abrade the
surfaces of the larger limbs ; if it is not disfigured by the green
fly and twig- borer during summer, it is sure to be mutilated by
FIG. 19. The trunk of an infected nursery tree, shown natural size. A, B and C
are views from different directions. The point of infection in each view is shown at
a, the area killed by the fungus last year at b, and the development early in May of
this year at c. Three days after this figure was drawn the girdling was complete.
savage hordes of small boys in autumn. Even the ubiquitous
squirrel may spread the disease with tooth and claw while cutting
off ripe burs and racing up and down the trunks ; while every
bird and insect that rests upon an infected spot is liable to carry
the spores upon its feet or body to other trees. Mice, voles and
rabbits often make wounds about the base of a tree and carry the
spores in their fur. All during the growing season spores are
being developed in countless numbers, and these are liable to fall
into even the slightest abrasions of the bark and germinate.
The treatment of a disease of this nature must, of course, be
almost entirely preventive. When once allowed to enter, it
cannot be reached by poisons applied externally, nor can the
spores, which issue continuously and abundantly through erup-
153
ions in the bark, be rendered innocuous by any coating applied
tt intervals. On the other hand, no poisonous wash, even
hough covering every part of the tree, can prevent the germi-lation
of the disseminated spores when they fall into a wound,
: ince the wound opens up fresh tissues unprotected by the
aoison.
The spraying of young trees with copper sulfate solution, or
strong Bordeaux mixture, in the spring before the buds open
night be of advantage in killing the spores that have found lodg-nent
among the branches during the winter, but the real efficacy
af this treatment is so doubtful that it could not be recommended
" or large trees, where the practical difficulties and expense of
ipplying it are much increased. Nursery trees should be pruned
Df all affected branches as soon as they are discovered, and the
rounds carefully dressed with tar or paint or other suitable sub­stance.
Vigilance and care should largely control the disease
imong young trees. With older trees all dead and infected
wood should be cut out and burned and all wounds covered
without delay. Particular attention should be paid to water, soil
ind other conditions of culture affecting the vitality of the tree;
since anything that impairs its health renders it less able to resist
ungus attack.
It is possible that the conspicuous ravages of the disease about
New York City are largely due to the severe and prolonged
winter of i903-' 04, during which many trees of various kinds
were killed or injured. The chestnut is peculiar, moreover, in
ts power to sprout from the stump almost indefinitely, and most
af the trees now existing in this region are descendants of trees
: ut for lumber many decades ago. This repeated coppicing can-lot
fail at length to impair the vigor of each new generation of
iprouts and render them peculiarly liable to speedy infection and
rigorous attack.
W. A. MURRILL.
154
THE FIRST DECADE OF THE GARDEN.
On the afternoon of May 23, 1906, the Torrey Botanical Club
held a special meeting at the museum building in honor of the
tenth anniversary of the commencement of work in the develop­ment
of the New York Botanical Garden, planting having been
commenced in the spring of 1896. The program consisted of
an illustrated lecture by the President of the Club, Dr. Henry H.
Rusby, who is also a member of the Board of Managers of the
Garden, on " The History of Botany in New York City."
The lecturer presented a historical sketch of the development
of botany in the city of New York, giving special attention to the
history of local botanical gardens, of the botanical department of
Columbia University, and of the Torrey Botanical Club. The
earliest local work related to the botanical gardens of Colden,
Michaux, and Hosack, and to the publication of local catalogues
and floras. The second period was that of text- books, manuals,
and other educational works. Out of the associations resulting
from local work, the Torrey Botanical Club developed so gradu­ally
that it was impossible to fix the date of its actual beginning.
Portraits of its early members were exhibited, and brief biograph­ical
sketches presented. Out of the activity of the Club, and of
the botanical department of Columbia University, grew the de­mand
for a great botanical garden, which was satisfied by the
establishment of the present New York Botanical Garden. The
contemporary botanical forces at work in the city were briefly
described, and their most important present needs outlined. The
complete address will be published in Torreya for June, 1906.
After the lecture an informal reception was held in the library,
followed by an inspection of the laboratories, library, herbaria,
and the museum and greenhouse exhibits.
C. STUART GAGER.
A LARGE OAK STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.
During the first thunderstorm of the season, which occurred
on April 21, the largest pin oak ( Quercus palustris) within the
Garden was struck and cannot recover from the damage which
155
it suffered. The tree stands a few hundred feet southeast of the
eastern end of the long stone bridge across the valley of the
Bronx River, in the portion of the grounds set aside for the
arboretum, and just south of the main driveway now approach­ing
completion. In developing the general plan of the grounds
this driveway was located in position and grade especially with
reference to the preservation of this tree, and it is a great disap­pointment
that we must lose it. The trunk is forked about 15
feet above the base, and the lightning shock has split this fork
FIG. 20. Quercus palustris struck by lightning.
deeply and loosened the bark from the ground to a height ot
about 25 feet; the energy of the discharge hurled large pieces
of bark to a distance of 40 feet from the tree, and plowed up the
ground on all sides of it along the larger roots. The general
effect of the lightning stroke is shown in the photograph here­with
reproduced.
During the development of the garden, a number of trees have
been killed by lightning, which does not seem to be particular as
156
to what kind it selects, as it has already included a tulip tree, a
chestnut, a hemlock, an American elm, and now a pin oak, and
none of those which have been struck have recovered from the
destruction, which is not at all confined to bark and outer layers,
but apparently affects the entire trunk.
N. L. BRITTON.
THE GARDEN AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
In the spring of 1905 the experiment was tried of utilizing the
advantages of the garden in correlation with the nature study
work of the public schools in New York City. A course of two
lectures and demonstrations on the nature study of grade 4B,
and a course of three lectures and demonstrations on the nature
study of grade 5B were given by the Director- in- Chief and other
members of the garden staff, as described in the garden JOURNAL
for June, 1905.
The course was repeated in the fall of 1905, and the plan
proved so successful that it was decided to continue the work
this spring. The lectures were given in the lecture hall of the
museum building under the auspices of the Board of Education.
The lectures to grade 5B were given by Dr. W. A. Murrill, on
" Woody Plants and Plants Without Wood — The Protection of
Trees in Cities"; Dr. Henry H. Rusby, on " Industries Depend­ing
on Forests. Plant Products" ; and by Dr. N. L. Britton, on
" Classification of Plants."
The lectures to grade 4B were by Mr. George V. Nash, on
" The Cultivation of Plants " ; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, on
" Seedless Plants."
The classes assembled from the various schools of the Bronx
Borough in charge of their teachers, and the audiences numbered
from 450 to 850. After the lectures the pupils were divided into
convenient groups, each under the charge of a guide and demon­strator,
and the topics treated of in the lectures were further illus­trated
and enforced by study of the museum collections, and of
the living plants in the greenhouses, and out of doors, in the
forest and plantations.
157
These lectures and demonstrations have served to give to pupils
in a crowded city a close contact with nature, and a breadth of
view and inspiration such as could never be obtained under the
more restricted conditions of the class room alone.
C. STUART GAGER.
FIRST GRANT FROM THE STUDENTS'
RESEARCH FUND.
Under an appropriation made by the Board of Managers at
the annual meeting held last January, a grant of $ 150 has been
made to Mr. Charles Budd Robinson from the accumulated
income of the Students' Research Fund for the purpose of
enabling him to complete his monograph of the North American
species of the genus Chara, or brittleworts.
These interesting plants, which have been little studied in
America, inhabit fresh water and brackish ponds and slow flow.-
ing streams, being entirely submerged, and thus quite unknown
to most people. Many of them are very beautiful, however,
and make interesting subjects for aquaria, though the offensive
odor of some prevents this usage. Many of them absorb a great
deal of lime from the waters in which they grow, and inasmuch
as some ponds are very densely occupied by the plants, consider­able
thicknesses of carbonate of lime become deposited. Mr.
Robinson's studies show that a much larger number of species
inhabit North America than has previously been supposed, and
several of those studied by him are new to science. The collec­tion
which has formed the basis of his work was accumulated by
the late Dr. Timothy Field Allen, and presented by him to the
garden in 1901 ( see JOURNAL 2: 52- 54). Considerable addi­tions
have been made to this collection during the studies of Mr.
Robinson and it is one of the most complete in the world.
Mr. Robinson has been a student at the garden for parts of
three years, and during portions of his time with us has held one
of the scholarships provided by the Board of Managers. He is
a graduate of Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia, and continued his
studies at Cambridge University, England. During his residence
15S
in New York he has been a registered candidate for the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy at Columbia University, and this degree
was awarded him at the commencement ceremonies on June 13,
this monograph of Chara being accepted as his dissertation. It
is published in the BULLETIN of the Garden, 4 : 244. 1906.
N. L. BRITTON.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Construction work is proceeding this spring at a number of
points north and east of the museum building. The Mosholu
Parkway approach is now nearly completed, the driveway and
paths at that point only requiring surfacing with broken stone
and screenings already ordered, and the use of a steam roller for
a few days ; the main east and west park driveway leading from
this approach around the valley of the lakes and across the
long bridge over the valley of the Bronx is in the same ad­vanced
stage of completion, also needing only its final surfacing.
The gap in the border screen along the railroad at the end of
the valley of the lakes has been closed by regulating and grad­ing,
and the planting of a heavy belt of conifers and deciduous
trees and shrubs, and considerable planting has been done at
both sides of the Mosholu Parkway approach. At the approach
to the Woodlawn Road entrance, the filling for the driveway is
still in progress, and nearly completed, and stone for the telford
foundation is being assembled there, though it will be best to
give this fill considerable more time for settling before paving
this road ; the path connection of this entrance to the south has
been completed and much planting of shrubs effected along it,
and also throughout the fruticetum. At the lake bridge, just
east of the museum building, much additional filling and grad­ing
has been done, and the paths leading to this bridge both
from north and south are under construction ; this work has
necessitated the letting off" of the water in both lakes for a time.
The filling for the path approaches to the long bridge has been
completed and these paths can be laid up within a few months.
159
Work is also going forward on the' telford foundations of the
driveway along the east side of the Bronx River to complete the
road connection between the east end of the long bridge and
the Newell Avenue entrance at the north end of the garden. In
addition to these larger works, a great deal of topsoiling and
planting has been done during the spring at a number of points.
All the earth and stone required in this grading and path and
road building has been taken from the necessary excavations at
the rear of the museum building.
The sixth annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural
Society of New York was held at the garden on May 9, and
the exhibition continued the next day. Dr. N. L. Britton
delivered an illustrated lecture on " Horticulture in the West
Indies." An important proposition came before the Council' of
the Society relative to organizing a conference on " Hardiness
and Acclimatization," to be held in the autumn of 1907.*
Professor Howard J. Banker, of De Pauw University, is spend­ing
a portion of the summer vacation at the garden, working on
the herbarium collection of the Hydnaceae, with special attention
to the resupinate forms. Professor Banker was given the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy by Columbia University at the com­mencement
in June. His thesis, entitled, " A Contribution to
the Revision of the North American Hydnaceae," is devoted to
the pileate forms. The thesis is published as Memoir of the
Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 12, no. 2. The Hydnaceae are an
interesting family of fungi.
The total precipitation at the garden for May was 4.61 - f inches.
Maximum temperatures were recorded of 77° on the 5th, 89"
on the 13th, 900 on the 18th, and 87° on the 24th. Also mini­mum
temperatures of 40.5 ° on the 4th, 36.5 ° on the 10th, 42.5 °
on the 21 st, 43 ° on the 22d, and 44.5° on the 30th.
* The sixth summer meeting and exhibition was held at the Garden on June 13
and 14. Mr. Geo. T. Powell lectured on " The Importance of Selection in Propagat­ing
Plants."
160
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH 26 TO JUNE 1.
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Torino, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
BABINGTON, C. C. Manual of British bo'any. Eighth edition, London, 1881.
( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
BENTHAM, GEORGE. Handbook of the British flora. Sixth edition, revised by Sir
J. D. Hooker. London, 1896. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
BOSE, JAGADIS CHUNDER. Plant response as a means of physiological investiga­tion.
New York and Bombay, 1906.
BRAITHWAITE, R. The British moss- flora. London, 1880- 1905. 3 vols. ( Given
by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
Bulletin d'arboriculture, de floriculture et de culture potagire. Gand, 1865-
1905. 40 vols.
CAMPBELL, D. H. Elements of structural and systematic botany. Boston, 1891.
( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
CARMEL, T. L'erborista Italiano. Pisa, 1883. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
DIXON, H. N., and JAMESON, H. I. The student's handbook of British mosses.
London, 1896. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
DOUIN, ISIDORE. Nouvelle flore des mousses et des hipatiques. Paris, 1892.
( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
ELLIOTT, WILLIAM. The Washington guide. Washington City, 1837.
FITCH, W. H., & SMITH, W. G. Illustrations of the British flora. Fourth
edition. London, 1897. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.) 4
Gartenflora. Erlangen, Stuttgart and Berlin, 1853- 1902. 51 vols.
GoDRON, D. A. Recherches expirimentales sur Phybriditi dans le rlgne vtgital.
Nancy, 1863.
GREENE, EDWARD LEE. Manual of the botany of the region of San Francisco
Bay. San Francisco, 1894. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
GREGORY, EMILY. A scientist's confession of faith. New York, 1896. ( Given
by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
GREMLI, A. The flora of Switzerland. Translated from the fifth edition by
Leonard W. Pailson. Zurich, 1888. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
HEAPE, WALTER. The breeding industry, its value to the country and its needs.
Cambridge, 1906.
HERTWIG, OSCAR. " Algemeine Biologie. Jena, 1906.
JOHANNSEN, W. Das Aether- Verfahren beim Fruhtreiben mit besonderer Beriick-sichtigung
der Fliedertreiberei. Jena, 1906.
KoNIG, J. Die Untersuchung landwirtschaftlich und gewerblich wichtiger Stoffe.
Dritte Auflage. Berlin, 1906.
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MAYR, HEINRICH. Fremdlandische Wall und Parkbdume fiir Europa. Berlin,
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MORAES NELLO. Phytographia. Rio de Janiro, 1S81. ( Deposited by^ the Trus­tees
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MURBECK, Sv. Contributions a la connaissance de la flore du Nord- ouest de
VAfrique et plus sptcialement de la Tunisic. Deuxieme serie. Lund, 1905. ( Given
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OUDEMANS, C. A. J. A., & VRIES, H. DE. Leerboek der plantenkunde. Haar­lem,
1895- 6. 3 vols.
PARDO DE TAVERA, T. H. Biblioteca Filipina. Washington, 1903. ( Given
by the Library of Congress.)
PFEFFER, W. I he physiology of plants. Second edition. Vol. 3. Oxford, 1906.
Pharmacopoeia nosocomii Neo- Eboracensis : or, the pharmacopoeia of the New
York Hospital. New York, 1816. ( Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
POULSEN, V. A. Botanical micro- chemistry. Translated by William Trelease.
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PULLE, A. An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together
with their distribution and synonymy. Leiden, 1906.
RADDI, GUISEPI'E. Plantarum Brasiliensium nova genera et species novae, vel
minus cognitae. Florentiae, 1825. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.)
RATTAN, VOLNEY. A popular California flora or, manual of botany for beginners.
Eighth revised edition. San Francisco, 1892. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Clarke).
Roses and how lo grow them. New York, 1906. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
SCHLEIDEN, M. J. Die Pflanze und ihr Leben. Ed. 5. Leipzig, 1858. ( Given
by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
SEDDING, JOHN D. Garden- craft old and new. London, ICOI. ( By exchange
with Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
STOKES, ALFRED C. Microscopy for beginners. New York, 1887. ( Given by Mr.
S. B. Clarke.)
Ihe cultivator. Second edition. Vols. 1- 4. Albany, 1838. 2 vols.
TORREY, JOHN. Monograph of North American Cyperaceae. New York, 1836*
( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
USTERI, ALFRED. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Philipfinen und ihrer Vegetation,
mit Ausblicken auf Nachbargebiete. Zurich, 1905.
VEITCH, JAMES H. Hortus Veitchii. London, 1906. ( Given by the author.)
VIDAL Y S01. ER, S. Memoria sobre los montes dc Filipinas. Madrid, 1874.
Voyages to the Madeira, and Leeward Caribbean Isles: with sketches of the
natural history of these islands, by Maria R. . . . Edinburgh, 1792.
VRIES, HUGO DE. De voeding der platen. Haarlem, 1886.
VRIES, HUGO DE. Het leven der bloem. Haarlem, 1900.
VRIES, HUGO DE. Oorsprong en bevruchting der blocmen. Amsterdam, 1904.
VRIES, HUGO DE. Over veredelde landbouwplanten. Amsterdam, 1899.
VRIES, HUGO DE. Zaaien en planten. Haarlem, 1899.
WARMING, EUG. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Berlin, 1890. ( Given
by Mr. S. B. Clarke.)
WEISMAN, AUGUST. Essays upon heredity aud kindred biological problems.
Vol. 1. Oxford, 1901. ( Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.)
WEISMAN, AUGUST. The evolution theory. Translated by J. Arthur Thomson
and Margaret R. Thompson, London, 1904. 2 vols.
WIESNER, JULIUS. Biologie der Pflcmzen. Zweite Auflage. Wien, 1902.
WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Eludes de systematique et de geographic botaniques sur la
flore duBas- eldu Moycn- Congo. Vol. I, fasc. 3. Bruxelles, 1905. ( Given by Dr.
N. L. Britton.)
162
WlLDEMAN, EM. DE. Les phanerogames des terres Magellaniques. Anvers, 1905.
( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM, MAV, 1906.
162 specimens of marine algae from various localities. ( By exchange with Mr. F.
S. Collins.)
6 specimens of sedges from Florida. ( By exchange with the Ames Botanical
Laboratory.)
25 specimens from Bermuda. ( Byexchange with Mr. A. H. Moore.)
1 specimen of Tillaea erecta from Arizona, ( Given by Prof. J. J. Thornber.)
269 specimens from Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.)
1 specimen of Obolaria Virginica from Arkansas. ( Given by Mrs. M. L. Ste­venson.
)
3,167 specimens from the Philippine Islands. ( By exchange with the Bureau of
Government Laboratories.)
140 specimens from British America. ( By exchange with the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Canada.)
2 herbarium specimens of Crataegus from Ohio. ( By exchange with Mr. E.
Wilkinson.)
42 specimens of Crataegus from New York. ( By exchange with Mr. W. " VV.
Eggleston.)
48 specimens of Crataegus from Long Island. ( Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
162 specimens of ferns from the Philippine Islands. ( Given by Prof. E. B.
Copeland.)
3 specimens from the United States and Mexico. ( By exchange with the U. S.
National Museum.)
61 specimens of ferns from Guatemala. ( By exchange with the U. S. National
Museum.)
8 specimens of ferns from South Dakota and Oregon. ( Given by Prof. J. F.
Kemp.)
26 specimens from Colorado. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout.)
7 specimens from British Columbia. ( Given by Prof. Charles H. Shaw.)
2 specimens of Quercus from New York. ( Given by Mr. Clayton Ryder.)
1 specimen of Epipactis viridifora from Medina, New York. ( Given by Mr. L
H. Weld.)
14 specimens from the Southern States. ( Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.)
3 specimens of Quercus Leana from Ohio. ( Given by Mr. C. G. Lloyd.)
1 specimen oi Juniperus Pinchoti. ( Given by the U. S. Forest Service.)
flDembevs of tbe Corporation.
PROF. N. L. BRITTON,
HON. ADDISON BROWN,
WILLIAM L. BROWN,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER,
WILLIAM G. CHOATE,
HON. EDWARD COOPER,
CHARLES F. COX,
JOHN J. CROOKE,
W, BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
HENRY W. DE FOREST,
CLEVELAND H. DODGE,
SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
HON. THOMAS F. GILROY,
HON. HUGH J. GRANT,
HENRY GRAVES,
HENRY P. HOYT,
ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
MORRIS K. JESUP,
JOHN I. KANE,
EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
JOHN S. KENNEDY,
PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
HON. SETH LOW,
WILLIAM H. S.
DAVID LYDIG,
EDGAR L. MARSTON,
D. O. MILLS,
J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEODORE W. MYERS,
GEORGE M. OLCOTT,
PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
LOWELL M. PALMER,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,
RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER,
PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,
WILLIAM D. SLOANE,
NELSON SMITH,
JAMES SPEYER,
FRANCIS L. STETSON,
DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
LOUIS C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,
GEORGE W. VANDERBILT,
HON. E. L. WINTHROP, J
WOOD.
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