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Vol, VIII JUNE, 1907 No. 90 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL First Assistant CONTENTS PAG 8 Exercises Commemorative of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus 123 Notes, News and Comment 139 Accessions 140 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUBEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BT THB NEW ERA PRINTING COMPACT O F I M O E R S , 1G06. PRESIDENT— D. O. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D OK M A N A Q B R S , 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. MOSES HERRMAN. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR. G A R D B N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator. ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator. DR. C. B. ROBINSON, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories. ANNA MURRAY \' AIL, Librarian. DR H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistan/. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. VIII. June, 1907. No. 90. EXERCISES COMMEMORATIVE OF THE TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LINNAEUS. Exercises commemorating the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus were held May 23, under the auspices of the New York Academy of Sciences, at the Museum of Natural History, the Botanical Garden, the Zoological Park, the Aquarium, and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. In the forenoon, at the Museum of Natural History, American animals, shells, minerals and rocks known to Linnaeus were exhibited by a committee in charge, and letters and cablegrams from other societies appreciative of the work of Linnaeus were read by the Secretary of the Academy. Short addresses were also made by some of the representatives of these societies who were present. Then followed the main address of the morning by Mr. J. A. Allen on " Linnaeus and American Zoology." EXHIBITION OF AMERICAN PLANTS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. The exercises were continued in the afternoon at the Botanical Garden. Visitors were received under an arch bearing the name of Linnaeus decorated with flowers known to him and draped with the American and Swedish flags. After luncheon, an exhibition of American plants known to Linnaeus was held in the museum building. Nearly a thousand species of flowering plants, including potted plants and cut flowers, were shown, besides several species of ferns and a few of the lower cryptogams. The 12M 124 botanical writings and portraits of Linnaeus occupied a conspicuous place in this exhibition. The following address was then delivered by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator : LINNAEUS AND AMERICAN BOTANY.* Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : I have been asked to make a short address to you on Linnaeus and his relation to North American botany. That the selection fell on me was not because I was the most able one to deliver such an address, for there are many abler men present, but simply because I was born in the same country as Linnaeus. In fact, my grandfather came from the same province of Smaland and FIG. 16. The twin- flower, Linnaea borealis, * plant especially beloved by Linnaeus and dedicated to him by Gronovius. even from a parish adjoining that of Stembrohult, in which my illustrious countryman was born. In the early part of the seventeenth century there lived in Jonsboda, Smaland, Sweden, a farmer named Ingemar Svenson. He had three children, two sons and one daughter, the grand- * Address delivered at tbe New York Botanical Garden, May 23, 1907, by Per Axel Rydberg, on the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus by the New York Academy of Sciences. 125 mother of Linnaeus. On the Jonsboda farm stood a very large linden tree, so old and with so many traditions that it was regarded by the people as a holy tree. Any damage done to this tree, it was claimed, would surely bring misfortune upon the head of the perpetrator. When the two sons began to study for the ministry, it was natural that they should think of this tree in selecting a family name. They called themselves Tiliander; Tilia is the Latin for the linden or basswood, and andros the Greek for man. It may not be amiss to state that at that time the common people of Sweden did not have any family names, and this is true to a certain extent even to- day. A man was known by his given name, the given name of his father with the word son appended, and the place where he lived. The farmer mentioned above was known as Ingemar Svenson from Jonsboda. His father's name was Sven Carlson and that of his grandfather, Carl Johnson. The names of his two sons would have been Carl and Sven Ingemarson had they remained in the peasant class, instead of Carl and Sven Tiliander. The daughter married a farmer, Ingemar Bengtson, and her son's name was Nils Ingemarson, until he entered the " gymnasium." He was also born in Jonsboda and, when selecting a name, he naturally also turned to the same old linden tree as his maternal uncles had done. He called himself Linnaeus. It is remarkable that two of his father's maternal granduncles also bore another Latin form of the same name, viz., Lindelius. Some claim that even this name was derived from the same old linden tree, but this is scarcely in accordance with the facts. More likely it traces its origin from the Linden Farm in Dannas Parish, where their ancestors lived. But what has this genealogy to do with Linnaeus's relation to North American botany? Perhaps nothing directly, but indirectly a great deal ; for the circumstances and surroundings under which a man is born and reared to a certain extent make the man. In his younger days, Sven Tiliander was the house-chaplain of Field- marshal and Admiral Viscount Henrik Horn, who was for many years Governor of Bremen and Verden, two cities with territory in Germany acquired by Sweden through the 126 Thirty- years War. During his stay in Germany, Tiliander learned to know and love botany and horticulture and established around Viscount Horn's residence in Bremen a garden which was remarkable for that period. When both returned to Sweden, Tiliander brought with him the choicest plants from this garden and planted them around the parsonage of Pjetteryd Parish, of which he had been appointed rector. Here at Pjetteryd, Nils Linnaeus spent most of his youth, studying in company with his uncle's sons. Later, both as curate at Rashult and as rector at Stenbrohult, he surrounded the parsonages with gardens, in which he grew many rare and interesting plants. In the midst of these, Carl Linnaeus, the famous botanist, was born and reared. Later, while a student at the university, he spent a summer vacation at home in 1732, and made a list of the plants in his father's garden. This list is still to be seen in the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. Although defective, the first four classes being unrepresented, it enumerates 224 species. Of these, many were at that time very rare in cultivation. Professor Theodore Fries in his biography of Linnaeus enumerates 36 of the rarest of these. Among them we notice six American plants, viz., Rhus Toxicodendron, the poison oak, Mirabilis Jalapa, four- o- clock, Asclepias syriaca, milk- weed, Phytolacca dccandra, poke- weed, Antennaria ( now Anaphalis) margaritacea, pearly everlasting, and Solanum tuberosum, the potato. It may be remarked that the cultivation of potatoes was introduced into Sweden about twenty years later. We see from this that Linnaeus had learned to know some American plants even in his early childhood. Carl Linnaeus was born the 13th of May ( old style), 1707, at Rashult, an annex to the parish of Stenbrohult. His father was the curate there, but two years later, at the death of his father-in- law, Samuel Broderson, he became rector and moved to Stenbrohult. In the fall of 1714, Carl Linnaeus entered the school of Wexio, and graduated from the " gymnasium " in 1727. His parents, especially his mother, wanted him to study for the ministry, but he had no love for theology, nor for metaphysics, nor the classics. He learned Latin tolerably, however, because that language helped him to study the natural sciences. He decided 127 to study medicine and entered with that view the University of Lund, which was nearest his home, but remained there only one year, learning that there were better facilities at Upsala. At the latter place he soon became acquainted with Professors Rudbeck and Celsius, two of the most prominent scientists of that time, FiG. 17. Linnaeus at the age of thirty, in Lapland dress. and was allowed to use their libraries. The former, who had many duties to perform, soon asked Linnaeus to give for him the public lectures in Botany. The income from these gave Linnaeus means to support himself and linked him closer to his favorite study. He became acquainted with practically all the plants of 128 the gardens and fields of the whole region around Upsala and learned all the scientific names given in the books at his disposal. The latter was not an easy matter, when we take into consideration the form of scientific names at that period. For example, the most approved name of the common blue- grass that adorns our lawns was : " Gramen pratense paniculatum majus, laliore folio, Poa Theophrasti." Other names of the same grass were: " Gramen vulgo cognitum," " Gramen pratense majus vulgatus," and " Gramen alterum et vulgare." In the first publication by Linnaeus, it appears as " Poa spiculis ovatis compressis muticis!' I think that Linnaeus and his contemporaries had much more cause than we to exclaim : " Those horrible Latin names !" To us the same plant is known as Poa pratensis L., the name adopted by Linnaeus in his " Species Plantarum." The lectures given by Linnaeus for Professor Rudbeck became very popular. This was especially the case after his return from his Lapland journey. Some persons, especially Dr. Nils Rosen, became jealous of his success and induced the University faculty to pass a resolution by which no one who had not taken the corresponding degree was permitted to give university lectures. Linnaeus had not yet received his doctor's degree, and hence was debarred. As Holland was offering at that time excellent facilities both in medicine and in botany, and as living expenses were lower than elsewhere, Linnaeus decided to visit that country and take his examinations there. He received his doctor's diploma at Harderwijk, and afterwards went to Leyden, where he became acquainted with three of the greatest botanists of the time, Boerhaave, Burmann and Gronovius. George Clifford, the wealthy burgomaster of Amsterdam and president of the East India Company, was a great lover of plants and had a splendid botanical garden at Hartecamp as well as a rich library and herbarium. On the recommendation of Boerhaave, Linnaeus became Clifford's physician and curator of his collections and garden. Here he lived in luxury, beloved as a son. Clifford furnished Linnaeus with means to publish five of his first books, " Systema Naturae," " Fundamenta Botanica," " Bibli-otheca Botanica," " Genera Plantarum " and " Flora Lapponica," 129 the manuscript of which he had brought with him from Sweden. In the first of these, Linnaeus presents his system of classification. He divides Nature into three kingdoms, the mineral, vegetable and animal. In the vegetable kingdom, he brings out an altogether new classification, based upon the sexual organs of plants. He divides the kingdom into 24 classes, the first 23 * k m WJz wKmKM *** ^ m^ Kr- $£%$& L{ r*' .-£ 0?:: )* W^ WiL " ^ ^ f k •••• •'••• • - ^ ' - V * v ••• v.-. S. ; ' " - v • - ^" t, % \ ^ J - .1 • ^ girfMI • " . ' " ID: % ypy- S: •••••'.$ ''• ' • ' * • -••••-' - . : ' , ' ? ' ' l ? ' ." FIG. 18. Linnaeus at tbe age of forty. containing the phanerogams and the last the cryptogams. In the first 11 classes are included plants which have from 1 to 12 free and practically equal stamens ; in the 12th and the 13th, plants with many stamens ; in the 14th and I 5th, plants with 4 and 6 stamens respectively, of which 2 are decidedly shorter; in the 16th, 17th 130 and 18th classes the stamens are united by their filaments; in the 19th they are united by their anthers, and in the 20th they are adnate to the pistil; in the 21st and 22d the flowers are unisexual, i. e., the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, on the same individual in the 21st and on different individuals in the 22d ; and the plants of the 23d class have both unisexual and bisexual flowers. The classes were divided into orders. In the first 13 classes the orders were determined by the number of the pistils, in the 14th and I 5th by the fruit; and in the 16th to 18th and 20th to 23d by the number and distinctness or union of the stamens. The classification of the 19th class is too complex to enter into here. The 24th class was divided into 4 orders: Filices, Musci, Algae and Fungi. This system of classification is purely artificial. Linnaeus himself regarded it only as temporary, and expected that it would soon be supplanted by a more rational one, based on natural relationship. The Linnaean system served its purpose, however. It became a means by which it was possible to tabulate every known genus of plants. Before this time there had been no systems at all, or such crude ones as we find even to- day in some popular flower- books, where the plants are classified by the color of their flowers. If the natural systems of DeCandolle, Bentham and Hooker, and Engler and Prantl are too complicated for popular " books, why not go back to the simple system of Linnaeus ? It would at least give a good insight into the structure of the flower instead of the mere color. In his " Genera Plantarum " Linnaeus applied this system to all known genera of plants and gave each of them a concise and plain description. Clifford had many American plants in his garden, but he sent Linnaeus to England to visit Sir Hans Sloane, Professor Dillenius, and Philip Miller, in order to secure American plants grown by them. Both Sloane and Dillenius treated Linnaeus at first with coolness, because he " confounded " botany. On his farewell visit to Dillenius, Linnaeus politely asked him what he meant by " confounding botany." Dillenius took from the library" the first few pages of Linnaeus's own " Genera Plantarum" and 131 showed him where there was written at numerous places " NB." Dillenius stated that all the genera so marked were wrongly described. The first example he pointed out, if I am not mistaken, was Canna, placed by Linnaeus in his first class, which contains plants with but one stamen. Botanists before this time had described it as having three stamens. To settle the dispute they went out into the garden and the living plant showed that Linnaeus was correct. Dillenius then retained Linnaeus for several days and found that the older botanists in most cases were at fault and the young Swede correct. From being an opponent, he became a friend of Linnaeus and let him have all the plants he wanted. After his return to Holland Linnaeus continued his work in Clifford's garden with renewed zeal; and completed his " Hortus Cliffortianus," a large folio, in which are enumerated and described all the plants found in Clifford's collections, together with synonyms and citations of nearly all botanical works then in existence. In preparing this work he became thoroughly acquainted with almost all the literature referring to American botany, such as Morison's " Plantarum Historia," Plukenett's " Almagestrum Botanicum" and " Phytographia," Petiver's " Gazophylacium," Sloane's " Jamaica," Plumier's " Plantarum Americanarum Genera," " Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus Primus " and " Filicetum Americanum," Catesby's " Historia Naturalis," and, later, Cornuti's " Canadensium Plantarum Historia." After completing the " Hortus Cliffortianus," Linnaeus returned to Leyden, where he spent some time helping Gronovius with the editing of his " Flora Virginica," based on a large collection of plants collected by Clayton. Here again he came in contact with American plants. Linnaeus then returned to Sweden and became a practicing physician. He was soon appointed Professor of Medicine at Upsala, but by common agreement he exchanged chairs with Rosen, who held the professorship of Botany. He now began work upon the most important book of his life, his " Species Plantarum." In this he tried to include a short description of 132 every known species of plant, together with the most important synonyms and citations. In this book the Linnaean binomial system of nomenclature was used for the first time. Linnaeus was not the first to give plants names ; nor was he the first to name genera. Many Latin plant- names had come down from antiquity, while others had been proposed by his predecessors. Men like Tournefort and Micheli had in some cases clearer ideas of genera than Linnaeus himself. Neither was Linnaeus the first one to use binomials. In Cornuti's work on Canadian plants, for example, we find almost as many binomials as polynomials; but it is doubtful if Linnaeus had seen Cornuti's book when he first wrote his " Species Plantarum." He does not cite it in the first edition, but does so in the second. Linnaeus was, however, the first one to use binomials systematically and consistently. Before his time botanists had recognized genera and applied to them Latin nouns as names. In order to designate species, they added to these nouns adjective descriptive phrases. These consisted sometimes of a single adjective, as in Quercus alba, the white oak, but more often of a long string of adjectives and adjective modifiers, as in the case of the blue- grass mentioned above. The specific name had hitherto been merely a description modifying the generic name ; from this time it became really a name, although a single adjective in form. An illustration of the pre- Linnaean form of plant- names might be had if, instead ot " Grace Darling," one should say, " Mr. Darling's beautiful, slender, graceful, blue- eyed girl with long golden curls and rosy cheeks." " Grace " is just as descriptive of the girl as this whole string of adjectives. It may be that " Grace '' is not always applicable to the person to whom the name is applied ; but this is also often the case with many specific plant- names. Asclepias syriaca and Rumex Brittanica are American plants, and Rubus deliciosus is one of the least delicious of the raspberry tribe. This invention and strict application of binomial names could not but cause a revolution in Botany. Since the appearance of " Species Plantarum" in 1753 it has been possible to pigeon- hole not only genera, but also species of plants. Before this useful book was printed, Linnaeus had become 133 better acquainted with North American plants, and in another way. Baron Bjelke, the vice- president of the Court of Appeals of Finland, had proposed to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm to send an able man to Iceland and Siberia, countries partly in the same latitude as Sweden, " to make observations and such collections of seeds and plants as would improve the Swedish husbandry, gardening, manufactures, arts and sciences." Dr. Linnaeus suggested North America instead, and recommended one of his pupils, Professor Pehr Kalm, of Abo, for the proposed expedition. Kalm spent two years in North America, traveling through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Canada, and making large collections of seeds and plants, which were preserved as living or dried specimens or as alcoholic material. During his stay at Raccoon, New Jersey, he discovered our mountain laurel. The Swedes of Raccoon called it spoon- tree, because the Indians made spoons from its hard wood. Kalm adds in his journal about this tree: " The English call this tree a Laurel, because its leaves resemble those of the Laurocerasus. Linnaeus, conformably to the peculiar friendship and goodness which he has honored me with, has pleased to call this tree Kalmia foliis ovalis, corymbis lerminalibus, or Kalmia latifolia." Here Linnaeus himself gave an illustration of both the pre- Linnaean and the post- Linnaean nomenclature. Kalm became acquainted with several of the naturalists of this country, C. Colden and his daughter Jane, Bartram and Clayton, and through Kalm a correspondence was established between them and Linnaeus. Linnaeus also corresponded with John Ellis, who resided in the West Indies, and Dr. Gardiner, who botanized in Carolina and Florida. Later he bought a set of plants collected by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, and received a part of the collections made by Jacquin in the West Indies. When the second edition of the " Species Plantarum " appeared, in 1762, Linnaeus knew and had described nearly 1,000 plants indigenous to the United States and Canada. Besides these, he described about 1,000 more, natives of the West Indies, Mexico and Central America, and 400 or 500 South American plants. His knowledge of American plants was small compared with 134 - what he knew of plants of the Old World. " Codex Linnaeanus," which enumerates all plants named by Linnaeus, contains not fewer than 8,551 species. Linnaeus died January 10, 1778, honored and esteemed by all. Some of his work will doubtless live as long as Botany is studied by man. We see from the preceding account that we may consider Linnaeus one of our American botanists. Even the little plant FIG. 19. Hammarby, the country home of Linnaeus near Upsala, Sweden. From a recent photograph by W. A. Murrill. which Gronovius dedicated to the Father of Botany, the twin-flower of our woods, with its exquisite perfume and its dainty pink flowers, belongs to a genus essentially North American. The genus Linnaea contains four forms, all closely related. One of these, the original Linnaea borealis, is confined to the mountain regions of northern and central Europe. Linnaeus discovered it on his Lapland journey and it was then considered a very rare plant. Now it seems to be more widely distributed than it was 135 at the time of Linnaeus. Perhaps it is of American origin and has become modified since it transplanted itself on the other side of the ocean. The other three forms are North American. Linnaea americana Forbes, which has usually been confounded with its European cousin, is common in the woods from Labrador to Alaska, and extends in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico. L. longiflora ( Torr.) Howell, is found in the mountains from Northern California to Alaska. The fourth form is, as far as I know, undescribed and unnamed. It is with great pleasure that I here propose the following name and description for this species : Linnaea serpyllifolia sp. nov. A delicate plant with long creeping stems, 1- 4 dm. long, sparingly hirsute ; petioles 2- 3 mm. long, ciliate ; blades broadly oval or round- ovate, 5- 8 mm. long, minutely crenulate, obtuse, sparingly hirsute, more or less coriaceous and shining, slightly paler beneath ; peduncles 3- 5 cm. long, sparingly pubescent and more or less glandular above, 2- flowered ; bracts 2- 3 mm. long, linear or lance- linear, obtuse ; pedicels 5- 8 mm. long, glandular-pubescent ; hypanthium subglobose, in flower slightly over 1 mm. long, glandular- puberulent, purplish ; calyx- lobes 2- 2.5 mm-long, linear- subulate ; corolla pink, open- funnelform with a very short tube, decidedly oblique, about 6 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. This species differs from L. borealis and L. americana in the very narrow and almost glabrous calyx- lobes. In this respect, it agrees with L. longiflora : but it is distinguished from that species by the differently shaped corolla and by the leaves, which are broadest at or below the middle, instead of above it. It differs from all three in the smaller size of the flower and of the leaves, and in the indistinct toothing of the latter. Alaska: Cape Nome, 1900, F. E. Blaisdell ( Type in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.) ; Kotzebue Sound, Arnott. Apparently the same plant has also been collected on the island of Sachalin by F. Schmidt, but his specimens lack flowers. EXHIBITION OF LANTERN SLIDES OF AMERICAN FLOWERS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. Dr. H. H. Rusby then showed selected colored lantern slides of the flowers of the following North American plants known to Lin- 136 naeus ; early blue violet, hardhack, partridge pea, purple flowering raspberry, dwarf cornel, jack- in- the- pulpit, harebell, alumroot, meadow beauty, ground- nut, button- snakeroot, wake- robin, swamp rose- mallow, marsh- marigold, skunk cabbage, water hemlock, cardinal- flower, large blue flag, butterfly- weed, pickerel- weed, sea- side goldenrod, five- finger, large blue gerardia, black- eyed susan ; sweet elder, swamp honeysuckle, witch- hazel, rhododendron ; laurel magnolia, flowering dogwood, sweet- gum, locust-tree, black birch, fringe- tree, tulip- tree, and American linden. AMERICAN TREES KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. At the conclusion of the exhibition of lantern slides, Dr. W. A. Murrill led the way through the grounds of the Garden from the museum building to the Linnaeus Bridge and pointed out certain species of American trees known to Linnaeus. The following trees were observed, in the order given, and some of their characteristics briefly mentioned; tulip- tree, sweet- gum, red maple, red cedar, sweet birch, white pine, white ash, sugarberry, flowering dogwood, sassafras, buttonwood, butternut, white elm, red oak, white oak, hemlock, chestnut- oak, and American linden. DEDICATION OF THE LINNAEUS BRIDGE. A handsome new bridge over the Bronx River on Pelham Parkway, between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park, was then dedicated by the unveiling of a bronze tablet commemorative of Linnaeus placed thereon by the Academy of Sciences. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden and President of the Academy, made the following address : ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY.* The recognition of the work of famous men is one of the happiest duties of mankind. It stimulates our endeavors and encourages us to make efforts which we would probably not make without their examples before us. To- day we do homage to a distinguished man of science, and * Delivered at the dedication to Linnaeus of the Pelham Parkway bridge over tbe Bronx River, by Nathaniel Lord Britton, President of the New York Academy of Sciences, May 23, 1907. 137 the unanimity with which the scientific societies and institutions of the City of New York join in this tribute is in itself evidence of the value which is placed upon his contributious to natural history. Science has made great progress during the two centuries which have elapsed since the birth of Linnaeus. Theories have in large part given place to ascertained facts or have been replaced by other theories based on more accurate knowledge of natural objects and of natural phenomena. The contributions of science to the welfare, comfort and happiness of mankind have made present human life widely different from that of two hundred years ago, and this amelioration of our condition, and the more general diffusion of knowledge has been accompanied by a vast improvement in morality. The ceremonies of to- day are worthy of the great naturalist whose birth they commemorate. Societies and institutions all over the world join with us in honoring him, and are represented here by delegates or have transmitted documents expressing their appreciation of his life and labors. The public natural science institutions of New York have come to take leading parts in the subjects they teach and illustrate. Public and private philanthropy have developed them with a rapidity almost phenomenal, for they are all yet in their infancy, and on a scale commensurate with the dignity of the metropolis of America. The cordial cooperation of a municipality with public- spirited citizens to build and maintain such institutions for the welfare of the people and of science, finds here, in New York, its maximum evolution, which has as yet, however, by no means reached its complete development nor its maximum usefulness. What shall be said of their position and importance when after fifty years the New York Historical Society opens the tablet which we now place upon this bridge ? And, what discoveries will Science have made for the benefit of the human race during these next fifty years ? The selection of this bridge recently constructed by the Park Department, as a permanent memorial of Linnaeus, is most appropriate. It is situated just outside the New York Zoological Park, with the New York Botanical Garden a short distance to the north, 138 being thus between the two institutions which teach the subjects on which the fame of Linnaeus chiefly rests. The suggestion that it be known hereafter as the Linnaeus Bridge came from the Director of the American Museum of Natural History. On behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences I now unveil this tablet and present it to the City of New York, there having been placed in it copies of to- day's program and other documents befitting the occasion. The tablet was then unveiled by Dr. N. L. Britton and accepted for the City by the Hon. Joseph I. Berry, Commissioner of Parks FIG. 20. Tablet placed on the Linnaeus Bridge by the New York Academy of Sciences. of the Borough of the Bronx. Its location is shown in the frontispiece, and its wording in the accompanying photograph. The key of the tablet was accepted by the New York Historical Society for safe keeping until May 23, 1957. Addresses were made by Mr. G. F. Kunz, President of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and Mr. Emil F. Johnson 139 President of the United Swedish Societies of New York. Appropriate music was furnished by the American Union of Swedish Singers. From the Linnaeus Bridge, the party entered the grounds of the Zoological Park and, under the guidance of Dr. W. T. Horna-day, the Director, and several members of his staff, examined the zoological collections with special reference to animals known to- Linnaeus. The exercises were continued in the evening at the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute with addresses by Messrs. F. A. Lucas, and E. L. Morris, with an exhibition of lantern slides, and musical numbers by the Glee Club of the United Swedish Societies. A reception at the Aquarium given by the New York Zoological Society to the New York Academy of Sciences and Guests, about five hundred people in all, closed the exercises of the day. Features of marine life known to Linnaeus were then demonstrated, and the first view was had of the Aquarium collections-under illumination by night. The centennial of the Aquarium building was commemorated at the same time. W. A. MURRILL. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Miss Anna Murray Vail, Librarian, is at present in France,, where she intends to remain during the summer. The seventh annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York was held at the Garden on Wednesday and Thursday, May 8 and 9. The seventh summer exhibition was held June 12 and 13. Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, Curator, delivered an address at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, on May 13, in connection with exercises commemorative of the two hundreth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus. The exercises at the Garden in honor of Linnaeus were attended by the Swedish Minister, from Washington, and by the Swedish Consul, Vice- Consul, and President of the United Swedish Societies, from New York. 140 Mr. Wladimir H. Lipsky, the well- known Russian botanist and botanical explorer, recently spent several days at the Garden examining the library and collections. The nature- study lectures and demonstrations for the benefit of pupils of the public schools in the borough of the Bronx and a portion of Manhattan closed for the spring term on June 4, to be continued in the autumn. A collection of fossil gums containing some very rare and choice specimens has just been presented to the Garden by Messrs. G. W. S. Patterson & Co. of this city. A description of this collection will be published at an early date. The total precipitation recorded for May, 1907, was 4.05 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 720 on the 10th, 830 on the 14th, 70° on the 24th, and 71 ° on the 30th ; also minimum temperatures of 340 on the 5th, 30° on the 12th, 440 on the 18th, 370 on the 22d, and 41° on the 28th. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 15 TO JUNE 1. ARKANSAS. Annual report of the geological survey for 18S8. Vol. 3. Little Rock, 1888. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) BAILEY, EDWARD. Hawaiian ferns. Honolulu, 1883. BALFOUR, EDWARD. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. 3d edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. BELLI, SAVERIO. Endoderma e periciclo net G. Trifolium in rapporto colla teoria della stelia di V. Thiegheme Douliot. Torino, 1896. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) BELLI, S. Observationes critiques sur la rialite des espices en nature au point de vue de la systematique des vegetaux. Turin, 1901. ( Given by Dr; N. L. Britton.) BENINCASA, MICHELE. Come si coltiva il tabacco. Parte prima and parte secunda. Roma, 1907. Botanical magazine; index from its commence? nent in iy8y to the end of igo^. London, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) CHODAT, R. Principes de botanique. Geneve, 1907. DRUCE, C CLARIDGE. The Dillenian herbaria. Edited, with an introduction, by S. H. Vines. Oxford, 1907. DUTROCHET, HENRI. Physiologische Untersuchungen iiber die Beweglichkeit der Pfianzen und der Tiere. Leipzig, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) FREMONT, J. C Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843- 44. Washington, 1840. Another edition, Washington, 1845. Another edition, New York, 1846. 141 GODFRIN, J., & NoEL, CH. Atlas manuel de Phistologie des drogues simples. Paris, 1887. GREENWOOD, LAURA. Life among the flowers. New York, 1880. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) HANAUSEK, T. F. Die Nahrungs- und Genussmittel aus dem FHantenreiche. Kassel, 1884. HANSEN, ADOLPH. Goetkes Metamorphose der Pfianzen. Giessen, 1907. 2 vols. HiLL, LEONARD. Recent advances in physiology and bio- chemistry. London, 1906. KYLIN, HARALD. Siudien Uber die Algenflora der schwedischen Westkuste. Upsala, 1907. ( Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) LANGE, JOH. Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in hortis Daniae coluntur. Kjobenhavn, 1897. MANN, GUSTAV. Chemistry of the proteids. London, 1906. MICHAEL, HELEN ABBOTT. Studies in plant and organic chemistry and literary papers. Cambridge, 1907. ( Given by Mr. Francis R. Abbott.) MICHAUX, ANDRE. Travels west of the Alleghanies made in iygj- g6 by Andri Michaux; in 1802 by F. A. Michaux ; and in 1803 by Thaddeus Mason Harris. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland, 1904. MIGULA, W. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland zum bestimmen der haufigeren in Deutschland wildwachsenden Pfianzen. Leipzig, 1906. 2 vols. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) NEWSTEAD, ROBERT. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. London, 1901. NISBET, JOHN. Our forests and woodlands. London, £ 900. N [ ORTON], E. H. Brazilian flowers drawn from nature in the years 1880— 1882 in the neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro . . Coombe Croft, 1893. OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE. Historia general y natural de las Indias . . publicala la real academiade la historia. Madrid, 1851- 55.- 4 vols. PARIS, E. G. Index bryologicus: editio secunda. Paris, 1904- 06. 5 vols. PRAIN, D. Botany of the Laccadives. Bombay, 1893. SWEET, ROBERT. Geraniaceae, the natural order of Gerania. London, 1820- 30. 5 vols. TUCKER, ARABELLA H. Trees of Worcester. Worcester, 1894. WARDER, JOHN A. Report on forests and forestry. Washington, 1S75. WILLAN, RHODA MARIA. Flora Parvula; or, gleanings among favourite flowers. London, no date. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) WILLIAMS, H. L., & LANGDON, E. C. From one generation to another. New York, 1906. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) ZEILLER, R. Etudes sur la flore fossile du Bassin Houiller et permien de Blanzy et du Creusot. Paris, 1906. 2 vols. ( Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.) MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 4 mosses from Connecticut. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols.) 287 specimens of Rubus from eastern North America. ( Collected by Mr. W. H. Blanchard.) 300 specimens of marine algae from the Barbados. ( Collected by Miss Annie L. Henderson.) 142 I specimen of Polyporus anceps from Massachusetts. ( Given by Professor E. A. Burt.) 30 specimens for the economic museum from Montserrat, W. I. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 1 bowl made of a redwood burl from California. ( Given by Mr. Rodney Burns.) 6 specimens of cassava starch and products from Montserrat, W. I. ( Given by Mr. A. S. Weeks.) 539 specimens from Central America. ( Collected by Mr. H. Pittier.) I specimen of Claylonia multicaulis from Iowa. ( By exchange with Mr. M. P. Somes.) I specimen of Puccinia melothriae from North Carolina. ( Given by Dr. F. L. Stevens.) I specimen of Pterospora Andromedea from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.) 490 specimens from Mexico. ( Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 55 plants for woody collections. ( Purchased.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. S. Steele.) 19 plants for conservatories. ( Purchased.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. L. R. Abrams.) 6 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Miss D. W. Marble.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 520 conifers for nurseries. ( Given by Messrs. I. Hicks and Son.) 1 plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. N. Howell.) SI plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with United States National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 2 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. H. J. Banker.) 9 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Messrs. Siebrecht and Sons.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.) I plant for conservatories. ( Byexchange with Mr. Oakes Ames.) 1,800 plants derived from seeds from various scources. 1,127 plants for woody collections. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.) 24 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.) 1 packet of seeds from the Bahamas. ( Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 1 packet of seeds from Colorado. ( Given by Mr. D. M. Andrews.) 3 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.) 1 packet of seeds from Mexico. ( Given by Mr. J. T. Nagle. ) 8 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.) 1 packet of seeds from Antigua. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) flDembera of tbe Corporation. GEORGE S. BOWDOIN, PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, DR. NICHOLAS M. BUTLER, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLES F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES B. FORD, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, FRANCIS L. STETSON, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR., WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S The New York Botanical Garden Journal oi the N e w York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con taiuing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy;. j£ i. oo a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - j - 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii -|- 204 pp. Vol. I l l, 1902, viii + 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii - 4- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- f- 242 pp. Vol. VI, 1905, viii-(- 224 pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii - f- 300 pp. Bulletin of the N e w York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896- 1900. Vol. I I , Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- I903. Vol. I l l, Nos. 9 - H , 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903- 1905. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 p p . ; No. 13, 193 pp., 12 plates; No. 14, in press. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906 ; No. 16, 88 pp., 17 plates, 1906; No. 17, 115 p p . , 1907. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price $ 1.50 per part ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905, contains descriptions of the families Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton ; the Pteroste-monaceae by Dr. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae by Percy Wilson and the Phyllo-nomaceae by Dr. H. H. Rusby. Vol. 7, part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906, contains descriptions of the families Uslilag-inaceae and Tilletiaceae, by Professor G. P. Clinton. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907, contains descriptions of the families Coleo-sporiaceae, Uredinaceae and Aecidiaceae ( pars), by Professor J. C. Arthur. Memoirs of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the Gaiden, Si. 00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book, including descriptions of 163 new species, ix - f- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's researches with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal morphological features are illustrated, xvi 4- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. C o n t r i b u t i o n s from the N e w York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. Vol. I. Nos. 1- 25, vi -|- 400 pp. 35 figures and 34 plates. Vol. I I . Nos. 26- 50, vi - f 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and iS plates. Vol. I I I . Nos. 51- 75, vi- J- 39S pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. RECENT N U M B E R S 25 CENTS EACH. 90. Studies in North American Peronosporales— I. The Genus Albugo, by Guy West Wilson. 91. Costa Rican orchids.— I., by George Valentine Nash. 92. An occurrence of glands in the embryo of Zea Mays, by Charles Stuart Gager. 93. American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Florissant, Colorado, by E. G. Britton and Arthur Hollick. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1907-06 |
Description-Table Of Contents | Exercises Commemorative of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus; Notes, News and Comment; Accessions. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 8, no. 90 |
Type | text |
Transcript | Vol, VIII JUNE, 1907 No. 90 JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL First Assistant CONTENTS PAG 8 Exercises Commemorative of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus 123 Notes, News and Comment 139 Accessions 140 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NORTH QUBEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BT THB NEW ERA PRINTING COMPACT O F I M O E R S , 1G06. PRESIDENT— D. O. MILLS, VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON. B O A R D OK M A N A Q B R S , 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, HON. MOSES HERRMAN. THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR. G A R D B N S T A F F . DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator. ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator. DR. C. B. ROBINSON, Assistant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener. DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories. ANNA MURRAY \' AIL, Librarian. DR H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist. COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent. JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant. DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Editorial Assistan/. DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VOL. VIII. June, 1907. No. 90. EXERCISES COMMEMORATIVE OF THE TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LINNAEUS. Exercises commemorating the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus were held May 23, under the auspices of the New York Academy of Sciences, at the Museum of Natural History, the Botanical Garden, the Zoological Park, the Aquarium, and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. In the forenoon, at the Museum of Natural History, American animals, shells, minerals and rocks known to Linnaeus were exhibited by a committee in charge, and letters and cablegrams from other societies appreciative of the work of Linnaeus were read by the Secretary of the Academy. Short addresses were also made by some of the representatives of these societies who were present. Then followed the main address of the morning by Mr. J. A. Allen on " Linnaeus and American Zoology." EXHIBITION OF AMERICAN PLANTS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. The exercises were continued in the afternoon at the Botanical Garden. Visitors were received under an arch bearing the name of Linnaeus decorated with flowers known to him and draped with the American and Swedish flags. After luncheon, an exhibition of American plants known to Linnaeus was held in the museum building. Nearly a thousand species of flowering plants, including potted plants and cut flowers, were shown, besides several species of ferns and a few of the lower cryptogams. The 12M 124 botanical writings and portraits of Linnaeus occupied a conspicuous place in this exhibition. The following address was then delivered by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator : LINNAEUS AND AMERICAN BOTANY.* Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : I have been asked to make a short address to you on Linnaeus and his relation to North American botany. That the selection fell on me was not because I was the most able one to deliver such an address, for there are many abler men present, but simply because I was born in the same country as Linnaeus. In fact, my grandfather came from the same province of Smaland and FIG. 16. The twin- flower, Linnaea borealis, * plant especially beloved by Linnaeus and dedicated to him by Gronovius. even from a parish adjoining that of Stembrohult, in which my illustrious countryman was born. In the early part of the seventeenth century there lived in Jonsboda, Smaland, Sweden, a farmer named Ingemar Svenson. He had three children, two sons and one daughter, the grand- * Address delivered at tbe New York Botanical Garden, May 23, 1907, by Per Axel Rydberg, on the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus by the New York Academy of Sciences. 125 mother of Linnaeus. On the Jonsboda farm stood a very large linden tree, so old and with so many traditions that it was regarded by the people as a holy tree. Any damage done to this tree, it was claimed, would surely bring misfortune upon the head of the perpetrator. When the two sons began to study for the ministry, it was natural that they should think of this tree in selecting a family name. They called themselves Tiliander; Tilia is the Latin for the linden or basswood, and andros the Greek for man. It may not be amiss to state that at that time the common people of Sweden did not have any family names, and this is true to a certain extent even to- day. A man was known by his given name, the given name of his father with the word son appended, and the place where he lived. The farmer mentioned above was known as Ingemar Svenson from Jonsboda. His father's name was Sven Carlson and that of his grandfather, Carl Johnson. The names of his two sons would have been Carl and Sven Ingemarson had they remained in the peasant class, instead of Carl and Sven Tiliander. The daughter married a farmer, Ingemar Bengtson, and her son's name was Nils Ingemarson, until he entered the " gymnasium." He was also born in Jonsboda and, when selecting a name, he naturally also turned to the same old linden tree as his maternal uncles had done. He called himself Linnaeus. It is remarkable that two of his father's maternal granduncles also bore another Latin form of the same name, viz., Lindelius. Some claim that even this name was derived from the same old linden tree, but this is scarcely in accordance with the facts. More likely it traces its origin from the Linden Farm in Dannas Parish, where their ancestors lived. But what has this genealogy to do with Linnaeus's relation to North American botany? Perhaps nothing directly, but indirectly a great deal ; for the circumstances and surroundings under which a man is born and reared to a certain extent make the man. In his younger days, Sven Tiliander was the house-chaplain of Field- marshal and Admiral Viscount Henrik Horn, who was for many years Governor of Bremen and Verden, two cities with territory in Germany acquired by Sweden through the 126 Thirty- years War. During his stay in Germany, Tiliander learned to know and love botany and horticulture and established around Viscount Horn's residence in Bremen a garden which was remarkable for that period. When both returned to Sweden, Tiliander brought with him the choicest plants from this garden and planted them around the parsonage of Pjetteryd Parish, of which he had been appointed rector. Here at Pjetteryd, Nils Linnaeus spent most of his youth, studying in company with his uncle's sons. Later, both as curate at Rashult and as rector at Stenbrohult, he surrounded the parsonages with gardens, in which he grew many rare and interesting plants. In the midst of these, Carl Linnaeus, the famous botanist, was born and reared. Later, while a student at the university, he spent a summer vacation at home in 1732, and made a list of the plants in his father's garden. This list is still to be seen in the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. Although defective, the first four classes being unrepresented, it enumerates 224 species. Of these, many were at that time very rare in cultivation. Professor Theodore Fries in his biography of Linnaeus enumerates 36 of the rarest of these. Among them we notice six American plants, viz., Rhus Toxicodendron, the poison oak, Mirabilis Jalapa, four- o- clock, Asclepias syriaca, milk- weed, Phytolacca dccandra, poke- weed, Antennaria ( now Anaphalis) margaritacea, pearly everlasting, and Solanum tuberosum, the potato. It may be remarked that the cultivation of potatoes was introduced into Sweden about twenty years later. We see from this that Linnaeus had learned to know some American plants even in his early childhood. Carl Linnaeus was born the 13th of May ( old style), 1707, at Rashult, an annex to the parish of Stenbrohult. His father was the curate there, but two years later, at the death of his father-in- law, Samuel Broderson, he became rector and moved to Stenbrohult. In the fall of 1714, Carl Linnaeus entered the school of Wexio, and graduated from the " gymnasium " in 1727. His parents, especially his mother, wanted him to study for the ministry, but he had no love for theology, nor for metaphysics, nor the classics. He learned Latin tolerably, however, because that language helped him to study the natural sciences. He decided 127 to study medicine and entered with that view the University of Lund, which was nearest his home, but remained there only one year, learning that there were better facilities at Upsala. At the latter place he soon became acquainted with Professors Rudbeck and Celsius, two of the most prominent scientists of that time, FiG. 17. Linnaeus at the age of thirty, in Lapland dress. and was allowed to use their libraries. The former, who had many duties to perform, soon asked Linnaeus to give for him the public lectures in Botany. The income from these gave Linnaeus means to support himself and linked him closer to his favorite study. He became acquainted with practically all the plants of 128 the gardens and fields of the whole region around Upsala and learned all the scientific names given in the books at his disposal. The latter was not an easy matter, when we take into consideration the form of scientific names at that period. For example, the most approved name of the common blue- grass that adorns our lawns was : " Gramen pratense paniculatum majus, laliore folio, Poa Theophrasti." Other names of the same grass were: " Gramen vulgo cognitum," " Gramen pratense majus vulgatus," and " Gramen alterum et vulgare." In the first publication by Linnaeus, it appears as " Poa spiculis ovatis compressis muticis!' I think that Linnaeus and his contemporaries had much more cause than we to exclaim : " Those horrible Latin names !" To us the same plant is known as Poa pratensis L., the name adopted by Linnaeus in his " Species Plantarum." The lectures given by Linnaeus for Professor Rudbeck became very popular. This was especially the case after his return from his Lapland journey. Some persons, especially Dr. Nils Rosen, became jealous of his success and induced the University faculty to pass a resolution by which no one who had not taken the corresponding degree was permitted to give university lectures. Linnaeus had not yet received his doctor's degree, and hence was debarred. As Holland was offering at that time excellent facilities both in medicine and in botany, and as living expenses were lower than elsewhere, Linnaeus decided to visit that country and take his examinations there. He received his doctor's diploma at Harderwijk, and afterwards went to Leyden, where he became acquainted with three of the greatest botanists of the time, Boerhaave, Burmann and Gronovius. George Clifford, the wealthy burgomaster of Amsterdam and president of the East India Company, was a great lover of plants and had a splendid botanical garden at Hartecamp as well as a rich library and herbarium. On the recommendation of Boerhaave, Linnaeus became Clifford's physician and curator of his collections and garden. Here he lived in luxury, beloved as a son. Clifford furnished Linnaeus with means to publish five of his first books, " Systema Naturae," " Fundamenta Botanica," " Bibli-otheca Botanica," " Genera Plantarum " and " Flora Lapponica," 129 the manuscript of which he had brought with him from Sweden. In the first of these, Linnaeus presents his system of classification. He divides Nature into three kingdoms, the mineral, vegetable and animal. In the vegetable kingdom, he brings out an altogether new classification, based upon the sexual organs of plants. He divides the kingdom into 24 classes, the first 23 * k m WJz wKmKM *** ^ m^ Kr- $£%$& L{ r*' .-£ 0?:: )* W^ WiL " ^ ^ f k •••• •'••• • - ^ ' - V * v ••• v.-. S. ; ' " - v • - ^" t, % \ ^ J - .1 • ^ girfMI • " . ' " ID: % ypy- S: •••••'.$ ''• ' • ' * • -••••-' - . : ' , ' ? ' ' l ? ' ." FIG. 18. Linnaeus at tbe age of forty. containing the phanerogams and the last the cryptogams. In the first 11 classes are included plants which have from 1 to 12 free and practically equal stamens ; in the 12th and the 13th, plants with many stamens ; in the 14th and I 5th, plants with 4 and 6 stamens respectively, of which 2 are decidedly shorter; in the 16th, 17th 130 and 18th classes the stamens are united by their filaments; in the 19th they are united by their anthers, and in the 20th they are adnate to the pistil; in the 21st and 22d the flowers are unisexual, i. e., the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, on the same individual in the 21st and on different individuals in the 22d ; and the plants of the 23d class have both unisexual and bisexual flowers. The classes were divided into orders. In the first 13 classes the orders were determined by the number of the pistils, in the 14th and I 5th by the fruit; and in the 16th to 18th and 20th to 23d by the number and distinctness or union of the stamens. The classification of the 19th class is too complex to enter into here. The 24th class was divided into 4 orders: Filices, Musci, Algae and Fungi. This system of classification is purely artificial. Linnaeus himself regarded it only as temporary, and expected that it would soon be supplanted by a more rational one, based on natural relationship. The Linnaean system served its purpose, however. It became a means by which it was possible to tabulate every known genus of plants. Before this time there had been no systems at all, or such crude ones as we find even to- day in some popular flower- books, where the plants are classified by the color of their flowers. If the natural systems of DeCandolle, Bentham and Hooker, and Engler and Prantl are too complicated for popular " books, why not go back to the simple system of Linnaeus ? It would at least give a good insight into the structure of the flower instead of the mere color. In his " Genera Plantarum " Linnaeus applied this system to all known genera of plants and gave each of them a concise and plain description. Clifford had many American plants in his garden, but he sent Linnaeus to England to visit Sir Hans Sloane, Professor Dillenius, and Philip Miller, in order to secure American plants grown by them. Both Sloane and Dillenius treated Linnaeus at first with coolness, because he " confounded " botany. On his farewell visit to Dillenius, Linnaeus politely asked him what he meant by " confounding botany." Dillenius took from the library" the first few pages of Linnaeus's own " Genera Plantarum" and 131 showed him where there was written at numerous places " NB." Dillenius stated that all the genera so marked were wrongly described. The first example he pointed out, if I am not mistaken, was Canna, placed by Linnaeus in his first class, which contains plants with but one stamen. Botanists before this time had described it as having three stamens. To settle the dispute they went out into the garden and the living plant showed that Linnaeus was correct. Dillenius then retained Linnaeus for several days and found that the older botanists in most cases were at fault and the young Swede correct. From being an opponent, he became a friend of Linnaeus and let him have all the plants he wanted. After his return to Holland Linnaeus continued his work in Clifford's garden with renewed zeal; and completed his " Hortus Cliffortianus," a large folio, in which are enumerated and described all the plants found in Clifford's collections, together with synonyms and citations of nearly all botanical works then in existence. In preparing this work he became thoroughly acquainted with almost all the literature referring to American botany, such as Morison's " Plantarum Historia," Plukenett's " Almagestrum Botanicum" and " Phytographia," Petiver's " Gazophylacium," Sloane's " Jamaica," Plumier's " Plantarum Americanarum Genera," " Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus Primus " and " Filicetum Americanum," Catesby's " Historia Naturalis," and, later, Cornuti's " Canadensium Plantarum Historia." After completing the " Hortus Cliffortianus," Linnaeus returned to Leyden, where he spent some time helping Gronovius with the editing of his " Flora Virginica," based on a large collection of plants collected by Clayton. Here again he came in contact with American plants. Linnaeus then returned to Sweden and became a practicing physician. He was soon appointed Professor of Medicine at Upsala, but by common agreement he exchanged chairs with Rosen, who held the professorship of Botany. He now began work upon the most important book of his life, his " Species Plantarum." In this he tried to include a short description of 132 every known species of plant, together with the most important synonyms and citations. In this book the Linnaean binomial system of nomenclature was used for the first time. Linnaeus was not the first to give plants names ; nor was he the first to name genera. Many Latin plant- names had come down from antiquity, while others had been proposed by his predecessors. Men like Tournefort and Micheli had in some cases clearer ideas of genera than Linnaeus himself. Neither was Linnaeus the first one to use binomials. In Cornuti's work on Canadian plants, for example, we find almost as many binomials as polynomials; but it is doubtful if Linnaeus had seen Cornuti's book when he first wrote his " Species Plantarum." He does not cite it in the first edition, but does so in the second. Linnaeus was, however, the first one to use binomials systematically and consistently. Before his time botanists had recognized genera and applied to them Latin nouns as names. In order to designate species, they added to these nouns adjective descriptive phrases. These consisted sometimes of a single adjective, as in Quercus alba, the white oak, but more often of a long string of adjectives and adjective modifiers, as in the case of the blue- grass mentioned above. The specific name had hitherto been merely a description modifying the generic name ; from this time it became really a name, although a single adjective in form. An illustration of the pre- Linnaean form of plant- names might be had if, instead ot " Grace Darling," one should say, " Mr. Darling's beautiful, slender, graceful, blue- eyed girl with long golden curls and rosy cheeks." " Grace " is just as descriptive of the girl as this whole string of adjectives. It may be that " Grace '' is not always applicable to the person to whom the name is applied ; but this is also often the case with many specific plant- names. Asclepias syriaca and Rumex Brittanica are American plants, and Rubus deliciosus is one of the least delicious of the raspberry tribe. This invention and strict application of binomial names could not but cause a revolution in Botany. Since the appearance of " Species Plantarum" in 1753 it has been possible to pigeon- hole not only genera, but also species of plants. Before this useful book was printed, Linnaeus had become 133 better acquainted with North American plants, and in another way. Baron Bjelke, the vice- president of the Court of Appeals of Finland, had proposed to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm to send an able man to Iceland and Siberia, countries partly in the same latitude as Sweden, " to make observations and such collections of seeds and plants as would improve the Swedish husbandry, gardening, manufactures, arts and sciences." Dr. Linnaeus suggested North America instead, and recommended one of his pupils, Professor Pehr Kalm, of Abo, for the proposed expedition. Kalm spent two years in North America, traveling through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Canada, and making large collections of seeds and plants, which were preserved as living or dried specimens or as alcoholic material. During his stay at Raccoon, New Jersey, he discovered our mountain laurel. The Swedes of Raccoon called it spoon- tree, because the Indians made spoons from its hard wood. Kalm adds in his journal about this tree: " The English call this tree a Laurel, because its leaves resemble those of the Laurocerasus. Linnaeus, conformably to the peculiar friendship and goodness which he has honored me with, has pleased to call this tree Kalmia foliis ovalis, corymbis lerminalibus, or Kalmia latifolia." Here Linnaeus himself gave an illustration of both the pre- Linnaean and the post- Linnaean nomenclature. Kalm became acquainted with several of the naturalists of this country, C. Colden and his daughter Jane, Bartram and Clayton, and through Kalm a correspondence was established between them and Linnaeus. Linnaeus also corresponded with John Ellis, who resided in the West Indies, and Dr. Gardiner, who botanized in Carolina and Florida. Later he bought a set of plants collected by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, and received a part of the collections made by Jacquin in the West Indies. When the second edition of the " Species Plantarum " appeared, in 1762, Linnaeus knew and had described nearly 1,000 plants indigenous to the United States and Canada. Besides these, he described about 1,000 more, natives of the West Indies, Mexico and Central America, and 400 or 500 South American plants. His knowledge of American plants was small compared with 134 - what he knew of plants of the Old World. " Codex Linnaeanus," which enumerates all plants named by Linnaeus, contains not fewer than 8,551 species. Linnaeus died January 10, 1778, honored and esteemed by all. Some of his work will doubtless live as long as Botany is studied by man. We see from the preceding account that we may consider Linnaeus one of our American botanists. Even the little plant FIG. 19. Hammarby, the country home of Linnaeus near Upsala, Sweden. From a recent photograph by W. A. Murrill. which Gronovius dedicated to the Father of Botany, the twin-flower of our woods, with its exquisite perfume and its dainty pink flowers, belongs to a genus essentially North American. The genus Linnaea contains four forms, all closely related. One of these, the original Linnaea borealis, is confined to the mountain regions of northern and central Europe. Linnaeus discovered it on his Lapland journey and it was then considered a very rare plant. Now it seems to be more widely distributed than it was 135 at the time of Linnaeus. Perhaps it is of American origin and has become modified since it transplanted itself on the other side of the ocean. The other three forms are North American. Linnaea americana Forbes, which has usually been confounded with its European cousin, is common in the woods from Labrador to Alaska, and extends in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico. L. longiflora ( Torr.) Howell, is found in the mountains from Northern California to Alaska. The fourth form is, as far as I know, undescribed and unnamed. It is with great pleasure that I here propose the following name and description for this species : Linnaea serpyllifolia sp. nov. A delicate plant with long creeping stems, 1- 4 dm. long, sparingly hirsute ; petioles 2- 3 mm. long, ciliate ; blades broadly oval or round- ovate, 5- 8 mm. long, minutely crenulate, obtuse, sparingly hirsute, more or less coriaceous and shining, slightly paler beneath ; peduncles 3- 5 cm. long, sparingly pubescent and more or less glandular above, 2- flowered ; bracts 2- 3 mm. long, linear or lance- linear, obtuse ; pedicels 5- 8 mm. long, glandular-pubescent ; hypanthium subglobose, in flower slightly over 1 mm. long, glandular- puberulent, purplish ; calyx- lobes 2- 2.5 mm-long, linear- subulate ; corolla pink, open- funnelform with a very short tube, decidedly oblique, about 6 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. This species differs from L. borealis and L. americana in the very narrow and almost glabrous calyx- lobes. In this respect, it agrees with L. longiflora : but it is distinguished from that species by the differently shaped corolla and by the leaves, which are broadest at or below the middle, instead of above it. It differs from all three in the smaller size of the flower and of the leaves, and in the indistinct toothing of the latter. Alaska: Cape Nome, 1900, F. E. Blaisdell ( Type in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.) ; Kotzebue Sound, Arnott. Apparently the same plant has also been collected on the island of Sachalin by F. Schmidt, but his specimens lack flowers. EXHIBITION OF LANTERN SLIDES OF AMERICAN FLOWERS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. Dr. H. H. Rusby then showed selected colored lantern slides of the flowers of the following North American plants known to Lin- 136 naeus ; early blue violet, hardhack, partridge pea, purple flowering raspberry, dwarf cornel, jack- in- the- pulpit, harebell, alumroot, meadow beauty, ground- nut, button- snakeroot, wake- robin, swamp rose- mallow, marsh- marigold, skunk cabbage, water hemlock, cardinal- flower, large blue flag, butterfly- weed, pickerel- weed, sea- side goldenrod, five- finger, large blue gerardia, black- eyed susan ; sweet elder, swamp honeysuckle, witch- hazel, rhododendron ; laurel magnolia, flowering dogwood, sweet- gum, locust-tree, black birch, fringe- tree, tulip- tree, and American linden. AMERICAN TREES KNOWN TO LINNAEUS. At the conclusion of the exhibition of lantern slides, Dr. W. A. Murrill led the way through the grounds of the Garden from the museum building to the Linnaeus Bridge and pointed out certain species of American trees known to Linnaeus. The following trees were observed, in the order given, and some of their characteristics briefly mentioned; tulip- tree, sweet- gum, red maple, red cedar, sweet birch, white pine, white ash, sugarberry, flowering dogwood, sassafras, buttonwood, butternut, white elm, red oak, white oak, hemlock, chestnut- oak, and American linden. DEDICATION OF THE LINNAEUS BRIDGE. A handsome new bridge over the Bronx River on Pelham Parkway, between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park, was then dedicated by the unveiling of a bronze tablet commemorative of Linnaeus placed thereon by the Academy of Sciences. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden and President of the Academy, made the following address : ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY.* The recognition of the work of famous men is one of the happiest duties of mankind. It stimulates our endeavors and encourages us to make efforts which we would probably not make without their examples before us. To- day we do homage to a distinguished man of science, and * Delivered at the dedication to Linnaeus of the Pelham Parkway bridge over tbe Bronx River, by Nathaniel Lord Britton, President of the New York Academy of Sciences, May 23, 1907. 137 the unanimity with which the scientific societies and institutions of the City of New York join in this tribute is in itself evidence of the value which is placed upon his contributious to natural history. Science has made great progress during the two centuries which have elapsed since the birth of Linnaeus. Theories have in large part given place to ascertained facts or have been replaced by other theories based on more accurate knowledge of natural objects and of natural phenomena. The contributions of science to the welfare, comfort and happiness of mankind have made present human life widely different from that of two hundred years ago, and this amelioration of our condition, and the more general diffusion of knowledge has been accompanied by a vast improvement in morality. The ceremonies of to- day are worthy of the great naturalist whose birth they commemorate. Societies and institutions all over the world join with us in honoring him, and are represented here by delegates or have transmitted documents expressing their appreciation of his life and labors. The public natural science institutions of New York have come to take leading parts in the subjects they teach and illustrate. Public and private philanthropy have developed them with a rapidity almost phenomenal, for they are all yet in their infancy, and on a scale commensurate with the dignity of the metropolis of America. The cordial cooperation of a municipality with public- spirited citizens to build and maintain such institutions for the welfare of the people and of science, finds here, in New York, its maximum evolution, which has as yet, however, by no means reached its complete development nor its maximum usefulness. What shall be said of their position and importance when after fifty years the New York Historical Society opens the tablet which we now place upon this bridge ? And, what discoveries will Science have made for the benefit of the human race during these next fifty years ? The selection of this bridge recently constructed by the Park Department, as a permanent memorial of Linnaeus, is most appropriate. It is situated just outside the New York Zoological Park, with the New York Botanical Garden a short distance to the north, 138 being thus between the two institutions which teach the subjects on which the fame of Linnaeus chiefly rests. The suggestion that it be known hereafter as the Linnaeus Bridge came from the Director of the American Museum of Natural History. On behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences I now unveil this tablet and present it to the City of New York, there having been placed in it copies of to- day's program and other documents befitting the occasion. The tablet was then unveiled by Dr. N. L. Britton and accepted for the City by the Hon. Joseph I. Berry, Commissioner of Parks FIG. 20. Tablet placed on the Linnaeus Bridge by the New York Academy of Sciences. of the Borough of the Bronx. Its location is shown in the frontispiece, and its wording in the accompanying photograph. The key of the tablet was accepted by the New York Historical Society for safe keeping until May 23, 1957. Addresses were made by Mr. G. F. Kunz, President of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, and Mr. Emil F. Johnson 139 President of the United Swedish Societies of New York. Appropriate music was furnished by the American Union of Swedish Singers. From the Linnaeus Bridge, the party entered the grounds of the Zoological Park and, under the guidance of Dr. W. T. Horna-day, the Director, and several members of his staff, examined the zoological collections with special reference to animals known to- Linnaeus. The exercises were continued in the evening at the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute with addresses by Messrs. F. A. Lucas, and E. L. Morris, with an exhibition of lantern slides, and musical numbers by the Glee Club of the United Swedish Societies. A reception at the Aquarium given by the New York Zoological Society to the New York Academy of Sciences and Guests, about five hundred people in all, closed the exercises of the day. Features of marine life known to Linnaeus were then demonstrated, and the first view was had of the Aquarium collections-under illumination by night. The centennial of the Aquarium building was commemorated at the same time. W. A. MURRILL. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Miss Anna Murray Vail, Librarian, is at present in France,, where she intends to remain during the summer. The seventh annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural Society of New York was held at the Garden on Wednesday and Thursday, May 8 and 9. The seventh summer exhibition was held June 12 and 13. Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, Curator, delivered an address at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, on May 13, in connection with exercises commemorative of the two hundreth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus. The exercises at the Garden in honor of Linnaeus were attended by the Swedish Minister, from Washington, and by the Swedish Consul, Vice- Consul, and President of the United Swedish Societies, from New York. 140 Mr. Wladimir H. Lipsky, the well- known Russian botanist and botanical explorer, recently spent several days at the Garden examining the library and collections. The nature- study lectures and demonstrations for the benefit of pupils of the public schools in the borough of the Bronx and a portion of Manhattan closed for the spring term on June 4, to be continued in the autumn. A collection of fossil gums containing some very rare and choice specimens has just been presented to the Garden by Messrs. G. W. S. Patterson & Co. of this city. A description of this collection will be published at an early date. The total precipitation recorded for May, 1907, was 4.05 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 720 on the 10th, 830 on the 14th, 70° on the 24th, and 71 ° on the 30th ; also minimum temperatures of 340 on the 5th, 30° on the 12th, 440 on the 18th, 370 on the 22d, and 41° on the 28th. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 15 TO JUNE 1. ARKANSAS. Annual report of the geological survey for 18S8. Vol. 3. Little Rock, 1888. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) BAILEY, EDWARD. Hawaiian ferns. Honolulu, 1883. BALFOUR, EDWARD. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. 3d edition. London, 1885. 3 vols. BELLI, SAVERIO. Endoderma e periciclo net G. Trifolium in rapporto colla teoria della stelia di V. Thiegheme Douliot. Torino, 1896. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) BELLI, S. Observationes critiques sur la rialite des espices en nature au point de vue de la systematique des vegetaux. Turin, 1901. ( Given by Dr; N. L. Britton.) BENINCASA, MICHELE. Come si coltiva il tabacco. Parte prima and parte secunda. Roma, 1907. Botanical magazine; index from its commence? nent in iy8y to the end of igo^. London, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) CHODAT, R. Principes de botanique. Geneve, 1907. DRUCE, C CLARIDGE. The Dillenian herbaria. Edited, with an introduction, by S. H. Vines. Oxford, 1907. DUTROCHET, HENRI. Physiologische Untersuchungen iiber die Beweglichkeit der Pfianzen und der Tiere. Leipzig, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) FREMONT, J. C Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843- 44. Washington, 1840. Another edition, Washington, 1845. Another edition, New York, 1846. 141 GODFRIN, J., & NoEL, CH. Atlas manuel de Phistologie des drogues simples. Paris, 1887. GREENWOOD, LAURA. Life among the flowers. New York, 1880. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) HANAUSEK, T. F. Die Nahrungs- und Genussmittel aus dem FHantenreiche. Kassel, 1884. HANSEN, ADOLPH. Goetkes Metamorphose der Pfianzen. Giessen, 1907. 2 vols. HiLL, LEONARD. Recent advances in physiology and bio- chemistry. London, 1906. KYLIN, HARALD. Siudien Uber die Algenflora der schwedischen Westkuste. Upsala, 1907. ( Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.) LANGE, JOH. Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in hortis Daniae coluntur. Kjobenhavn, 1897. MANN, GUSTAV. Chemistry of the proteids. London, 1906. MICHAEL, HELEN ABBOTT. Studies in plant and organic chemistry and literary papers. Cambridge, 1907. ( Given by Mr. Francis R. Abbott.) MICHAUX, ANDRE. Travels west of the Alleghanies made in iygj- g6 by Andri Michaux; in 1802 by F. A. Michaux ; and in 1803 by Thaddeus Mason Harris. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland, 1904. MIGULA, W. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland zum bestimmen der haufigeren in Deutschland wildwachsenden Pfianzen. Leipzig, 1906. 2 vols. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.) NEWSTEAD, ROBERT. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. London, 1901. NISBET, JOHN. Our forests and woodlands. London, £ 900. N [ ORTON], E. H. Brazilian flowers drawn from nature in the years 1880— 1882 in the neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro . . Coombe Croft, 1893. OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE. Historia general y natural de las Indias . . publicala la real academiade la historia. Madrid, 1851- 55.- 4 vols. PARIS, E. G. Index bryologicus: editio secunda. Paris, 1904- 06. 5 vols. PRAIN, D. Botany of the Laccadives. Bombay, 1893. SWEET, ROBERT. Geraniaceae, the natural order of Gerania. London, 1820- 30. 5 vols. TUCKER, ARABELLA H. Trees of Worcester. Worcester, 1894. WARDER, JOHN A. Report on forests and forestry. Washington, 1S75. WILLAN, RHODA MARIA. Flora Parvula; or, gleanings among favourite flowers. London, no date. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.) WILLIAMS, H. L., & LANGDON, E. C. From one generation to another. New York, 1906. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) ZEILLER, R. Etudes sur la flore fossile du Bassin Houiller et permien de Blanzy et du Creusot. Paris, 1906. 2 vols. ( Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.) MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 4 mosses from Connecticut. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols.) 287 specimens of Rubus from eastern North America. ( Collected by Mr. W. H. Blanchard.) 300 specimens of marine algae from the Barbados. ( Collected by Miss Annie L. Henderson.) 142 I specimen of Polyporus anceps from Massachusetts. ( Given by Professor E. A. Burt.) 30 specimens for the economic museum from Montserrat, W. I. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 1 bowl made of a redwood burl from California. ( Given by Mr. Rodney Burns.) 6 specimens of cassava starch and products from Montserrat, W. I. ( Given by Mr. A. S. Weeks.) 539 specimens from Central America. ( Collected by Mr. H. Pittier.) I specimen of Claylonia multicaulis from Iowa. ( By exchange with Mr. M. P. Somes.) I specimen of Puccinia melothriae from North Carolina. ( Given by Dr. F. L. Stevens.) I specimen of Pterospora Andromedea from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.) 490 specimens from Mexico. ( Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 55 plants for woody collections. ( Purchased.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. S. Steele.) 19 plants for conservatories. ( Purchased.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. L. R. Abrams.) 6 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Miss D. W. Marble.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) 520 conifers for nurseries. ( Given by Messrs. I. Hicks and Son.) 1 plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. N. Howell.) SI plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with United States National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 2 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. H. J. Banker.) 9 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Messrs. Siebrecht and Sons.) I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.) I plant for conservatories. ( Byexchange with Mr. Oakes Ames.) 1,800 plants derived from seeds from various scources. 1,127 plants for woody collections. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.) 24 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.) 1 packet of seeds from the Bahamas. ( Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 1 packet of seeds from Colorado. ( Given by Mr. D. M. Andrews.) 3 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.) 1 packet of seeds from Mexico. ( Given by Mr. J. T. Nagle. ) 8 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.) 1 packet of seeds from Antigua. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) flDembera of tbe Corporation. GEORGE S. BOWDOIN, PROF. N. L. BRITTON, HON. ADDISON BROWN, DR. NICHOLAS M. BUTLER, ANDREW CARNEGIE, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, WILLIAM G. CHOATE, CHARLES F. COX, JOHN J. CROOKE, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES B. FORD, ROBERT W. DE FOREST, HENRY W. DE FOREST, CLEVELAND H. DODGE, SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD, GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, HON. THOMAS F. GILROY, HON. HUGH J. GRANT, HENRY GRAVES, HENRY P. HOYT, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., MORRIS K. JESUP, JOHN I. KANE, EUGENE KELLY, JR., PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, JOHN S. KENNEDY, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, HON. SETH LOW, DAVID LYDIG, EDGAR L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLS, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, THEODORE W. MYERS, GEORGE M. OLCOTT, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN, LOWELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, JAMES R. PITCHER, RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, PERCY R. PYNE, JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, WILLIAM D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, JAMES SPEYER, FRANCIS L. STETSON, DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, LOUIS C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR., WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. P U B L I C A T I O N S The New York Botanical Garden Journal oi the N e w York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con taiuing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy;. j£ i. oo a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - j - 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii -|- 204 pp. Vol. I l l, 1902, viii + 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii - 4- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- f- 242 pp. Vol. VI, 1905, viii-(- 224 pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii - f- 300 pp. Bulletin of the N e w York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896- 1900. Vol. I I , Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- I903. Vol. I l l, Nos. 9 - H , 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903- 1905. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 p p . ; No. 13, 193 pp., 12 plates; No. 14, in press. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906 ; No. 16, 88 pp., 17 plates, 1906; No. 17, 115 p p . , 1907. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be completed in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. Subscription price $ 1.50 per part ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash, Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905, contains descriptions of the families Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton ; the Pteroste-monaceae by Dr. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae by Percy Wilson and the Phyllo-nomaceae by Dr. H. H. Rusby. Vol. 7, part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906, contains descriptions of the families Uslilag-inaceae and Tilletiaceae, by Professor G. P. Clinton. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907, contains descriptions of the families Coleo-sporiaceae, Uredinaceae and Aecidiaceae ( pars), by Professor J. C. Arthur. Memoirs of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the Gaiden, Si. 00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.] Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book, including descriptions of 163 new species, ix - f- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map. Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's researches with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal morphological features are illustrated, xvi 4- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures. C o n t r i b u t i o n s from the N e w York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. Vol. I. Nos. 1- 25, vi -|- 400 pp. 35 figures and 34 plates. Vol. I I . Nos. 26- 50, vi - f 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and iS plates. Vol. I I I . Nos. 51- 75, vi- J- 39S pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates. RECENT N U M B E R S 25 CENTS EACH. 90. Studies in North American Peronosporales— I. The Genus Albugo, by Guy West Wilson. 91. Costa Rican orchids.— I., by George Valentine Nash. 92. An occurrence of glands in the embryo of Zea Mays, by Charles Stuart Gager. 93. American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Florissant, Colorado, by E. G. Britton and Arthur Hollick. All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY |
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