Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              Vol. I JANUARY, 1900 No. 1

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

The Museum Building ( with illustration)

Cooperative Forestry

Etiolated Plants as Food ( with figure) .

Mycorhizas of Orchids ( with figure) . .

Colors

Recent Accessions

Bequest of Judge Daly . . .

Notes, News, and Comment

Page i

5

6

7

io

12

13

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY,

41 North Queen Street,

Lancaster, Pa.

O F F I O E R S , 1 9 0 0.

PRESIDENT— D. O. MILLS,

VICE- PRESIDENT— ANDREW CARNEGIE,

TREASURER— CHARLES F. COX,

SECRETARY— N. L. BRITTON.

B O A R D OF- M A N A G E R S .

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. MILLS,

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,

W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,

WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. FA - OFFICIO MANAGERS.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,

HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN.

THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, PROF. J. F. KEMP,

PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, HON. J. J. LITTLE,

PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

G A R D E N S T A F F .

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director- in- Chief.

DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.

DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.

DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.

SAMUEL HENSHAW, Head Gardener.

GEORGE V. NASH, Curator of the Plantations.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.

COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.

WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VOL. I. JANUARY, 1900. No. 1.

THE MUSEUM BUILDING.

WITH PLATE I.

The Museum Building, which stands on a slight elevation,

seven hundred feet east of the Bedford Park railway station of

the Harlem Division, New York Central and Hudson River Rail­road,

is the largest, most elegant, most satisfactorily illuminated,

and for its purposes the best adapted of any similar edifice in the

world. The technical requirements are met in a thorough unhin­dered

method. The architectural treatment is frank and digni­fied.

The style is Italian Renaissance, with details of schol­arly

character ; its imposing front has a length of 308 feet, and

its height to the top of the dome is 110 feet. The construction

is fireproof throughout; the steel framework has been most care­fully

designed to withstand all strains that will properly be put

upon it; the central portico is of Indiana limestone with columns

and cornices of Corinthian order and the curtain walls have

pilasters of the same order. The walls are of brick and terra

cotta of the same color as the stone, which is a light gray, nearly

white ; the floors are built up of hollow terra cotta, ash- concrete

and a " terrazo- granito " surface, and the walls and columns are

finished in hard patent plaster, all ironwork having double plaster

fireproofing on two layers of steel lath. The basement floor is

of concrete and asphalt, to secure water- proof and air- proof sur­faces.

The roof is of hollow brick, asphalt and tiles. The win­dows

are ample, being, on the main museum floors, of greater

width and about the same area as the intervening piers, this hav­ing

been made a special feature of the design from its inception.

The building is heated by steam through mains lying in a sub­way

extending from the power- house, which stands near the

railroad just west of the Southern Boulevard entrance to the

Garden from Bedford Park village. The altitude of the base­ment

floor above sea level is 90 feet.

The basement contains a large lecture theatre, under the west

wing, arranged so as to seat about 700 persons. The broad

path connecting the Museum Building with the plaza in front of

the railway station, leads directly to this room, affording easy

access from the trains and trolley- cars in any kind of weather.

Arrangements for stereopticons are made so that lectures may

be amply illustrated by lantern slides ; a course of public lec­tures

on Botany and allied sciences will be commenced in this

room during the present year. Just east of the lecture thea­tre

are two spacious halls designed for various purposes for

which ample room is required, such as flower exhibitions,

special exhibits and the like ; they are both available for per­manent

museum halls in case they are needed ; one of them

will needs be used for some time as a preparation and storage--

room. The eastern end of the basement contains several smaller

rooms for janitors and offices, a mechanic's room, and a constant

temperature room constructed with double walls and doors.

The first floor of the building is devoted to the Museum of

Economic Botany, and in it are now being installed specimens

illustrating the useful products of plants, and specimens, draw­ings

and photographs of the plants yielding them. This collec­tion

will be arranged by products, the east hall being given over

to drugs, the west hall to timbers and woods, and the two inter­vening

halls to fibers, foods, resins, oils, sugars, starches, poisons,

utensils, gums, waxes and other substances.

The second floor contains the General Museum, designed to

exhibit types of all the families and tribes of plants from the most

simple to the most complex. The series will thus commence

with the slime- moulds ( Myxomycetes) and end with the thistle

family ( Compositae). Illustration of the types is accomplished

by prepared specimens of the plants themselves, by drawings,

photographs, models, fruits, seeds and other parts ; the preserva-

tive formalin solution being freely used in glass jars. Fossil

plants are shown in this collection along with the living ones to

which they are most nearly related. A system of swinging

frames will exhibit a specially mounted herbarium of plants grow­ing

naturally within one hundred miles of New York. Special

exhibits of physiological and morphological features of plants are

to be subsequently installed upon this floor. About one- third

of the case equipment required to fill the halls of the first and

second floors has been put in position ; additional cases may be

added as the need for them arises. The method of labelling in

all the collections is designed to answer all ordinary questions

about the specimens and their relationships; after the several

series have been more completely installed than is possible during

the formative stage it is designed to publish hand guides in which

the description of the objects will be elaborated. The mounting

and labelling of many thousand specimens will be required in

order to make the series measurably complete, and this will re­quire

time, but it is believed that the collections will be of much

interest from the beginning.

The third floor has the library as its central feature consisting

of a large reading room immediately under the dome and a stack

room just behind, shelved so as to carry about 10,000 volumes.

The stacks are of metal, arranged to carry books of quarto and oc­tavo

size, or smaller, above, and of folio size below ; these are sup­plemented

by a series of folio cases in the centre of the room, the

tops of which serve as tables. There is floor space sufficient for

a considerable increase in the number of cases, and the floor

itself has been constructed strong enough to permit the con­struction

of another series of cases on top of those now in posi­tion,

thus affording the possibility of doubling the book- carrying

capacity of the room. The reading room walls may also be

shelved in the future, if it is so desired. The number of volumes

now in the collection is about 7,500, of which about two- thirds

are the botanical library of Columbia University, deposited with

the Garden under an agreement between the Board of Managers

and the Trustees of the University, while one- third are the prop­erty

of the Garden. West of the library rooms are laboratories

for plant embryology, plant morphology, plant physiology,

plant chemistry and photography, together with a physiological

dark room and a photographic dark room. East of the

Library are the laboratories for taxonomy. The equipment of

all these laboratories with tables, cases and chairs is in place,

and the instrumental equipment is being received. The herbar­ium

occupies the east wing of this floor, together with two smaller

adjoining rooms ; the herbarium of Columbia University is ar­ranged

along the west side of this hall, and that of the garden

along the east side, the total number of mounted specimens con­tained

in the two collections being over 600,000 ; over 50,000

additional specimens, not yet mounted, are in storage, but work

in arranging and mounting them is going forward rapidly ; it is

hoped that all will be available for study during the present year.

The main Museum halls are open to visitors from nine o'clock

in the morning to five in the afternoon on every day of the week ;

access to the third floor may be obtained by permission ; students

properly prepared to prosecute investigations are afforded room

and guidance in the laboratories, library and herbarium, but it is

not designed to offer courses of elementary or secondary instruc­tion,

already well provided for in the schools and colleges, other

than through the system of public lectures already referred to.

In . locating the Museum Building attention has been paid to its

possible future enlargement by wings extending back from the

part now constructed, permitting a doubling of its present size

without interfering with roads, paths or plantations. A photo­graph

from the architect's design, showing this conception, was

printed in Bulletin No. 3. The photograph from which the

print accompanying this account was engraved was taken Novem­ber

22, 1899, from a point about half- way between the building

and the railway station. It will be seen from this that much

work remains to be done on the surroundings ; this consists in

grading and the construction of the driveway and path approaches

to the front central portico the building of the fountain designed

to occupy the space within the outer curved retaining wall of the

front approach, and of a parapet retaining wall around the terrace

which surrounds the building, which is now being brought to a

grassed slope awaiting the opportunity for providing the final

finish.

The Museum is artificially lighted by gas, but the walls and

floors are tubed and the gas- fixtures provided with electric attach­ments,

so that wires may be provided in the future. The ele­vators

and ventilating apparatus are operated by electricity pro­vided

by a dynamo in the power house, where there is space for

additional dynamo equipment for furnishing light, in case this

should prove the most desirable method of obtaining it. There

is a fine water- pressure throughout the building, notwithstanding

its height, provided by the proximity of the Williamsbridge

reservoir and a thirty- six- inch main therefrom which runs

through the valley in front of the edifice.

The total cost of the building, together with its furniture equip­ment,

has been about £ 300,000, which, considering its size, and

the high character of the work of construction is believed to be

very reasonable. It was designed by Mr. R. W. Gibson, Archi­tect,

and built by the John H. Parker Company. The funds

were provided by the City, under the authority of the Garden

Act of Incorporation. The construction has been under the im­mediate

supervision of Park Commissioner August Moebus, and

of his Chief Engineer, Mr. Daniel Ulrich, and the thanks of all

in any way interested in the work are due to these gentlemen for

their care and solicitude that it should be carried out in the best

manner possible.

N. L. BRITTON.

COOPERATIVE FORESTRY.

The division of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture is

prepared so far as its very limited appropriation will permit to

render practical assistance to farmers and others by cooperating

with them to establish forest plantations, woodlots, shelterbelts

and windbreaks. A section of the division has been recently or­ganized

and placed in charge of an expert tree planter, assisted

by a number of collaborators and assistants residing in the differ­ent

states, who are thoroughly familiar with the local conditions.

This section will devote itself entirely to investigations in tree

planting, and to the assistance of those who may avail themselves

of the cooperative plan outlined in circular No. 22. Applica­tions

for such assistance will be considered in the order of their

receipt, but the Division reserves the right to give preference to

those likely to furnish the most useful object lessons. After an

application has been made and accepted, the Superintendent of

Tree Planting, or one of his collaborators or assistants, will visit

the land of the applicant, and, after adequate study of the ground

will make a working plan suited to its particular conditions. The

purpose of this plan is to give help in the selection of trees, in­formation

in regard to planting and instruction in handling forest

trees after they are planted.

This plan is undoubtedly one of the most useful and valuable

ever undertaken by the Division of Forestry. The growing of

forest trees cannot be accomplished successfully without the pos­session

of some knowledge of their habits, and their suitability

to the place where they are to be grown. The grower must

know what to plant, how to plant it, and how to care for it after­ward,

and the Division undertakes to supply this information.

Persons wishing to avail themselves of the cooperation of the

Division should apply early in November of each year, and this

cooperation is given free on areas of five acres and less.

Under the provisions of an offer made in October, 1898, the

Division is cooperating in the management of 400,000 acres of

private woodlands.

ETIOLATED PLANTS AS FOOD.

The possibilties of another " etiolated " plant forced in darkness

is indicated by Professor Card in a bulletin from the R. I. Ex­periment

Station ( Bulletin 55, June, 1899). Rhubarb, like nearly

all hardy herbaceous plants, may be forced in a darkened green­house

or cellar in midwinter if taken from the soil in December.

The product obtained in this manner is described as a superior

article of food to that grown in daylight. When the stems of a

plant are to be used as food it is certainly reasonable that some

method of culture should be adopted which would retard the de­velopment

of the mechanical tissue, and this is secured by growth

in darkness. An increased proportion of that forced in winter will

probably be cultivated in this manner.

FIG. I. Showing large leaf blades of rhubarb fortned in light, and small ones in

darkness. From block loaned by R. I. Experiment Station.

The botanical interest in Professor Card's experiments centers

in the development of the leaves in darkness, which the author

describes as being very small and of a bright cherry or oxblood

color. Furthermore, this color is brighter and deeper in speci­mens

growing under the lower temperatures of the forcing

house, a fact in accordance with the recent conclusions of Over­ton

on the relations of temperature and red colors. ( See p. II.)

MYCORHIZAS OF ORCHIDS.

The roots and underground organs of more than sev. en hun­dred

species of orchids have been examined, and all of this num­ber

are found to have formed unions with fungi in such a manner

as to form mycorhizas. A mycorhiza consists of the structure

resulting from the attachment of the fungus to the roots or ab­sorbing

organs of a higher plant in such manner that the associa­tion

results in benefit to both. The tube- like threads of the

fungus generally gain entrance to the roots while they are

young, and grow forward, as the root extends in length, in the

tissues just underneath the epidermis. Branches of the tubes or

hyphae are sent out through the root- hairs into the soil, and the:

two plants work in partnership to accomplish nutrition. The'

fungus takes up the products of decaying leaves and organic

matter in the soil, carries them into the root, yielding the greater •

portion to the higher plant, which may actually get all of its food

from its minute associate. Some of this food, however, is built up

into starch and sugar, which is given back to the fungus. The

higher plant thus take the crude material given it by the fungus

and makes it into substances which the fungus is unable to con­struct,

but which form a very valuable food for it. In addition

to this advantage to the fungus the root offers it a habitat in

which it is free from many dangers it would encounter in the soil.

The nicety of attention necessary to the successful culture of

most orchids is doubtless due to the fact that not only must the

proper conditions of water and temperature be offered the higher

plant, but its unseen associate must be provided with exactly the

proper soil and food.

The fungi which inhabit the hanging roots of the epiphytic

orchids bear the same relation to them, though many inexperi­ence

writers have described them as parasites.

By the cooperation of the fungus the orchid is relieved from

the fierce struggle to win its food from the soil necessary to un­aided

species, and the great variations and marked characteristics

of the leaves and flowers of this group may be due in part to its

method of nutrition. Although not generally known, the varia­tions

of the underground organs are almost as great as those of

the aerial parts. Thus the coralroots ( Corallorhisas) have lost

their roots entirely, and the underground coralloid formations

which gives them their name, are really short branches serving

the purpose of roots and inhabited by a fungus. Some of the

FIG. 2. a, old corm of Aplectrum from which have sprung three young plants by

coralloid offsets, b, normal specimen. Reproduced by permission from The Annals

of Botany, March, i8gg.

10

near relatives of the coralroots show a tendency to construct sim­ilar

underground branches, especially Aplectrum and Calypso.

If one digs up a specimens of Aplectrum he will find an old

corm of last year's growth connected by an offset an inch long

with a young corm which sends up a leaf in the autumn. The

fungus which lives in the roots of the old corm travels through

this offset and down into the new roots formed at its tip when it

begins to enlarge to make the young corm. Now, if the growth

of the offset should be disturbed, or if it should not be properly

nourished from the old corm, it develops air of the latent buds

along its sides into coralloid branches, with hairs through which

the Fungus sends tubes out into the soil and brings in a supply

of material.

The leaves which spring from offsets developed in this manner

are much narrower than the ordinary forms. The clumps of

Aplectrum which grow alongside a decaying log, or which have

found footing in the remains of one are very apt to make these

coralloid formations, or they may be produced at the will of the

experimenter, if old corms are separated from the plant and made

to germinate the latent buds.

About two hundred specimens of this plant are now growing

in a single plantation in the New York Botanical Garden, and a

number have the narrow leaves indicative of the curious under­ground

stems or branches of the offsets. The appearance of the

normal plant, and a clump with the coralloid formations is shown

in figure 2.

COLORS.

The subject of colors is a most prolific one and is unfortunate

in the character of some of the literary production which it incites.

A paper recently distributed by F. T. Mott, F. R. G. S., of

Leicester, England, " On the Origin of Organic Color," which

seems to be a reprint of a paper printed in Science in 1893, and

of another read before the British Association in the same year,

is the most noticeable of the recent vintage. The tenor of this

paper maybe gained from the following quotations : " An animal

11

which spends its life in proximity to the brown bark of trees will

be under the influence of the molecular rhythm of such bark

and may have its own molecular rhythm gradually modified by

sympathetic action, or it may entirely resist such modification ac­cording

to its fundamental molecular structure." There are such

possibilities in this idea, in the mind of the author, that he sup­poses

" that the beauty of the summer as we know it now,

though it has never been paralleled in the past, will be as noth­ing

in the blaze of brilliance which shall mark the summers of

the future." Speculations of this character are harmless and also

useless.

Mr. E. Williams Hervey has recently issued a pamphlet of

over a hundred pages in which he records a large number of

original observations on color. As the author in this case says

in his preface, " These ( colors) offer a somewhat novel subject for

inquiry. There is very little literature on the subject, and a por­tion

of that is open to grave criticism," one is quite prepared to

find a repetition of well worn observations. Some interesting

facts in the occurrence of color markings are recorded, however.

The author very correctly ascribes a minor influence to the

agency of animals in the development of pigmented tissues,

though the logic by which this conclusion is reached rests upon

facts not conceded by botanists.

The recent researches of Overton on the red cell- sap of plants

shows that its occurrence is conditioned upon the presence of

sugar, and that the depth of the tints depends upon the concen­tration

of the sugar. Low night temperatures induce the de­velopment

of such colors, which the author believes accounts for

the reddish coloration of alpine species, and to the same cause1

are due the yellowish- red tints of evergreen leaves during the

winter. If two plants of the ordinary bladderwort ( Utricularia)

are grown in separate dishes of water containing different propor­tions

of sugar, the relation of this substance to color production

can be verified.

A paper by Miss Grace Smith was read before the Society of

Plant Morphology and Physiology at New Haven, December 27,

12

1899, < n which she records her observations on red color in

New England plants. 250 of 750 species exhibited red color in

some form. The color was found in stems in 74 per cent, of the

species, and it is most prevalent on upper surfaces. Miss Smith's

record of the most abundant occurrence of the color on speci­mens

in dry sunny places is quite at variance with the conclu­sions

of Overton, and leaves much to be yet explained.

RECENT ACCESSIONS.

Mr. William E. Dodge of the Board of Managers has pre­sented

the institution with twenty- five exhibition microscopes to

be used as part of the permanent display in the museum. These

instruments are being constructed after a model recently designed

by members of the staff.

The New York Academy of Medicine is the donor of the

greater part of the botanical books of the library of the late Dr.

Hosack, amounting to over two hundred volumes, nearly all of

which are publications of the last century or earlier, and are rare

and difficult to obtain. The addition of these books to the library

of the Garden is an interesting reminder of the efforts of Dr.

Hosack to establish a botanical garden in New York City early

in the century.

Mr. John J. Crooke of Staten Island has given a very valuable

collection of herbarium and museum specimens accumulated by

him some thirty or forty years ago. These specimens are

now being mounted, labelled, and incorporated in the gen­eral

collection. They include a set of Elihu Hall's Plantae

Texanae, the most noteworthy collection of plants from that

district ever made, a set of the specimens obtained by

the Wilkes' Expedition to the Pacific Ocean, and numerous

others now impossible to secure except in some such manner.

Mr. Crooke, it will be remembered, has been a most generous

patron of the botanical department of Columbia University;

having presented that institution with the invaluable herbarium

of Professor Frederic Meisner of Basel, Switzerland, and the col-

13

lection made by Dr. Chapman in the southern Atlantic States,

upon which his " Flora of the Southern States " is based. The

deposit of the Columbia herbarium at the Garden thus brings,

all of the botanical collections in which Mr. Crooke has been in­terested

together in one building, and emphasizes the fact that he

has been one of the most liberal scientific benefactors of botany

in New York. His gifts of geological, conchological, and other

zoological specimens to the Museum of Natural History have also-greatly

enriched the collections of that institution.

Mr. B. G. Amend has recently presented a collection of more

than two hundred original drawings and unpublished quarto lith­ograph

plates made by the late Professor August Koehler, which

were designed to illustrate a work on the flora of North Amer­ica.

Professor Koehler published a " Practical Botany" in 1876,

which was widely used in botanical instruction at that period.

Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey has presented a valuable and interesting

collection of hardy perennials, shrubs and trees, mainly from the

Southern Alleghanies, including some seventy species not hitherto

represented in the plantations. These have been distributed in

the herbaceous grounds, fruticetum and nurseries.

Mr. Nathaniel Thayer, of South Lancaster, Mass., has pre­sented

a very large Cycas rcvohita and two immense century

plants ; these, together with a considerable number of other ten­der

plants contributed by several other friends have been stored

in the basement of the museum building awaiting the completion

of the western end of the range of greenhouses, which will not be

delayed much longer.

BEQUEST OF JUDGE DALY.

The following is extracted from the will of Ex- Chief Justice

Charles P. Daly, probated October 23, 1899.

Article 8, Section 3. I give, devise and bequeath to my exec­utor,

Henry R. Hoyt, the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in

trust, nevertheless, to invest and reinvest the same, and to pay

over the net annual interest, dividends or income thereof to my

14

wife's sister, Rosalie Staples, semi- annually for and during the

term of her natural life, and upon her death to pay over the said

principal sum to the New York Botanical Garden.

Section 5. All the balance of the said rest, residue and re­mainder

of my estate which shall remain after the payment of the

foregoing devises, legacies and bequests in this eighth article of

my will specified, I give, devise and bequeath as follows : One-twelfth

part thereof to the New York Botanical Garden as and for

a memorial of my wife's late grandfather, David Lydig, the

amount of said bequest to be used and expended by said corpora­tion

in such manner and for such purposes as the Board of Man­agers

thereof rtlay deem for the best interests of the Botanical

Garden.

NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Torrey Botanical Club has appointed a committee to pre­pare

a programme in commemoration of the life and work of Dr.

John Torrey, to be presented before Section G, of the American

Association for the Advancement of Science at its meeting in

New York, in the last week of June, 1900.

The agencies which most affect and prevent the proper devel­opment

of trees in large cities are electricity, gas and steam. The

death of many specimens can be referred to illuminating gas. If

a leak occurs into a pipe, the gas escapes very readily into the

soil especially if it is porous, and when it comes into contact with

the roots they are asphyxiated, the result being qnickly manifest

in the appearance of the tree. The symptoms of gas poisoning

are most generally a sudden falling of the leaves, a deadened ap­pearance

of the bark due to the collapse of the cambium or liv­ing

layer. In mild instances of poisoning the effect shows only

upon one side of the tree, but in general the tree seldom escapes

death. Many trees on the grounds of city residences are killed

by gas to the perplexity of the owner, since this may occur with

specimens fifty or even a hundred feet away from the nearest gas

main.— Adapted from the eleventh annual report of the Botanist of

the Hatch Experiment Station.

15

Mr. J. B. S. Norton has published a list of the works treating

of the effects of wind upon plants in the Transactions of the

Kansas Academy of Science, for 1898, which includes about 60

titles.

He classes the effects of winds upon plants under the follow­ing

heads:

A. Indirect, such as

1. Carrying moisture in the form of clouds which supply-plants

with water.

2. Aiding transpiration by change of moist for dry air. The

effects of hot winds might be placed here.

B. Direct effects.

1. Injuries, such as breaking and uprooting.

2. Adaptations for using the wind.

a. In effecting pollination.

b. In the dissemination of fruits and seeds.

Adaptations protective.

3. Adaptative protection against the wind.

a. In wood structure.

b. In leaf structure.

c. In habit.

d. In location.

This work was done in connection with some studies of the

effects of the tornado of 1896 on the trees of the Missouri

Botanical Garden and St. Louis.

The Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, has recently estab­lished

an additional publication in the form of a bulletin, making

the sixth series issued from that institution. The " Annals," the

" Bulletin " and the " Icones Bogorienses " are devoted chiefly to

technical papers, while the other three are intended for the ad­ministration

and constituency of the garden.

According to the description by Dr. Treub, the Director, the

garden is organized in ten divisions : herbarium and museum,

laboratories for botany, experimental garden and laboratory for

agricultural chemistry, laboratory for pharmacology, botanic

garden, administration library and photographic department,

16

forestry, laboratory for the study of tobacco, laboratory for the

study of coffee, and laboratory for agricultural zoology.

The garden proper has an area of 401 acres, and the mountain

garden 700 acres. The library contains 9230 volumes and 2860

pamphlets. The library of the Royal Society of Natural Science

with 10,800 volumes is also accessible to workers in the garden.

The herbarium amounts to more than a hundred thousand speci­mens,

and the museum contains a large amount of material of

scientific and economic interest.

Special laboratories are provided for the use of visiting botanists

and so far 75 investigators have used the facilities provided, of

which but one was from the United States.

It is of interest to note that a division of meteorology is con­templated

as a necessary adjunct to the work in plant physiology.

Mr. R. S. Williams, who spent the seasons of 1898 and 1899 in

the Yukon Territory is now serving as a special museum aid at

the Garden. He made extensive collections of preserved plants

of the region, which are now being studied by him and members

of the staff. This plant collection is believed to be the first one

made in the Klondike region and it contains many species of

great scientific interest; an account of it together with an;

enumeration of the species is being prepared by the Director- in-chief.

After a complete set of the material has been filed in the:

herbarium, the duplicates will be distributed to correspondents oft

the Garden.

Mr. A. A. Heller has returned to Puerto Rico to extend his

collections made in 1899. He will keep the field during Janu­ary

and February, with headquarters at Mayaguez in the western

part of the island.

Four botanical organizations will convene in New York during

the last week in June, 1900 : the Botanical Society of America,

the Botanical Section of the American Association for the Ad­vancement

of Science, the Botanical Club of the same Associa­tion,

and the Society for Plant Physiology and Morphology.

The last named will meet for business purposes only.

flDeinbera of tbe Corporation.

DR. TIMOTHY F. ALLEN,

PROF. N. L. BRITTON,

FREDERIC BRONSON,

HON. ADDISON BROWN,

WM. L. BROWN,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

PROF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,

WM. G. CHOATE,

HON. EDWARD COOPER,

CHAS. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,

WM. E. DODGE,

DR. WM. H. DRAPER,

PROF. SAM'L W. FAIRCHILD,

GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,

RICHARD W. GILDER,

HON. THOMAS F. GILROY,

PARKE GODWIN,

HON. HUGH J. GRANT,

HENRY P. HOYT,

ADRIAN ISELIN, J R .,

MORRIS K. JESUP,

JOHN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,

PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

WM.

JOHN S. KENNEDY,

J. J. LITTLE,

HON. SETH LOW,

DAVID LYDIG,

EDGAR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,

THEO. W. MYERS,

GEO. M. OLCOTT,

PROF. HENRY F. OSEORN,

OSWALD OTTENDORFER,

JAMES R. PITCHER,

RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,

PERCY R. PYNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,

WM. ROCKEFELLER,

PROF. H. H. RUSBY,

WM. C. SCHERMERHORN,

JAMES A. SCRYMSER,

HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,

SAMUEL SLOAN,

WM. D. SLOANE, '

NELSON SMITH,

DK. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE,

PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

H. S. WOOD.

P X J B L I C ^ T T O J V S

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con­taining

notes, news and non- technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem­bers

of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. [ Not offered in

exchange.]

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the reports of

the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying

the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1- 4, 294 pp., 3 maps,

and 8 plates, 1S96- 99. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 25 cents a

copy.

Memoirs of the N ew York Botanical Garden, Vol. I. An Annotated Cat­alogue

of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the

Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author's field book

and including descriptions of over a hundred new species. Price to members of the

Garden, $ 1.00. To others, $ 2.00. [ Not offered in exchange.]

Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical

papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals

other than the above.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 25

cents.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

Price, 25 cents.

No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash,

Price, 25 cents.

No. 4. Delphinium Carolinianum and related Species, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

Price, 25 cents.

All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

THE ACCOUNTANT

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, N E W YORK cm