Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              Vol, VIII JUNE, 1907 No. 90
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
First Assistant
CONTENTS
PAG 8
Exercises Commemorative of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of
Linnaeus 123
Notes, News and Comment 139
Accessions 140
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DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator.
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DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian.
PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. VIII. June, 1907. No. 90.
EXERCISES COMMEMORATIVE OF THE TWO
HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
BIRTH OF LINNAEUS.
Exercises commemorating the two hundredth anniversary of
the birth of Linnaeus were held May 23, under the auspices of
the New York Academy of Sciences, at the Museum of Natural
History, the Botanical Garden, the Zoological Park, the Aquarium,
and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute.
In the forenoon, at the Museum of Natural History, American
animals, shells, minerals and rocks known to Linnaeus were
exhibited by a committee in charge, and letters and cablegrams
from other societies appreciative of the work of Linnaeus were
read by the Secretary of the Academy. Short addresses were
also made by some of the representatives of these societies who
were present. Then followed the main address of the morning
by Mr. J. A. Allen on " Linnaeus and American Zoology."
EXHIBITION OF AMERICAN PLANTS KNOWN TO LINNAEUS.
The exercises were continued in the afternoon at the Botanical
Garden. Visitors were received under an arch bearing the name
of Linnaeus decorated with flowers known to him and draped
with the American and Swedish flags. After luncheon, an exhi­bition
of American plants known to Linnaeus was held in the
museum building. Nearly a thousand species of flowering plants,
including potted plants and cut flowers, were shown, besides
several species of ferns and a few of the lower cryptogams. The
12M
124
botanical writings and portraits of Linnaeus occupied a conspicu­ous
place in this exhibition.
The following address was then delivered by Dr. P. A. Ryd­berg,
Curator :
LINNAEUS AND AMERICAN BOTANY.*
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen :
I have been asked to make a short address to you on Linnaeus
and his relation to North American botany. That the selection
fell on me was not because I was the most able one to deliver
such an address, for there are many abler men present, but simply
because I was born in the same country as Linnaeus. In fact,
my grandfather came from the same province of Smaland and
FIG. 16. The twin- flower, Linnaea borealis, * plant especially beloved by Lin­naeus
and dedicated to him by Gronovius.
even from a parish adjoining that of Stembrohult, in which my
illustrious countryman was born.
In the early part of the seventeenth century there lived in
Jonsboda, Smaland, Sweden, a farmer named Ingemar Svenson.
He had three children, two sons and one daughter, the grand-
* Address delivered at tbe New York Botanical Garden, May 23, 1907, by Per
Axel Rydberg, on the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth
of Linnaeus by the New York Academy of Sciences.
125
mother of Linnaeus. On the Jonsboda farm stood a very large
linden tree, so old and with so many traditions that it was re­garded
by the people as a holy tree. Any damage done to this
tree, it was claimed, would surely bring misfortune upon the head
of the perpetrator. When the two sons began to study for the
ministry, it was natural that they should think of this tree in
selecting a family name. They called themselves Tiliander;
Tilia is the Latin for the linden or basswood, and andros the
Greek for man. It may not be amiss to state that at that time
the common people of Sweden did not have any family names,
and this is true to a certain extent even to- day. A man was
known by his given name, the given name of his father with the
word son appended, and the place where he lived. The farmer
mentioned above was known as Ingemar Svenson from Jonsboda.
His father's name was Sven Carlson and that of his grandfather,
Carl Johnson. The names of his two sons would have been
Carl and Sven Ingemarson had they remained in the peasant
class, instead of Carl and Sven Tiliander.
The daughter married a farmer, Ingemar Bengtson, and her
son's name was Nils Ingemarson, until he entered the " gym­nasium."
He was also born in Jonsboda and, when selecting a
name, he naturally also turned to the same old linden tree as his
maternal uncles had done. He called himself Linnaeus. It is
remarkable that two of his father's maternal granduncles also
bore another Latin form of the same name, viz., Lindelius.
Some claim that even this name was derived from the same old
linden tree, but this is scarcely in accordance with the facts.
More likely it traces its origin from the Linden Farm in Dannas
Parish, where their ancestors lived.
But what has this genealogy to do with Linnaeus's relation to
North American botany? Perhaps nothing directly, but in­directly
a great deal ; for the circumstances and surroundings
under which a man is born and reared to a certain extent make
the man. In his younger days, Sven Tiliander was the house-chaplain
of Field- marshal and Admiral Viscount Henrik Horn,
who was for many years Governor of Bremen and Verden, two
cities with territory in Germany acquired by Sweden through the
126
Thirty- years War. During his stay in Germany, Tiliander learned
to know and love botany and horticulture and established around
Viscount Horn's residence in Bremen a garden which was remark­able
for that period. When both returned to Sweden, Tiliander
brought with him the choicest plants from this garden and planted
them around the parsonage of Pjetteryd Parish, of which he had
been appointed rector. Here at Pjetteryd, Nils Linnaeus spent
most of his youth, studying in company with his uncle's sons.
Later, both as curate at Rashult and as rector at Stenbrohult, he
surrounded the parsonages with gardens, in which he grew many
rare and interesting plants. In the midst of these, Carl Lin­naeus,
the famous botanist, was born and reared. Later, while
a student at the university, he spent a summer vacation at home
in 1732, and made a list of the plants in his father's garden.
This list is still to be seen in the Academy of Sciences at Stock­holm.
Although defective, the first four classes being unrepre­sented,
it enumerates 224 species. Of these, many were at that
time very rare in cultivation. Professor Theodore Fries in his
biography of Linnaeus enumerates 36 of the rarest of these.
Among them we notice six American plants, viz., Rhus Toxico­dendron,
the poison oak, Mirabilis Jalapa, four- o- clock, Asclepias
syriaca, milk- weed, Phytolacca dccandra, poke- weed, Antennaria
( now Anaphalis) margaritacea, pearly everlasting, and Solanum
tuberosum, the potato. It may be remarked that the cultivation
of potatoes was introduced into Sweden about twenty years later.
We see from this that Linnaeus had learned to know some
American plants even in his early childhood.
Carl Linnaeus was born the 13th of May ( old style), 1707, at
Rashult, an annex to the parish of Stenbrohult. His father was
the curate there, but two years later, at the death of his father-in-
law, Samuel Broderson, he became rector and moved to Sten­brohult.
In the fall of 1714, Carl Linnaeus entered the school
of Wexio, and graduated from the " gymnasium " in 1727. His
parents, especially his mother, wanted him to study for the min­istry,
but he had no love for theology, nor for metaphysics, nor
the classics. He learned Latin tolerably, however, because that
language helped him to study the natural sciences. He decided
127
to study medicine and entered with that view the University of
Lund, which was nearest his home, but remained there only one
year, learning that there were better facilities at Upsala. At the
latter place he soon became acquainted with Professors Rudbeck
and Celsius, two of the most prominent scientists of that time,
FiG. 17. Linnaeus at the age of thirty, in Lapland dress.
and was allowed to use their libraries. The former, who had
many duties to perform, soon asked Linnaeus to give for him the
public lectures in Botany. The income from these gave Linnaeus
means to support himself and linked him closer to his favorite
study. He became acquainted with practically all the plants of
128
the gardens and fields of the whole region around Upsala and
learned all the scientific names given in the books at his disposal.
The latter was not an easy matter, when we take into consider­ation
the form of scientific names at that period. For example,
the most approved name of the common blue- grass that adorns
our lawns was : " Gramen pratense paniculatum majus, laliore
folio, Poa Theophrasti." Other names of the same grass were:
" Gramen vulgo cognitum," " Gramen pratense majus vulgatus,"
and " Gramen alterum et vulgare." In the first publication by
Linnaeus, it appears as " Poa spiculis ovatis compressis muticis!'
I think that Linnaeus and his contemporaries had much more
cause than we to exclaim : " Those horrible Latin names !" To
us the same plant is known as Poa pratensis L., the name adopted
by Linnaeus in his " Species Plantarum."
The lectures given by Linnaeus for Professor Rudbeck became
very popular. This was especially the case after his return from
his Lapland journey. Some persons, especially Dr. Nils Rosen,
became jealous of his success and induced the University faculty
to pass a resolution by which no one who had not taken the
corresponding degree was permitted to give university lectures.
Linnaeus had not yet received his doctor's degree, and hence
was debarred. As Holland was offering at that time excellent
facilities both in medicine and in botany, and as living expenses
were lower than elsewhere, Linnaeus decided to visit that country
and take his examinations there. He received his doctor's
diploma at Harderwijk, and afterwards went to Leyden, where
he became acquainted with three of the greatest botanists of the
time, Boerhaave, Burmann and Gronovius. George Clifford, the
wealthy burgomaster of Amsterdam and president of the East
India Company, was a great lover of plants and had a splendid
botanical garden at Hartecamp as well as a rich library and her­barium.
On the recommendation of Boerhaave, Linnaeus became
Clifford's physician and curator of his collections and garden.
Here he lived in luxury, beloved as a son.
Clifford furnished Linnaeus with means to publish five of his
first books, " Systema Naturae," " Fundamenta Botanica," " Bibli-otheca
Botanica," " Genera Plantarum " and " Flora Lapponica,"
129
the manuscript of which he had brought with him from Sweden.
In the first of these, Linnaeus presents his system of classification.
He divides Nature into three kingdoms, the mineral, vegetable
and animal. In the vegetable kingdom, he brings out an alto­gether
new classification, based upon the sexual organs of
plants. He divides the kingdom into 24 classes, the first 23
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FIG. 18. Linnaeus at tbe age of forty.
containing the phanerogams and the last the cryptogams. In
the first 11 classes are included plants which have from 1 to 12 free
and practically equal stamens ; in the 12th and the 13th, plants with
many stamens ; in the 14th and I 5th, plants with 4 and 6 stamens
respectively, of which 2 are decidedly shorter; in the 16th, 17th
130
and 18th classes the stamens are united by their filaments; in
the 19th they are united by their anthers, and in the 20th they
are adnate to the pistil; in the 21st and 22d the flowers are uni­sexual,
i. e., the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, on
the same individual in the 21st and on different individuals in the
22d ; and the plants of the 23d class have both unisexual and
bisexual flowers. The classes were divided into orders. In the
first 13 classes the orders were determined by the number of the
pistils, in the 14th and I 5th by the fruit; and in the 16th to 18th
and 20th to 23d by the number and distinctness or union of the
stamens. The classification of the 19th class is too complex to
enter into here. The 24th class was divided into 4 orders:
Filices, Musci, Algae and Fungi.
This system of classification is purely artificial. Linnaeus
himself regarded it only as temporary, and expected that it would
soon be supplanted by a more rational one, based on natural re­lationship.
The Linnaean system served its purpose, however.
It became a means by which it was possible to tabulate every
known genus of plants. Before this time there had been no sys­tems
at all, or such crude ones as we find even to- day in some
popular flower- books, where the plants are classified by the color
of their flowers. If the natural systems of DeCandolle, Bentham
and Hooker, and Engler and Prantl are too complicated for
popular " books, why not go back to the simple system of
Linnaeus ? It would at least give a good insight into the struc­ture
of the flower instead of the mere color.
In his " Genera Plantarum " Linnaeus applied this system to
all known genera of plants and gave each of them a concise and
plain description.
Clifford had many American plants in his garden, but he sent
Linnaeus to England to visit Sir Hans Sloane, Professor Dillenius,
and Philip Miller, in order to secure American plants grown by
them. Both Sloane and Dillenius treated Linnaeus at first with
coolness, because he " confounded " botany. On his farewell
visit to Dillenius, Linnaeus politely asked him what he meant by
" confounding botany." Dillenius took from the library" the
first few pages of Linnaeus's own " Genera Plantarum" and
131
showed him where there was written at numerous places " NB."
Dillenius stated that all the genera so marked were wrongly de­scribed.
The first example he pointed out, if I am not mistaken,
was Canna, placed by Linnaeus in his first class, which contains
plants with but one stamen. Botanists before this time had
described it as having three stamens. To settle the dispute they
went out into the garden and the living plant showed that
Linnaeus was correct. Dillenius then retained Linnaeus for
several days and found that the older botanists in most cases
were at fault and the young Swede correct. From being an
opponent, he became a friend of Linnaeus and let him have all
the plants he wanted.
After his return to Holland Linnaeus continued his work in
Clifford's garden with renewed zeal; and completed his " Hortus
Cliffortianus," a large folio, in which are enumerated and de­scribed
all the plants found in Clifford's collections, together with
synonyms and citations of nearly all botanical works then in ex­istence.
In preparing this work he became thoroughly
acquainted with almost all the literature referring to American
botany, such as Morison's " Plantarum Historia," Plukenett's
" Almagestrum Botanicum" and " Phytographia," Petiver's
" Gazophylacium," Sloane's " Jamaica," Plumier's " Plantarum
Americanarum Genera," " Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus
Primus " and " Filicetum Americanum," Catesby's " Historia
Naturalis," and, later, Cornuti's " Canadensium Plantarum
Historia."
After completing the " Hortus Cliffortianus," Linnaeus re­turned
to Leyden, where he spent some time helping Gronovius
with the editing of his " Flora Virginica," based on a large col­lection
of plants collected by Clayton. Here again he came in
contact with American plants.
Linnaeus then returned to Sweden and became a practicing
physician. He was soon appointed Professor of Medicine at
Upsala, but by common agreement he exchanged chairs with
Rosen, who held the professorship of Botany. He now began
work upon the most important book of his life, his " Species
Plantarum." In this he tried to include a short description of
132
every known species of plant, together with the most important
synonyms and citations. In this book the Linnaean binomial
system of nomenclature was used for the first time. Linnaeus
was not the first to give plants names ; nor was he the first to
name genera. Many Latin plant- names had come down from
antiquity, while others had been proposed by his predecessors.
Men like Tournefort and Micheli had in some cases clearer ideas
of genera than Linnaeus himself. Neither was Linnaeus the first
one to use binomials. In Cornuti's work on Canadian plants, for
example, we find almost as many binomials as polynomials;
but it is doubtful if Linnaeus had seen Cornuti's book when he
first wrote his " Species Plantarum." He does not cite it in
the first edition, but does so in the second. Linnaeus was, how­ever,
the first one to use binomials systematically and consist­ently.
Before his time botanists had recognized genera and
applied to them Latin nouns as names. In order to designate
species, they added to these nouns adjective descriptive phrases.
These consisted sometimes of a single adjective, as in Quercus
alba, the white oak, but more often of a long string of adjectives
and adjective modifiers, as in the case of the blue- grass mentioned
above. The specific name had hitherto been merely a description
modifying the generic name ; from this time it became really a
name, although a single adjective in form. An illustration of the
pre- Linnaean form of plant- names might be had if, instead ot
" Grace Darling," one should say, " Mr. Darling's beautiful,
slender, graceful, blue- eyed girl with long golden curls and rosy
cheeks." " Grace " is just as descriptive of the girl as this whole
string of adjectives. It may be that " Grace '' is not always appli­cable
to the person to whom the name is applied ; but this is also
often the case with many specific plant- names. Asclepias syriaca
and Rumex Brittanica are American plants, and Rubus deliciosus
is one of the least delicious of the raspberry tribe. This inven­tion
and strict application of binomial names could not but cause
a revolution in Botany. Since the appearance of " Species
Plantarum" in 1753 it has been possible to pigeon- hole not only
genera, but also species of plants.
Before this useful book was printed, Linnaeus had become
133
better acquainted with North American plants, and in another
way. Baron Bjelke, the vice- president of the Court of Appeals
of Finland, had proposed to the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm to send an able man to Iceland and Siberia, countries
partly in the same latitude as Sweden, " to make observations
and such collections of seeds and plants as would improve the
Swedish husbandry, gardening, manufactures, arts and sci­ences."
Dr. Linnaeus suggested North America instead, and
recommended one of his pupils, Professor Pehr Kalm, of Abo,
for the proposed expedition. Kalm spent two years in North
America, traveling through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
and Canada, and making large collections of seeds and plants,
which were preserved as living or dried specimens or as alcoholic
material. During his stay at Raccoon, New Jersey, he discov­ered
our mountain laurel. The Swedes of Raccoon called it
spoon- tree, because the Indians made spoons from its hard
wood. Kalm adds in his journal about this tree: " The English
call this tree a Laurel, because its leaves resemble those of the
Laurocerasus. Linnaeus, conformably to the peculiar friendship
and goodness which he has honored me with, has pleased to call
this tree Kalmia foliis ovalis, corymbis lerminalibus, or Kalmia
latifolia." Here Linnaeus himself gave an illustration of both
the pre- Linnaean and the post- Linnaean nomenclature. Kalm
became acquainted with several of the naturalists of this country,
C. Colden and his daughter Jane, Bartram and Clayton, and
through Kalm a correspondence was established between them
and Linnaeus. Linnaeus also corresponded with John Ellis, who
resided in the West Indies, and Dr. Gardiner, who botanized in
Carolina and Florida. Later he bought a set of plants collected
by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, and received a part of the collec­tions
made by Jacquin in the West Indies.
When the second edition of the " Species Plantarum " appeared,
in 1762, Linnaeus knew and had described nearly 1,000 plants
indigenous to the United States and Canada. Besides these, he
described about 1,000 more, natives of the West Indies, Mexico
and Central America, and 400 or 500 South American plants.
His knowledge of American plants was small compared with
134
- what he knew of plants of the Old World. " Codex Linnaeanus,"
which enumerates all plants named by Linnaeus, contains not
fewer than 8,551 species.
Linnaeus died January 10, 1778, honored and esteemed by all.
Some of his work will doubtless live as long as Botany is studied
by man.
We see from the preceding account that we may consider
Linnaeus one of our American botanists. Even the little plant
FIG. 19. Hammarby, the country home of Linnaeus near Upsala, Sweden. From
a recent photograph by W. A. Murrill.
which Gronovius dedicated to the Father of Botany, the twin-flower
of our woods, with its exquisite perfume and its dainty pink
flowers, belongs to a genus essentially North American. The
genus Linnaea contains four forms, all closely related. One of
these, the original Linnaea borealis, is confined to the mountain
regions of northern and central Europe. Linnaeus discovered it
on his Lapland journey and it was then considered a very rare
plant. Now it seems to be more widely distributed than it was
135
at the time of Linnaeus. Perhaps it is of American origin and
has become modified since it transplanted itself on the other side
of the ocean. The other three forms are North American. Lin­naea
americana Forbes, which has usually been confounded with
its European cousin, is common in the woods from Labrador to
Alaska, and extends in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New
Mexico. L. longiflora ( Torr.) Howell, is found in the mountains
from Northern California to Alaska. The fourth form is, as far
as I know, undescribed and unnamed. It is with great pleasure
that I here propose the following name and description for this
species :
Linnaea serpyllifolia sp. nov.
A delicate plant with long creeping stems, 1- 4 dm. long,
sparingly hirsute ; petioles 2- 3 mm. long, ciliate ; blades broadly
oval or round- ovate, 5- 8 mm. long, minutely crenulate, obtuse,
sparingly hirsute, more or less coriaceous and shining, slightly
paler beneath ; peduncles 3- 5 cm. long, sparingly pubescent and
more or less glandular above, 2- flowered ; bracts 2- 3 mm. long,
linear or lance- linear, obtuse ; pedicels 5- 8 mm. long, glandular-pubescent
; hypanthium subglobose, in flower slightly over 1 mm.
long, glandular- puberulent, purplish ; calyx- lobes 2- 2.5 mm-long,
linear- subulate ; corolla pink, open- funnelform with a very
short tube, decidedly oblique, about 6 mm. long and 5 mm. wide.
This species differs from L. borealis and L. americana in the
very narrow and almost glabrous calyx- lobes. In this respect,
it agrees with L. longiflora : but it is distinguished from that
species by the differently shaped corolla and by the leaves, which
are broadest at or below the middle, instead of above it. It differs
from all three in the smaller size of the flower and of the leaves,
and in the indistinct toothing of the latter.
Alaska: Cape Nome, 1900, F. E. Blaisdell ( Type in herb. N.
Y. Bot. Gard.) ; Kotzebue Sound, Arnott.
Apparently the same plant has also been collected on the
island of Sachalin by F. Schmidt, but his specimens lack flowers.
EXHIBITION OF LANTERN SLIDES OF AMERICAN FLOWERS
KNOWN TO LINNAEUS.
Dr. H. H. Rusby then showed selected colored lantern slides of
the flowers of the following North American plants known to Lin-
136
naeus ; early blue violet, hardhack, partridge pea, purple flower­ing
raspberry, dwarf cornel, jack- in- the- pulpit, harebell, alum­root,
meadow beauty, ground- nut, button- snakeroot, wake- robin,
swamp rose- mallow, marsh- marigold, skunk cabbage, water hem­lock,
cardinal- flower, large blue flag, butterfly- weed, pickerel- weed,
sea- side goldenrod, five- finger, large blue gerardia, black- eyed
susan ; sweet elder, swamp honeysuckle, witch- hazel, rhododen­dron
; laurel magnolia, flowering dogwood, sweet- gum, locust-tree,
black birch, fringe- tree, tulip- tree, and American linden.
AMERICAN TREES KNOWN TO LINNAEUS.
At the conclusion of the exhibition of lantern slides, Dr. W.
A. Murrill led the way through the grounds of the Garden from
the museum building to the Linnaeus Bridge and pointed out
certain species of American trees known to Linnaeus. The fol­lowing
trees were observed, in the order given, and some of their
characteristics briefly mentioned; tulip- tree, sweet- gum, red
maple, red cedar, sweet birch, white pine, white ash, sugarberry,
flowering dogwood, sassafras, buttonwood, butternut, white elm,
red oak, white oak, hemlock, chestnut- oak, and American linden.
DEDICATION OF THE LINNAEUS BRIDGE.
A handsome new bridge over the Bronx River on Pelham
Parkway, between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological
Park, was then dedicated by the unveiling of a bronze tablet
commemorative of Linnaeus placed thereon by the Academy of
Sciences. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden and Presi­dent
of the Academy, made the following address :
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY.*
The recognition of the work of famous men is one of the hap­piest
duties of mankind. It stimulates our endeavors and en­courages
us to make efforts which we would probably not make
without their examples before us.
To- day we do homage to a distinguished man of science, and
* Delivered at the dedication to Linnaeus of the Pelham Parkway bridge over tbe
Bronx River, by Nathaniel Lord Britton, President of the New York Academy of
Sciences, May 23, 1907.
137
the unanimity with which the scientific societies and institutions
of the City of New York join in this tribute is in itself evidence
of the value which is placed upon his contributious to natural
history.
Science has made great progress during the two centuries which
have elapsed since the birth of Linnaeus. Theories have in large
part given place to ascertained facts or have been replaced by other
theories based on more accurate knowledge of natural objects and
of natural phenomena. The contributions of science to the wel­fare,
comfort and happiness of mankind have made present human
life widely different from that of two hundred years ago, and this
amelioration of our condition, and the more general diffusion of
knowledge has been accompanied by a vast improvement in
morality.
The ceremonies of to- day are worthy of the great naturalist
whose birth they commemorate. Societies and institutions all
over the world join with us in honoring him, and are represented
here by delegates or have transmitted documents expressing their
appreciation of his life and labors. The public natural science
institutions of New York have come to take leading parts in the
subjects they teach and illustrate. Public and private philan­thropy
have developed them with a rapidity almost phenomenal,
for they are all yet in their infancy, and on a scale commensurate
with the dignity of the metropolis of America. The cordial co­operation
of a municipality with public- spirited citizens to build
and maintain such institutions for the welfare of the people and
of science, finds here, in New York, its maximum evolution, which
has as yet, however, by no means reached its complete develop­ment
nor its maximum usefulness. What shall be said of their
position and importance when after fifty years the New York
Historical Society opens the tablet which we now place upon this
bridge ? And, what discoveries will Science have made for the
benefit of the human race during these next fifty years ?
The selection of this bridge recently constructed by the Park
Department, as a permanent memorial of Linnaeus, is most appro­priate.
It is situated just outside the New York Zoological Park,
with the New York Botanical Garden a short distance to the north,
138
being thus between the two institutions which teach the subjects on
which the fame of Linnaeus chiefly rests. The suggestion that
it be known hereafter as the Linnaeus Bridge came from the
Director of the American Museum of Natural History.
On behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences I now
unveil this tablet and present it to the City of New York, there
having been placed in it copies of to- day's program and other
documents befitting the occasion.
The tablet was then unveiled by Dr. N. L. Britton and accepted
for the City by the Hon. Joseph I. Berry, Commissioner of Parks
FIG. 20. Tablet placed on the Linnaeus Bridge by the New York Academy of
Sciences.
of the Borough of the Bronx. Its location is shown in the
frontispiece, and its wording in the accompanying photograph.
The key of the tablet was accepted by the New York Histori­cal
Society for safe keeping until May 23, 1957. Addresses
were made by Mr. G. F. Kunz, President of the American Scenic
and Historic Preservation Society, and Mr. Emil F. Johnson
139
President of the United Swedish Societies of New York. Appro­priate
music was furnished by the American Union of Swedish
Singers.
From the Linnaeus Bridge, the party entered the grounds of
the Zoological Park and, under the guidance of Dr. W. T. Horna-day,
the Director, and several members of his staff, examined the
zoological collections with special reference to animals known to-
Linnaeus.
The exercises were continued in the evening at the Museum
of the Brooklyn Institute with addresses by Messrs. F. A. Lucas,
and E. L. Morris, with an exhibition of lantern slides, and musi­cal
numbers by the Glee Club of the United Swedish Societies.
A reception at the Aquarium given by the New York Zoolog­ical
Society to the New York Academy of Sciences and Guests,
about five hundred people in all, closed the exercises of the day.
Features of marine life known to Linnaeus were then demon­strated,
and the first view was had of the Aquarium collections-under
illumination by night. The centennial of the Aquarium
building was commemorated at the same time.
W. A. MURRILL.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Miss Anna Murray Vail, Librarian, is at present in France,,
where she intends to remain during the summer.
The seventh annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticul­tural
Society of New York was held at the Garden on Wednes­day
and Thursday, May 8 and 9. The seventh summer exhibi­tion
was held June 12 and 13.
Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, Curator, delivered an address at
Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, on May 13, in con­nection
with exercises commemorative of the two hundreth anni­versary
of the birth of Linnaeus.
The exercises at the Garden in honor of Linnaeus were
attended by the Swedish Minister, from Washington, and by the
Swedish Consul, Vice- Consul, and President of the United Swed­ish
Societies, from New York.
140
Mr. Wladimir H. Lipsky, the well- known Russian botanist
and botanical explorer, recently spent several days at the Garden
examining the library and collections.
The nature- study lectures and demonstrations for the benefit
of pupils of the public schools in the borough of the Bronx and
a portion of Manhattan closed for the spring term on June 4, to
be continued in the autumn.
A collection of fossil gums containing some very rare and
choice specimens has just been presented to the Garden by
Messrs. G. W. S. Patterson & Co. of this city. A description of
this collection will be published at an early date.
The total precipitation recorded for May, 1907, was 4.05 inches.
Maximum temperatures were recorded of 720 on the 10th, 830
on the 14th, 70° on the 24th, and 71 ° on the 30th ; also mini­mum
temperatures of 340 on the 5th, 30° on the 12th, 440 on
the 18th, 370 on the 22d, and 41° on the 28th.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 15 TO JUNE 1.
ARKANSAS. Annual report of the geological survey for 18S8. Vol. 3. Little
Rock, 1888. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.)
BAILEY, EDWARD. Hawaiian ferns. Honolulu, 1883.
BALFOUR, EDWARD. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. 3d
edition. London, 1885. 3 vols.
BELLI, SAVERIO. Endoderma e periciclo net G. Trifolium in rapporto colla teoria
della stelia di V. Thiegheme Douliot. Torino, 1896. ( Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
BELLI, S. Observationes critiques sur la rialite des espices en nature au point de
vue de la systematique des vegetaux. Turin, 1901. ( Given by Dr; N. L. Britton.)
BENINCASA, MICHELE. Come si coltiva il tabacco. Parte prima and parte secunda.
Roma, 1907.
Botanical magazine; index from its commence? nent in iy8y to the end of igo^.
London, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
CHODAT, R. Principes de botanique. Geneve, 1907.
DRUCE, C CLARIDGE. The Dillenian herbaria. Edited, with an introduction,
by S. H. Vines. Oxford, 1907.
DUTROCHET, HENRI. Physiologische Untersuchungen iiber die Beweglichkeit der
Pfianzen und der Tiere. Leipzig, 1906. ( Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia
University.)
FREMONT, J. C Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in
the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843- 44. Washing­ton,
1840. Another edition, Washington, 1845. Another edition, New York, 1846.
141
GODFRIN, J., & NoEL, CH. Atlas manuel de Phistologie des drogues simples.
Paris, 1887.
GREENWOOD, LAURA. Life among the flowers. New York, 1880. ( By ex­change
with the Library of Congress.)
HANAUSEK, T. F. Die Nahrungs- und Genussmittel aus dem FHantenreiche.
Kassel, 1884.
HANSEN, ADOLPH. Goetkes Metamorphose der Pfianzen. Giessen, 1907. 2 vols.
HiLL, LEONARD. Recent advances in physiology and bio- chemistry. London,
1906.
KYLIN, HARALD. Siudien Uber die Algenflora der schwedischen Westkuste. Up­sala,
1907. ( Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
LANGE, JOH. Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in hortis
Daniae coluntur. Kjobenhavn, 1897.
MANN, GUSTAV. Chemistry of the proteids. London, 1906.
MICHAEL, HELEN ABBOTT. Studies in plant and organic chemistry and literary
papers. Cambridge, 1907. ( Given by Mr. Francis R. Abbott.)
MICHAUX, ANDRE. Travels west of the Alleghanies made in iygj- g6 by Andri
Michaux; in 1802 by F. A. Michaux ; and in 1803 by Thaddeus Mason Harris.
Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland, 1904.
MIGULA, W. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland zum bestimmen der haufigeren
in Deutschland wildwachsenden Pfianzen. Leipzig, 1906. 2 vols. ( Deposited by
the Trustees of Columbia University.)
NEWSTEAD, ROBERT. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. London,
1901.
NISBET, JOHN. Our forests and woodlands. London, £ 900.
N [ ORTON], E. H. Brazilian flowers drawn from nature in the years 1880— 1882
in the neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro . . Coombe Croft, 1893.
OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE. Historia general y natural de
las Indias . . publicala la real academiade la historia. Madrid, 1851- 55.- 4 vols.
PARIS, E. G. Index bryologicus: editio secunda. Paris, 1904- 06. 5 vols.
PRAIN, D. Botany of the Laccadives. Bombay, 1893.
SWEET, ROBERT. Geraniaceae, the natural order of Gerania. London, 1820- 30.
5 vols.
TUCKER, ARABELLA H. Trees of Worcester. Worcester, 1894.
WARDER, JOHN A. Report on forests and forestry. Washington, 1S75.
WILLAN, RHODA MARIA. Flora Parvula; or, gleanings among favourite flowers.
London, no date. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress.)
WILLIAMS, H. L., & LANGDON, E. C. From one generation to another. New
York, 1906. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
ZEILLER, R. Etudes sur la flore fossile du Bassin Houiller et permien de Blanzy
et du Creusot. Paris, 1906. 2 vols. ( Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
4 mosses from Connecticut. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols.)
287 specimens of Rubus from eastern North America. ( Collected by Mr. W. H.
Blanchard.)
300 specimens of marine algae from the Barbados. ( Collected by Miss Annie L.
Henderson.)
142
I specimen of Polyporus anceps from Massachusetts. ( Given by Professor E. A.
Burt.)
30 specimens for the economic museum from Montserrat, W. I. ( Collected by
Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
1 bowl made of a redwood burl from California. ( Given by Mr. Rodney Burns.)
6 specimens of cassava starch and products from Montserrat, W. I. ( Given by
Mr. A. S. Weeks.)
539 specimens from Central America. ( Collected by Mr. H. Pittier.)
I specimen of Claylonia multicaulis from Iowa. ( By exchange with Mr. M. P.
Somes.)
I specimen of Puccinia melothriae from North Carolina. ( Given by Dr. F. L.
Stevens.)
I specimen of Pterospora Andromedea from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L.
Britton.)
490 specimens from Mexico. ( Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
55 plants for woody collections. ( Purchased.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. S. Steele.)
19 plants for conservatories. ( Purchased.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. L. R. Abrams.)
6 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Miss D. W. Marble.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
520 conifers for nurseries. ( Given by Messrs. I. Hicks and Son.)
1 plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Mr. E. N. Howell.)
SI plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
2 plants for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Given by Dr. H. J. Banker.)
9 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Messrs. Siebrecht and Sons.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. ( Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.)
I plant for conservatories. ( Byexchange with Mr. Oakes Ames.)
1,800 plants derived from seeds from various scources.
1,127 plants for woody collections. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.)
24 plants for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.)
1 packet of seeds from the Bahamas. ( Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
1 packet of seeds from Colorado. ( Given by Mr. D. M. Andrews.)
3 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.)
1 packet of seeds from Mexico. ( Given by Mr. J. T. Nagle. )
8 packets of seeds from California. ( Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.)
1 packet of seeds from Antigua. ( Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
flDembera of tbe Corporation.
GEORGE S. BOWDOIN,
PROF. N. L. BRITTON,
HON. ADDISON BROWN,
DR. NICHOLAS M. BUTLER,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER,
WILLIAM G. CHOATE,
CHARLES F. COX,
JOHN J. CROOKE,
W. BAYARD CUTTING,
JAMES B. FORD,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
HENRY W. DE FOREST,
CLEVELAND H. DODGE,
SAMUEL W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
HON. THOMAS F. GILROY,
HON. HUGH J. GRANT,
HENRY GRAVES,
HENRY P. HOYT,
ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
MORRIS K. JESUP,
JOHN I. KANE,
EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
JOHN S. KENNEDY,
PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
HON. SETH LOW,
DAVID LYDIG,
EDGAR L. MARSTON,
D. O. MILLS,
J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEODORE W. MYERS,
GEORGE M. OLCOTT,
PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
LOWELL M. PALMER,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,
RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER,
PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,
WILLIAM D. SLOANE,
NELSON SMITH,
JAMES SPEYER,
FRANCIS L. STETSON,
DR. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
LOUIS C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,
GEORGE W. VANDERBILT,
HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, JR.,
WILLIAM H. S. WOOD.
P U B L I C A T I O N S
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal oi the N e w York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con
taiuing notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem­bers
of the Garden. Toothers, 10 cents a copy;. j£ i. oo a year. [ Not offered in
exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii - j - 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, viii -|- 204 pp. Vol. I l l,
1902, viii + 244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, viii - 4- 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, viii- f- 242 pp.
Vol. VI, 1905, viii-(- 224 pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii - f- 300 pp.
Bulletin of the N e w York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the
Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1- 5, 449 pp., 3 maps, and 12
plates, 1896- 1900. Vol. I I , Nos. 6- 8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901- I903. Vol. I l l,
Nos. 9 - H , 463 pp., 37 plates, 1903- 1905. Vol. IV, No. 12, 113 p p . ; No. 13, 193
pp., 12 plates; No. 14, in press. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906 ; No. 16, 88 pp.,
17 plates, 1906; No. 17, 115 p p . , 1907.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com­pleted
in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts.
Subscription price $ 1.50 per part ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22, 1905, contains descriptions of the order Rosales
by Dr. J. K. Small, and of the families Podostemonaceae by Mr. Geo. V. Nash,
Crassulaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, Penthoraceae and Parnassia-ceae
by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.
Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905, contains descriptions of the families
Saxifragaceae and Hydrangeaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. P. A. Rydberg; the
Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae and Hamamelidaceae by Dr. N. L. Britton ; the Pteroste-monaceae
by Dr. J. K. Small; the Altingiaceae by Percy Wilson and the Phyllo-nomaceae
by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
Vol. 7, part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906, contains descriptions of the families Uslilag-inaceae
and Tilletiaceae, by Professor G. P. Clinton.
Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907, contains descriptions of the families Coleo-sporiaceae,
Uredinaceae and Aecidiaceae ( pars), by Professor J. C. Arthur.
Memoirs of t h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n . Price to members of the
Gaiden, Si. 00 per volume. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement
and critical discussion of the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with
notes from the author's field book, including descriptions of 163 new species,
ix - f- 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with detailed map.
Vol. I I . The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development,
by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, assistant director. An account of the author's researches
with a general consideration of the relation of light to plants. The principal
morphological features are illustrated, xvi 4- 320 pp. Roy. 8vo, with 176 figures.
C o n t r i b u t i o n s from the N e w York Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume.
Vol. I. Nos. 1- 25, vi -|- 400 pp. 35 figures and 34 plates.
Vol. I I . Nos. 26- 50, vi - f 340 pp. 55 figures in the text and iS plates.
Vol. I I I . Nos. 51- 75, vi- J- 39S pp. 26 figures in the text and 21 plates.
RECENT N U M B E R S 25 CENTS EACH.
90. Studies in North American Peronosporales— I. The Genus Albugo, by Guy
West Wilson.
91. Costa Rican orchids.— I., by George Valentine Nash.
92. An occurrence of glands in the embryo of Zea Mays, by Charles Stuart Gager.
93. American fossil mosses, with description of a new species from Florissant,
Colorado, by E. G. Britton and Arthur Hollick.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY