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VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA JOHN K. SMALL WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY H. H. RUSBY HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION C. STUART GACER JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE H. A. GLEASON TULIPS KENNETH R. BOYNTON THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND N. L. BRITTON PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post- offlce in Lancaster, Pa., as second- class matter. Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies io cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS FREDERIC S. LEE, President JAMES F. KEMP HENRY W. DE FOREST, Vice President ADOLPH LEWISOHN F. K. STURGIS, Vice President KENNETH K MACKENZIE JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer W. J. MATHESON N. L. BRITTON, Secretary BARRINGTON MOORE EDWARD D. ADAMS J. P. MORGAN HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD PAUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND ROBERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS CHILDS FRICK HENRY H. RUSBY WILLIAM J. GIES GEORGE J. RYAN R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATTUCK JOSEPH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON W. GILMAN THOMPSON JOHN F. HYLAN, Mayor of the City of New York FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN. President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Chairman JAMES F. KEMP, SC. D., LL. D. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D., FREDERIC S. LEE, P H . D., LL. D. LL. D., LITT. D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. WILLIAM J. GIES, P H . D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N. L. BRITTON, P H . D., Sc. D., LL. D Director- in- Chief MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D„ Sc. D Assistant Director JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D., Sc. D Head Curator of the Museums A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories P. A. RYDBERG, P H . D Curator H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D Curator ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist PERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses MARY E. EATON Artist KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant HESTER M. RUSK, A. M Technical Assistant H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds JOHN R. BRINLEY, C. E Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307 THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA The mature stage of the scrub- palmetto resembles the young stage of the cabbage- tree ( Sabal Palmetto). This palm was doubtless observed by the early botanical travelers in peninsular Florida, but, on account of its habit of growth, it was not distinguished by them from the young plants of the common cabbage- tree. The mature plants of the scrub- palmetto and the plants of the cabbage- tree before the trunk has developed, are very similar in their vegetative characters. The only prominent characters above the ground to separate the two species are the shorter leaf- stalks, the short prostrate spadices, and the large fruit of the scrub- palmetto. Two very different geologic formations, the one a firm limestone, the other a very loose sand, harbor the scrub- palmetto. Independently, these habitats yielded it to botanists within a period of a score of years. These two different geologic formations are covered with quite unlike plant- associations. The limestone, an oolite, forming the Everglade Keys, supports a typically West Indian flora. In its plant- covering, the Caribbean- pine ( Pinus caribaea) and the saw-palmetto ( Serenoa repens)— a small green form— are the conspicuous elements, and associated with these is a miscellany of tropical American herbs and shrubs, as well as a series of endemic species. The sandy habitat of the scrub- palmetto is the so- called " scrub," whence the English name of the palm. The flora of the " scrub " is supported on a fine white sand. Its most promi- 145 147 nent elements are the spruce- pine ( Pinus clausa), various scrub-oaks ( Quercus spp.), the saw- palmetto ( Serenoa repens)— a large white form, the rosemary ( Ceratiola ericoides), and a curious composite shrub, Garberia fruticosa. Associated with these is a series of specialized Floridian plants and endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs. Whether the scrub- palmetto represents a remnant of a former wider geographic distribution, including Florida, perhaps, as a result of immigration from the West Indies, where, evidently, it is now extinct, or whether it originated in Florida and spread no further, we do not know. If, however, the species is not tending toward extermination through natural conditions and enemies, then the white man is doing his part to exterminate it, not only in the clearing of land generally, but in removing the esculent bud for food, just as is done in the case of the cabbage- tree. In the seventies of the last century, A. P. Garber, 1 during one of his general collecting trips to Florida, discovered the scrub-palmetto at Miami on the Everglade Keys. The specimens then gathered were among those forming the first extensive representation of the flora of the Everglade Keys, especially about Miami. Among other specimens from these collections they reached A. W. Chapman, 2 who, seeing that they represented something different from any known palm of the United States, described the plant in the second edition of his Flora3 as Sabal Palmetto mega- 1 Abram Paschall Garber was born 23 February 1838, at Columbia, Pennsylvania. He was graduated from Lafayette College in 1868, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his degree in 1872. He went to southern Florida as a health- seeker about 1877, and while there devoted much time to the collection of the plants of that region, whose flora was then little known. In 1880 he also collected plants in Porto Rico. In 1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, and died there, at Renovo, the same year, 26 August.— JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. 2 Alvan Wentworth Chapman was born 28 September 1809, at Southampton, Mass. He was graduated from Amherst College, where he attended Amos Eaton's lectures on botany, in 1831, and spent the next few years as a teacher in Georgia, where he studied medicine. He removed to Florida in 1835, and was a physician at Apalachicola from 1847 until his death more than fifty years later. The first edition of his famous " Flora of the Southern United States " was published in i860. He died at Apalachicola, 6 April 1899, in his ninetieth year.— J. H. B. 3 Flora of the Southern United States. Ed. 2. 651. 1883. carpa. This name refers to the large fruit, which somewhat resembles that of the Texan cabbage- tree. The specific name, Etonia, by which the plant now is known, is Indian, and is derived from the habitat, the Etonia Scrub, where Walter T. Swingle studied the plant and its habits in the early nineties of the last century. This is one of our four endemic palms. The four kinds are all low- growing plants, at least typically so. The three— needle-palm, blue- stem, dwarf- palmetto— other than the scrub- palmetto, moreover, have no immediate relatives. The scrub- palmetto is, so to speak, a cabbage tree much modified in habit. It has two relatives in the United States, the one the common cabbage- tree of rather wide geographic distribution and the other the Texan, cabbage- tree of restricted distribution. During the last decade of the last century this palm was observed in the lake region of Florida. The species was thoroughly studied. Subsequent to this study, almost twenty years after it was discovered in southern Florida, it was described and published as a species. Appended to the descriptive matter were the following notes by G. V. Nash : 4 " It [ Sabal Etonia] is related to Sabal Palmetto, but it is abundantly distinct from that species, particularly in its manner of growth. The rootstocks of the two species are totally unlike. In the seedling state they are probably very similar, judging from examinations made on comparatively young plants of both forms. As they grow older, however, the differences in manner of growth become very marked. In Sabal Etonia the rootstock is elongated and more or less contorted, in some instances doubling 4 George Valentine Nash was born 6 May 1864, in Brooklyn, New York. He early became interested in the flora of New Jersey; about 1888 he made the acquaintance of George Thurber ( 1821- 1890), who influenced him toward specialization in Gramineae, and divided his grass herbarium with him. In 1894 and 1895 he made extensive plant collections in Florida. In 1898 he was appointed general assistant at The New York Botanical Garden, then being established; two years later he became head gardener, a position he retained throughout his life. He made botanical expeditions to Haiti, in 1903; to Inagua, in 1904, and to Turks Islands and Haiti, in 1905. In later years he devoted more time to the study of orchids than to that of grasses. He died in New York City, 15 July 1921. — J. H. B. ISO and redoubling on itself, forming a perfect 5. It is firmly anchored in the soil by innumerable roots, borne along its under surface, the growing end running along the surface of the soil, but never rising above it. As stated above, the rootstock is always elongated, from 2- 3 feet in length, the rear part apparently dying and rotting away as the bud advances. " In Sabal Palmetto the behavior of the rootstock is very different, and only in the very young plants can its early stages be found. It goes directly down, then bends sharply and rises to the surface, continuing in an erect aerial stem which often attains a height of 50- 70 feet. In the young plants this downward portion is manifest as an erect spur- like body, appressed to and much smaller than the ascending part of the rootstock, but it soon disappears and in plants but a few feet in height no trace of it can be found. In old individuals, therefore, the subterranean extremity of the trunk is knob- like, with hundreds of roots radiating in all directions, making a marked contrast to the elongated and contorted rootstock of Sabal Etonia, bearing roots its entire length. The fruit in Sabal Etonia is larger than that in Sabal Palmetto." 5 The habit of the stem or rootstock of this palm, as described in the preceding paragraph, is, apparently, immutable. It is easy to understand that the characteristic underground movements and postures can be readily accomplished in loose sand, as when the plants grow in the " scrub " of the lake region, but on the rocky floor of the pinewoods of the Everglade Keys conditions are quite different. However, the plant holds true to this peculiar characteristic, even here, apparently without exception. The rock surface of the Everglade Keys was honeycombed long ago by erosion, and the cavities, large and small, long since were filled with sand, humus, and fragments of rock. Now, the seedling palm in growing evidently adjusts itself to conditions and finds buried erosion holes or pot- holes of sufficient size to accommodate the mature rootstock, else the individual dies. Never have we noticed a rootstock above the surface. Although its quarters must often be cramped in the rock floor of the Everglade Keys, the plants in that region are just as robust and prolific as they are in the loose sand of the " scrub." 5 Bulletin of the Torrey Club 23: 99, 100. 1896. i5i The scrub- palmetto is not as ubiquitous as the cabbage- tree, nor nearly as beautiful. Nor, does it grow naturally in such a great variety of habitats. It may have been more plentiful and more wide- spread formerly. Being an esculent plant, the Florida aborigines may have seriously curtailed its abundance, just as the present inhabitants are now doing where the plants grow plentifully. In some places where it was abundant about a quarter of a century ago, plants are now hard to find. The bud is eaten, as is that of the cabbage- tree, and it is said to be superior to that of the Sabal Palmetto, although it is not quite as large. The fruits also are edible, and in both size and flavor are superior to those of the cabbage- tree. JOHN K. SMALL. WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY1 For the purposes of this lecture, drinking is defined as the swallowing of a liquid for other than medicinal purposes. The presentation is neither fanatical nor controversial. In stating why people drink certain beverages, it is their own view that is supposed to furnish their reason, and their reasons are analyzed and evaluated only so far as established facts may justify. The drinking of such liquid foods as milk and soup is purely a dietetic procedure, aside from its addition to the supply of water in the body, the latter pertaining to the satisfaction of thirst. The dietetic importance of foods in this form is of great, often of vital importance. Such foods are more appetizing than solids, and may appeal in cases of malnutrition when other foods are objectionable. Their greater digestibility is often of importance. The particles of nutrient matter, being finely divided, are more readily reached by the digestive enzymes, their nutritive efficiency being thus increased. The principal object of drinking is to satisfy the thirst, by which is meant not merely the moistening of the mouth and fauces, but supplying all the tissues of the body with the water 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture delivered by the Dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University, at The New York Botanical Garden, June 20, 1925. 152 that is necessary for maintenance of their work. The moistening of the mouth and fauces contributes great comfort when thirsty, but the thirst itself could be equally assuaged by the injection of water into the blood- vessels. The various ways in which water functions in the vital processes were briefly reviewed. It was specially noted that for the performance of some of these functions, certain substances held in solution in the water are responsible. When the natural body fluid is deficient in such dissolved substances, they must be artifically supplied, this subject involving medical considerations. Outside of the meeting of these absolute physiological requirements, which involve the use of water only, all objects of drinking may be classed under the heads of protection, comfort, pleasure, and assistance in the performance of work, which subjects are severally considered. Protection.— Under certain conditions, as long- continued exposure to cold, the superficial blood- vessels may become contracted and the blood be concentrated in the internal organs, resulting in congestion, stasis, and dangerous or fatal disease, such as pneumonia. The introduction of alcohol to the circulation will enlarge these superficial vessels, restoring the circulation to these parts, and averting the dangers referred to, and its use is resorted to for that purpose with great frequency. There are large and often densely populated districts, even entire countries, where the water supply is polluted by disease germs to a dangerous degree and where the people habitually drink wine or malt beverages as a sanitary precaution. Millions of such people never taste water, as a beverage, from one year's end to another. Comfort may be promoted by the addition of substances to beverages which will reduce the annoyance of a dry mouth and throat. In very dry and hot weather, the moistening effects of water are very quickly lost, and the desire to drink becomes almost continuous. The relief afforded by drinking may then be increased by the addition of mucilaginous substances to the water. In country districts, flax- seed, elm bark, and sassafras are commonly employed to secure this result. Acid substances, such as lemon- juice and tamarind are very grateful. In southern Europe, and in the orient, the mucilaginous seeds of various species of Plantago ( plantain) are largely employed. In the arid regions 153 of the southwestern United States, and in Mexico, the seeds of several species of Salvia are similarly used, under the name of Chia. Northern people, visiting the tropics, are tempted to use great quantities of lemonade and limeade for this purpose and serious and persistent stomach troubles are often produced in this way. A combination of acidity with mucilaginous content is secured among farmers by the very common practice of adding vinegar, molasses, and wheat bran to the drinking water. A very thirst- satisfying beverage, largely used in the tropics, is the liquid contained in young coconuts. A clear, watery liquid, it is very slightly sweet and acidulous, and is cool even when the surrounding temperature is high. There are other plants in tropical regions from which almost pure drinking water can be obtained, as the hollow joints of bamboos, the hollow leaf bases of the traveler's palm, the juicy pulp of cactuses, and the porous items of various woody vines. Most of these liquids contain small amounts of dissolved substances which increase their power of relieving the sense of thirst in mouth and throat. It is to be noted that many plant juices, as those of oranges and pineapples, contain vitamins that are essential to human health. The subject of vitamins has been greatly abused through ignorance and charlatanry, but the importance of the subject can scarcely be overestimated. The daily administration of a small drink of fresh orange juice to children is very beneficial. Under the head of comfort, reference may be made to the common country practice of using alcohol to secure warmth in winter, and to promote coolness in summer. Inconsistent as it seems, both customs are based on physiological processes. Our sense of heat resides in the heat- nerve endings of the skin. When a low temperature drives the warm blood from the surface we have the sensation of being cold. When alcohol restores the blood to these vessels, which closely invest the heat- nerve endings, an agreeable feeling of warmth is afforded, although this condition promotes the radiation of heat from the surface, with a reduction of temperature. In the summer, on the other hand, the tendency of the alcohol is to paralyze or depress the heat- nerves so that we do not sense the warmth, and thus appear to be cool. It also increases heat radiation. This depressing effect of alcohol, which, after all, is its chief and dominating action, may work in many ways to reduce indi- 154 vidual discomfort. All physical sensation of pain is lessened by the depressing or stupefying effect of alcohol, and it can be so used as to become a complete anaesthetic. Enormous amounts of alcohol have been consumed to secure this result. Anxiety, grief, remorse, fear, and other forms of mental suffering are similarly lessened, and inebriety has been greatly promoted through the habitual dependence of such sufferers on this artificial relief. Closely allied to this relief of physical and mental discomfort by the depressing effects of alcohol is its negative action in carrying a subject through physical or mental emergencies. An understanding of this subject, like most of what follows, depends on an appreciation of the difference between an action and a resulting effect. The belief is almost universal that alcohol acts as a stimulant, whereas the reverse is true. When, however, its depressing action is exerted on an inhibitory function, the visible effect is naturally one of stimulation. The Spanish fleet, lying in Santiago Harbor, and realizing that it must go forth and encounter the United States fleet, resorted to the use of liberal amounts of alcohol by its officers and men. The depressing action of these libations on the faculties of judgment and prudence overcame the emotion of fear, and imbued the force with what is often called " Dutch courage," and they went forth to a desperate fight, the adverse result of which was the more certain for them because of the incapacitation effected by the same agent that had stupefied their just fear. In other words, the alcohol did not give these men courage, but it did reduce their fear. Between these two actions, there is all the difference of a contradiction. Unprincipled employers, in the olden days, were accustomed to supply rations of rum to their workmen when an extraordinary occasion called for exceptional activity. Not only the dread of hard work, but the sense of its fatigue were deadened, and the men could be hurrahed into unusual endurance. Undoubtedly, the quality of their work was impaired by the related impairment of their powers, but yet there was an increased output and an apparent stimulation of activity. In the same way literary workers, under stress of emergency, may lose a part of their feeling of fatigue and be led to work on to the verge of exhaustion by the use of this so- called stimulant. Lawyers, actors, public 155 speakers, even preachers may dull their feelings of timidity, whether justified or uncalled for, in facing their ordeals, and be enabled to win applause when they had been oppressed by a fear of failure. This artificial killing of fear is far less worthy than the firm conquering of oneself by the summoning of his own powers and the development of his just confidence in them. The cumulative effect of the latter process, however difficult, or even painful, is one of healthy development and individual growth. That of the former is very apt to result in deterioration. The world's biographical histories are blackened by thousands of failures and wrecks of brilliant men and women in every walk of life, resulting from this habit. Of a very similar character is the promotion of social fellowship and jollity by the aid of John Barleycorn. From the mere effacement of excessive reserve, there are all stages to that in which the individual loses all powers of self- restraint and all sense of proper modesty. All this is manifestly a process of depression, though commonly regarded as one of stimulation. To the action here described, the term narcotic has been firmly attached. By it, the intellectual functions are affected unequally and the proper intellectual equilibrium is destroyed. Mental activity is not stimulated, or even induced, but it is permitted by the suppression of restraint, and its character is neither restrained nor regulated by either judgment or will. Quantity is increased, but usually at the expense of quality. Totally different is the action exerted by another class of beverages, depending for their activity on the presence of caffeine or related alkaloids. These substances are directly stimulating to cerebral activity, and stimulate all its functions. Thus, the mental equilibrium is preserved, and quantity of mental activity is increased without any sacrifice of quality. This effect is in no sense a narcotic one, although tea and coffee are often spoken of as narcotics. Although the habit of tea or coffee drinking to excess may be feared, this habit is not a dominating one, and is not to be classed as a dope addiction, as is that of excessive use of narcotics. Besides tea and coffee, we have in this group Mate, or so- called Paraguay tea, the Cola seed, guarana, dahoon, and chocolate. All these substances increase circulation and elimination, produce a feeling of comfort and cheerfulness, and are justly 156 said to cheer without inebriating. The use of one or more of them is almost universal. It is not improbable that additions to our present known list may yet be made, as the habits of aboriginal people become better known. Where no beverage of this kind is known, the natives sometimes resort to the chewing of substances containing similar constituents. To this class may be referred the chewing of coca leaves, the alkaloid cocaine acting in some ways like caffeine, although definitely habit- forming, and very dangerous. In tropical America, one or more seeds in the bean family, as those of Cassia occidentalis, are used as a coffee substitute, but their action is quite different. They are true narcotics, and dangerous. The same is true of the leaves of Ledum, or Labrador tea. The so- called cereal coffees, as postum, are scarcely entitled to any classification here. They are merely flavored water, with a little dissolved nutrient matter, and more properly classed as weak broths. Reverting again to the consideration of alcoholic beverages, it must not be overlooked that the use of some of them is largely for the effects of constituents other than the contained alcohol. Most important of these substances is perhaps carbonic acid gas. This substance is very efficient in destroying disease germs in the beverage. It is agreeable to the palate, and is more efficient in relieving the source of thirst than plain water. Its presence in our soft summer drinks is about all that can justify the use of many of these digestion- destroying mixtures. Plain carbonated waters are far preferable to most of the over- sweetened and highly flavored slops so extensively used. The use of beer and its relatives is largely for its carbonic gas, and the stomachic and digestive properties of its hops and malt. Its moderate use is probably better justified than that of any other beverage except water. Of the many alcoholic beverages in use by aborigines the constituents are not so innocent. As is well known, an alcoholic liquid can be prepared from any substance that contains sugar, or any that contains starch, provided the latter is first converted into sugar by the action of an amylolytic enzyme, such as diastase or ptyalin. Some of these vegetable substances contain consti- 157 tuents that profoundly affect the system. For example, Kava, so largely drunk by the Pacific islanders, contains an anaesthetic, that has a peculiar soothing or numbing effect on the nervous system, and another that is powerfully diuretic. Some of these constituents are extremely powerful narcotics, producing hallucinations and trances similar to those of opium and hashish. To this class belongs the pellota or Mescal buttons used by the natives of northern Mexico and adjacent United States. A very similar one is the Caapi of the Colombian natives, of which so much has been written of late. These substances produce a very profound disturbance of the entire nervous system, and are even capable of causing death if used in great excess. H. H. RUSBY. HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION1 The lecturer's thesis was that the most important thing is to know how to think about such questions as religion and science and their relation to each other. If one knows how to think, the question of what to think is largely settled. The prime requisite is an open mind, ready at any time to receive new evidence and, if necessary, to discard ideas based upon inadequate evidence, no matter how fondly cherished the old ideas may have been. Nothing should be accepted as fact, except upon verifiable evidence. All science advances by the accumulation of data based on observation, the framing of hypotheses as to the most probable explanation of the observed facts, and the thorough testing of the hypothesis. The lecturer emphasized the difference between a hypothesis and a guess. Guessing has no place in scientific method. As a result of testing, a hypothesis may either be verified or found inadequate. If the latter, it must be abandoned, just as were the hypotheses concerning the motions of the heavenly bodies or concerning the nature of atoms. 1 Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of July n by the Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Gager is author of " Heredity and Evolution in Plants," and of " The Relation between Evolution and Religion: How to Think about It.,, now in press. 158 This history of human thought shows the necessity for toleration among those of divergent views, and the futility of personalities and the imputing of unworthy motives to those who honestly differ from us on matters of religion and science. The present more or less organized attack upon science— particularly upon the principle of evolution— by churchmen has been characterized by the imputing of unworthy motives to scientific investigators and teachers, and has disclosed a gross ignorance of the aims of science, and of the nature of scientific method— particularly the difference between fact and hypothesis. In particular the lecturer showed that, while there may be irreconcilable conflict between superstition or tradition and modern science, there cannot be any conflict between true religion and science, for there can be no conflict between two truths. C. STUART GAGEE. JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE1 The Island of Java, lying just across the equator south of Singapore, is the most crowded country in the world. Thirty- six millions of people are massed together in a space no larger than the state of New York, and a great part of the area is too mountainous to be inhabited. The lower lands appear to the traveler to be almost one continuous village. Rice, tea, rubber, sugar, and coconuts are the chief productions, and Java yields through these industries a handsome profit to the Dutch, who own the island and control its commerce. When the Dutch took possession of Java, at the close of the Napoleonic wars, they found it populated by a much smaller number of people, divided into numerous tribes continually at war with each other. The rapid growth of population in a century speaks well for the colonial policy of the Dutch government. During the same time the country has been completely civilized, and hundreds of miles of railways and roads opened throughout the island. Visitors to Java find it necessary to learn the Malay language in order to make their wants known to the natives. This is not 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, June 13, 1925. 159 difficult, since the language is remarkably simple, having neither conjugations nor declensions. LTsually the tourist learns all the Malay he needs in less than a week. Regular lines of passenger and freight steamers connect Java with Europe, Asia, and North America. The chief passenger port is Batavia, near the western end of the island and its largest city, but much freight is handled from Soerabaya, located in the great sugar- growing region of eastern Java. The chief attraction to tourists is the world- famous botanical garden at Buitenzorg, where a marvelous collection of over sixteen thousand varieties of tropical plants may be seen in cultivation. Here are the largest existing collections of orchids and palms, while the famous avenue of canary trees, their trunks covered with tropical vines and their crowns meeting in a Gothic arch over the driveway, is the delight of every visitor. Their displays of fig trees, of tropical oaks, of dipterocarps, and of bamboos are equally interesting, though less striking to the average tourist. All of these are grown without the protection of greenhouses, since the temperature rarely falls below seventy degrees. Vegetation of all kinds is here unusually luxuriant, since rain falls every day and amounts to 180 inches per year. Laboratories have been provided for visiting botanists, and here some of the most important research on the life of tropical plants has been carried on. Within sight of Buitenzorg are three volcanoes, two of them rising to heights of over twelve thousand feet. On one of them is a large reservation of tropical forest and an annex to the botanical garden, with excellent collections of conifers, tree- ferns, and grass trees. H. A. GLEASON. TULIPS1 The spectacle offered here a year ago by nearly the whole of a collection of 80,000 tulips of 166 varieties being in bloom at once and again today by the blooming of more than half that number has served to direct special attention to this magnificent 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, May 9, 1925. i6o flower. Not that the tulip is a rare flower, for it is an acquaintance of everyone who pays the least attention to flowers. And it is not a new flower, for from all accounts of Europeans who have loved and developed it, it had been raised by the Turks in the sixteenth century, and it was then that the enthusiasm over the tulip started. By 1613 there were many kinds in cultivation. Besler described nearly 50 varieties from the Archbishop John Conrad's garden on Mt. St. Wilibald, in Eistadt, Germany. The plates illustrating those flowers show a flower about like our early single tulips of today. Then the Dutch found that they were able to raise tulips in quantity with succeess and in the early 17th century were so enamored with the beauty of the flower that the rulers of Holland had to legislate against speculation in tulip bulbs. For several reasons tulips should be our favorite spring flowers. In the first place, they give us masses, veritable carpets of rich colors, of unequaled diversity. Then an almost certain result may be obtained for a comparatively small expenditure and thirdly they are grown very easily and last a number of seasons ( attained by using the several types of tulips). For success use in planting a well- drained, deeply dug soil, with well- rotted manure previously added or bonemeal directly added. Plant in the autumn, according to the old rule of " when the leaves fall," placing the early varieties four to five inches apart and as deep, and the late varieties five to six inches apart and as deep. About 200 to 250 tulips will fill a bed twelve feet long and four feet wide. After the ground freezes, cover the bed with a mulch of salt hay or straw or leaves. This mulch is removed in March and the flowers may be expected in late April and all of the month of May. The varieties of tulips are so numerous that each must pick his own variety. In general, tulips are rich red, yellow, white, pink, purple, and violet, in the early spring types; yellow, rose, russet, lavender, pink, white, and the more delicate shades of red, in the Cottage or May- flowering types; bronze, tinged purple, red, and yellow, in the Breeder types; and maroon, chocolate, mahogany, rose, pink, and red, in the globular, long- stemmed sorts in the late Darwin types. These types and varieties may be grown under all conditions. Besides the varieties shown on the slides, with which this lecture was abundantly illustrated, a study of the varieties then in bloom was made after the lecture. KENNETH R. BOYNTON. THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND The will of ex- Chief- Justice Charles Patrick Daly, probated October 23, 1899, provides: " Article 8, Section 3. I give, devise and bequeath to my executor, Henry R. Hoyt, the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in trust, nevertheless, to invest and reinvest the same, and to pay over the net annual interest, dividends or income thereof to my wife's sister, Rosalie Staples, semi- annually for and during the term of her natural life, and upon her death to pay over the said principal sum to The New York Botanical Garden." Subsequent to the death of Mr. Hoyt, this bequest was transferred to The New York Botanical Garden, in trust, and annual interest has been paid over to Mrs. Staples semi- annually. The death of Mrs. Staples, early in 1925, has brought the principal sum into the ownership of the Garden; at the meeting of the Board of Managers held June 18th, 1925, it was designated, The Charles Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly Fund, as a memorial of Judge Daly and Mrs. Daly, highly esteemed and valued advisors and benefactors of the Garden in its early years. The income of this fund, about $ 1,000 annually, will be available for any of the corporate purposes of the Garden. N. L. BRITTON, Secretary. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST The following is the program of the lectures given on Saturday afternoons at four o'clock in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden during July and August: July 4. " Trinidad: Its Flora and Scenery." Dr. F. J. Seaver. 162 July July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. I I . 18. 25- i. 8. 15- 2 2 . 29. " How To Think About Evolution." Dr. C. Stuart Gager. " Seeds: Their Tricks and Traits." Dr. William Crocker. " Lilies." Dr. A. B. Stout. " The Forest Resources of the Northwest and Their Conservation." Prof. George B. Rigg. " Flowers of the Summer Garden." Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton. " The Rose Mallows, Cultivated and Wild." Dr. A. B. Stout " The Dismal Swamp of Virginia." Dr. Arthur Hollick. " Scenery of Our Western Mountains." Mr. Le Roy Jeffers. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Mr. Otto Degener, who has been spending the year at The New York Botanical Garden, studying his collections of Hawaiian plants, is returning to Honolulu. He began his transcontinental journey in June by motor- car, planning to make botanical collections on the way. Dr. A. B. Stout, of the Garden staff, spent a week in June at the State Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in further work in the breeding of grapes for seedlessness. Observations were also made on the results of the tenting experiments with various fruit trees conducted earlier in the season. Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden, is devoting a large part of June and July to field work in the Allegheny Mountains. He is traveling by automobile and is accompanied by Mr. John T. Perry, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. At a meeting of the Linnean Society of London held on May 7, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director- in- Chief of The New York Botanical Garden ; Professor Carl Schroeter, of Zurich; and 163 Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Director of the Department of Botany of Natural History Museum in Vienna, were elected Foreign Members. During the early part of June, The New York Botanical Garden, represented by Dr. F. J. Seaver, joined with Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology, and the Pennsylvania State College, Department of Botany, in a mycological excursion to Trout Run, Pennsylvania. This is the third " foray " of this nature held by the above institutions. The Garden has issued invitations to its members and friends to make special inspections of its various floral exhibits on designated days when such displays were anticipated to be at their best, so far as this might be determined or conjectured a week or two in advance. Thus, for the present season, April 24 was Narcissus Day, June 9 was Peony Day, and June 16 was Rose Day. The tulips were so nearly in their prime on the day of the Annual Spring Inspection, which occurred on April 30, that no special Tulip Day was observed. The July number of The National Geographic Magazine contains a contribution by Miss Mary E. Eaton, artist of the staff of The New York Botanical Garden, under the title " Pages from the Floral Life of America." The editor's introduction is as follows: " The 24 color plates, representing 55 flower paintings, appearing in this number of The National Geographic Magazine, are from the brush of Miss Mary E. Eaton, whose work has brought so much pleasure to members of the National Geographic Society during the past decade. They are reproduced from the Society's ' The Book of Wild Flowers,' recently published, and are printed in the Magazine in order that those who have saved their back numbers may have a complete collection of Miss Eaton's published paintings. The flowers represented in this number belong to 49 different families, and, together with those previously published, make a representative cross- section of the floral life of America." On many of the western yellow pine forests in the Northwest, the pine squirrel and the second- growth pine may be said to be engaged in a struggle to the death, with the squirrel holding a 164 conspicuous advantage according to latest reports, says the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The squirrel's advantage is due to the fact that, somewhat like the early bird, he is busily collecting the seed before it has a chance to " dig itself i n " and develop into a pine seedling. In examining some 15- year- old cuttings in Montana, the Priest River Forest Experiment Station found that practically no new growth has come in. Cones are plentiful in the two or three seed trees an acre left for seeding new growth and show sufficient seed to start up at least an open stand in 15 or 20 years against all other enemies of young trees; but there is evidence that the pine squirrel is determining otherwise, and that possibly nothing short of planting such areas with seedlings will circumvent the sharp eyes and insatiable appetite of this small foe. Meteorology for June. The total precipitation for the month was 2.9S inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were 101.50 on the 5th, 92.5" on the 10th, 93° on the 18th, and 85.50 on the 22nd. The minimum temperatures were 640 on the 3rd, 51" on the 12th, 500 on the 17th, and 53.5" on the 24th. ACCESSIONS BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 ( CONTINUED) ACOSTA, CHRISTOEAL. Traicte des drogues & medicamens qui naissent aux hides. Ed. 2. Lyon, 1619. AGARDH, JACOB GEORG. Rcccnsio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae, 1839. ALPINO, PROSPERO. Histoire du baulme. Lyon, 1619. Annates de Musce du Congo Beige. Bruxelles, 1898- 1902. ASCHERSON, PAUL FRIEDRICH AUGUST, & KANITZ, AUGUST. Catalogus cor-mophytorum et anthophytorum Serbiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Montis Scodri, Albaniae hucusque cognitorum. Claudiopoli, 1877. BAINES, HENRY. Flora of Yorkshire. London, 1840. BAKER, JOHN GILBERT. Handbook of the Amaryllideae, including the Alstroemericae a) id Agaveae. London, 1888. . Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. London, 1889. BARONI, EUGENIO. Supplemento generate al " Prodromo della Flora tos-cana di T. Caruel." Firenze, 1897. i 6 5 BENTHAM, GEORGE. Catalogue des plantes indigenes des Pyrenees et du Bas Languedoc . . . precede a" une notice sur un voyage botanique fait dans les Pyrenees pendant I'ete de 1825. Paris, 1S26. BERTRAND, CHARLES EUGEXE. & CORXAILLE, FELIX. Etude sur quelques caracteristiques de la structure des FUicinees actuelles. 1. La masse lihero- tigneuse elementaire. . . . Lille, 1902. BTTONA- BERXARDI, AXTOXTO. Sicularum plantarum centuria prima [ ei] secunda. Panonni, 1806- 07. BONNET, CHARLES. Considerations sur les corps organises. Ed. 2, 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1768* . La palingenesie philosophique; ou, idees sur letat passe ei sur fetal futur des ctres ziz- ans. 2 vols. Geneve, 1770. BRAXDEGEE, TOWXSHEXD STTTH. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California. [ San Francisco] 1891. BRIQUET, JOHX ISAAC Fragmenta monographiae Labiatarum. 5 fasc Geneve, 1889- 08. . Prodrome de la flore Corse. Vol. 1, vol. 2, pt. 1. Geneve, 1910- I9I3- CAXDOLLE, AUGUSTIX PYILIMUS DE. Essai sur les proprietes medicates des plantes. Ed. 2. Paris, 1816. CARRIERE, ELEE ABEL Traite general des coniferes. Paris. 1S55. CHRIST, HERMANN. Die Farnkrauter der Erde. Jena, 1897. COIXCY, AUGUSTE HENRI CORNUT DE LA FONTAINE DE. Ecloga plantarum hispanicarum ; sett, icones speeierum nozarum zel minus cognitarum per His pa mas nuperrime deteclarum. Parts I. 2, 5. Paris, 1893- 1901. COUOLLL GIUSEPPE. Flora comense. 7 vols. Como, 1S34- 57. COXSTAXTIX. JULIEX XOEI_ L'heredite acquise; ses consequences horti-coles. agricoles et medicates. Paris, 1901. COSTE, HIPPOLYTE JACQUES. & SOULTE. JOSEPH. Florule du Val d'Aran. Le Mans, 1913. DEBEAUX, JEAN ODOX, SC DAUTEZ, GUSTAVE. Synopsis de la fere de Gibraltar. Paris. 1889. DELALANDE, JEAN MARIE. Hoedtc et Houat; histoire, moeurs, productions naturelles de ces deux ties du Morbihan.. Xantes, 1850. DELPTXO, GIAOOMO GIUSEPPE FEDERICO. Studi sopra un lignaggio anemo-filo delle Composte ossia sopra 3 gruppo delle Artemisiaceae. Firenzo, . Sugli apparecchi delta fecondazione nelte piante anfocarpee { Fanerogame'). Sommario di osserz- asioni fatte negli anni 1863- 66. Firenze, 1867. DESFONTArxES, RENE LOTHCHE. Catalogus plantarum horti regit Parisi-ensis. Ed. 3. Parisiis, 1839. . Tableau de tecole de botanique du Museum d° histoire naturelle. Paris, 1804. DETMER, WILHELM: ALEXANDER. Das pfansenphysiologische Praktikum. Jena, 188& i66 DETONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vol. 2. Bacillariseae. Patavii, 1891- 94. DUCELLIER, FR. Catalogue des Desmidiacees de la Suisse et de quelques localites frontieres. Geneve, 1914. DUGGELI, MAX. Pflanzengeographische und wirtschafliche Monographic des Sihltales bei Einsiedeln von Roblosen bis Studen. Zurich, 1903. DUMORTIER, BARTHELEMY CHARLES JOSEPH. Analyse des families des plantes, avec Vindication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Tournay, 1829. DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & PITTIER DE FABREGA, HENRI FRANCOIS. Catalogue de la flore vaudoise. Fasc. 3. Lausanne, 1887. DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & SCHINZ, HANS. Etudes sur la flore de I'Etat Independant du Congo. Part 1. Bruxelles, 1896. DUREAU DE LA MALI. E, ADOLPHE JULES CESAR AUGUSTE. Climatologie com-paree de ITtalie et de VAndalousie anciennes ct modemes. Paris, 1849. ENGELMANN, GEORGE. A revision of the North American species of the genus Juncus, with a description of neiv or imperfectly known species. St. Louis, 1868. ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF. Ueber die Fruhlingsflora des Tafel-berges bei Kapstadt. [ Berlin, 1903.] ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF, & DIELS, LUDWIG. Combretaceae. 2 parts. Leipzig, 1899, 1900. FLAIIAULT, CHARLES HENRI MARIE. L'institut de botanique. Montpellier, 1890. FLEISCHER, FRANZ VON. Beitrage zur Lehre von dem Keimen der Somen und Gezvachse, insbesondere der Samen bkonomischer Pfianzen. Stuttgart, [ 1851]. FRIEDRICHSTHAL, EMANUEL VON. Reise in den siidlichen Theilen von Neu- Griechenland. Leipzig, 1858. FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS. Epicrisis generis Hieraciorum. [ Upsala, 1862.] GEILINGER, GOTTLIEB. Die Grignagruppe am Comersee; eine pflanzengeo-graphischc Studie. Dresden, 1908. GERARD, RENE CONSTANT JOSEPH. Recherches sur le passage de la racine a la tige. Paris, 1881. GIESENHAGEN, KARL FRIEDRICH GEORG. Die Farngattung Niphobolus. Jena, 1901. GILIBERT, JEAN EMMANUEL. Histoire des plantes d'Europe et etrangeres, les plus communes, les plus utiles et les plus curieuses. 3 vols. Lyon, 1806. GOTTSCHE, CARL MORITZ, LINDENBERG, JOHANN BERNHARD WILHELM, & NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL. Synopsis hepati-carum. Hamburgi, 1844. GREVILLE, ROBERT KAYE. Flora edinensis; or a description of plants growing near Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1824. GUEPIN, JEAN PIERRE. Flore de Maine et Loire. Ed. 3. Angers, 1845. . Supplement 1. Angers, 1850. 167 GUSSONE, GIOVANNI. Florae Siculae prodromus; sive, plantarum in Sicilia ulieriori nascentium enumeratio. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1827- 28. Supplementum. Fasc. 1. Neapoli, 1832. . Florae Siculae synopsis exhibens plantas vasculares in Sicilia insulisque adjacentibus hue usque detectas. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1842- 1844- HABERLANDT, GOTTLIEB JOHANNES FRIEDRICH. Physiologische Pflanzen-aniomie. Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1909. HAMILTON, FREDERIC. La botanique de la Bible. Nice, 1871. HAUSMANN, FRANZ VON. Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und haufiger gebauten Gefasspflan-zen, 3 vols. Innsbruck, 1851- 54. HAWORTH, ADRIAN HARDY. Synopsis plantarum succulentarum. Londini, 1812. PIELLER, FRANZ XAVER. Flora wirceburgensis. 2 vols. Wirceburgi, 1810- 1811. HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON. Handbook of the Nezv Zealand flora. London, 1864- 67. HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON, & others. The flora of British India. Vols. 1- 7. London, 1875- 97. HOVELACQUE, MAURICE JEAN ALEXANDRE. Recherches sur Vappareil vege-tatif des Bignoniacces, Rhinanthacees, Orobanchees et Utriculariees. Paris, 1888. HUTH, ERNST. Monographic der Gattung Delphinium. Leipzig, 1895. JAEGER, F. M. Lectures on the principle of symmetry and its applications in all natural sciences. Amsterdam, 1917. JANSEN, ALBERT. Jean- Jacques Rousseau als Botaniker. Berlin, 1885. JARDIN, EDELESTAN. Notice sur I'archipel de Mendana ou des Marquises, 1853- 1854. [ Cherbourg, 1856.] JORDAN, ALEXIS. Pugillus plantarum novarum praesertim gallicarum. Paris, 1852. JUSSIEU, ADRIEN HENRI LAURENT DE. Taxonomie; coup d'oeil sur I'his-toire et les principes des classifications botaniques. Paris, 1848. KAULFUSS, GEORG FRIEDRICH. Enumeratio filicum quas in itinere circa terram legit CI. Adalbertus de Chamisso. Lipsiae, 1824. KILLIAS, EDUARD. Die Flora des Unterengadins. Chur, 1887- 88. KOCH, WILHELM DANIEL JOSEPH. Synopsis florae gcrmanicae et helveti-cae. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1837.— Index. 1838. . Ed. 2. 2 vols. Francofurti ad Moenum [ et] Lipsiae, 1843- 44. KUHN, MAXIMILIAN FRIEDRICH ADALBERT. Filices africanae; revisio cri-tica omnium hucusque cognitarum cormophytorum Afrxcae indige-norum, . . . accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lipsiae, 1868. Kunene- Zambesi- Expedition, H. Baum, 1903. Berlin, 1903. LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE PIERRE MONNET DE. Encyclopedie methodique; botanique. 8 vols. & supplement. 5 vols. Paris, 1783- 1817. . Tableau encyclopedique et methodique; botanique. 7 vols. Paris, 1791- 1823. LAMOTTE, MARTIAL. Prodrome de la flore du plateau central de la France. 2 vols. Paris, 1877- 81. LANGE, JOHAN MARTIN CHRISTIAN. Pugillus plantarum imprimis hispani-carum quas initinere 1851— 52 legit Joh. Lange. Hafniae, 1860- 65. L'annce scientifique et industrielle: vingt- sixieme annee ( 1882). Paris, 1883. LECOMTE, PAUL HENRI. Flore generate de ITndochine. Vol. 1. Paris, 1907- 12. LEDEBOUR, CARL FRIEDRICH VON. Flora rossica. 4 vols. Stuttgartiae, 1842- 1853. LEGRE, LUDOVIC. La botanique en Provence au XVI€ siecle. Leonard Rauwolff, Jacques Raynaudet. Marseille, 1900. LINDLEY, JOHN. Rosarum monographia; or, a botanical history of roses. London, 1820. LINNAEUS, CARL. Fundamentorum botanicorum. Pars prima [ et] secunda . curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert. 3 vols. Coloniae- Allobrogum, 1786, 1787. . Species plantarum . . editio quarto . . curante Carolo Ludo-vico JVUldenozv. 6 vols, and index. Berolini, 1797- 1824. Systema plantarum Europae . . . curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert. Vols. 1, 2. Coloniae- Allobrogum, 1785. LUBBOCK, JOHN. A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings. 2 vols. London, 1892. MILDE, CARL AUGUST JULIUS. Monographia Equisetorum. Dresden, 1865. MINKS, ARTHUR. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Baues und Lebens der Flechten. 1. Gonangium und Gonocystium. Wien, 1876. MONARDES, NICOLAS. Histoires des simples medicamens apportes de I'Amerique, des qxiels on se sert en la medicine. Lyon, 1619. MOTELAY, LEONCE, & VENDRYES, ALBERT. Monographie des Isoeteae. Bordeaux, 1924. MULLER, KARL AUGUST FRIEDRICK WILHELM. Synopsis muscorum fron-dosorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. 2 vols. Berolini, 1849- 51. NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON. Ueber das Wachsthum des Gefdsstammes. [ Zurich, 1846.] NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON, & PETER, GUSTAV ALBERT. Die Hieracium Mittel- Europas. Monographische Bearbeitung der Piloselloiden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der mitteleuropdischen Sippen. Miinchen, 1885. NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL, HORNSCHUCH, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, & STURM, JACOB. Bryologia germanica. Vol. 1; vol. 2, pt. 1. Niirnberg, 1823- 27. NOACK, MARTIN. Ueber die seltenen nordischen Pfianzen in den Alpen. Berlin, 1922. NOBBE, FRIEDRICH. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin, 1876. NYLANDER, WILLIAM. Lichenes Scandinavian Helsingforsiae, 1861. PUBLICATIONS OF THE N EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- sixth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $ 4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seventeenth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its thirteenth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 54 parts now issued. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix - f- 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, xiii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 1916. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- blooming plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the characteristic flora. Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subjects. The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Annual Member annual fee 10 The following is an approved form of bequest: / hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of Neiv York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of All requests for further information should be sent to T H E NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
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Contributor | New York Botanical Garden |
Date | 1925-07 |
Description-Table Of Contents | The Scrub-Palmetto—Sabal Etonia; What People Drink and WhyHow to Think about Evolution; Java and the Javanese People; Tulips; The Charles Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly Fund; Public Lectures during July and August; Notes, News, and Comment; Accessions. |
Format | application/pdf |
Format-Extent | 51 v. : ill. ; 25 cm |
Identifier | 0885-4165 |
Language | eng |
Publisher | Bronx : New York Botanical Garden, 1900-1950 |
Relation-Is Part Of | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden : v. 1, no. 1-v. 51, no. 612 |
Relation-IsVersionOfURI | http://opac.nybg.org/record=b1104879 |
Rights | http://www.nybg.org/library/ |
Subject | Plants--Periodicals; Gardening--Periodicals; Plants, Cultivated--Periodicals; New York Botanical Garden--Periodicals. |
Title | Journal of the New York Botanical Garden |
Volume, Number | Vol. 26, no. 307 |
Type | text |
Transcript | VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA JOHN K. SMALL WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY H. H. RUSBY HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION C. STUART GACER JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE H. A. GLEASON TULIPS KENNETH R. BOYNTON THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND N. L. BRITTON PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post- offlce in Lancaster, Pa., as second- class matter. Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies io cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS FREDERIC S. LEE, President JAMES F. KEMP HENRY W. DE FOREST, Vice President ADOLPH LEWISOHN F. K. STURGIS, Vice President KENNETH K MACKENZIE JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer W. J. MATHESON N. L. BRITTON, Secretary BARRINGTON MOORE EDWARD D. ADAMS J. P. MORGAN HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD PAUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND ROBERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS CHILDS FRICK HENRY H. RUSBY WILLIAM J. GIES GEORGE J. RYAN R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATTUCK JOSEPH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON W. GILMAN THOMPSON JOHN F. HYLAN, Mayor of the City of New York FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN. President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Chairman JAMES F. KEMP, SC. D., LL. D. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D., FREDERIC S. LEE, P H . D., LL. D. LL. D., LITT. D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. WILLIAM J. GIES, P H . D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N. L. BRITTON, P H . D., Sc. D., LL. D Director- in- Chief MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D„ Sc. D Assistant Director JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D., Sc. D Head Curator of the Museums A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories P. A. RYDBERG, P H . D Curator H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D Curator ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist PERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses MARY E. EATON Artist KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant HESTER M. RUSK, A. M Technical Assistant H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds JOHN R. BRINLEY, C. E Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307 THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA The mature stage of the scrub- palmetto resembles the young stage of the cabbage- tree ( Sabal Palmetto). This palm was doubtless observed by the early botanical travelers in peninsular Florida, but, on account of its habit of growth, it was not distinguished by them from the young plants of the common cabbage- tree. The mature plants of the scrub- palmetto and the plants of the cabbage- tree before the trunk has developed, are very similar in their vegetative characters. The only prominent characters above the ground to separate the two species are the shorter leaf- stalks, the short prostrate spadices, and the large fruit of the scrub- palmetto. Two very different geologic formations, the one a firm limestone, the other a very loose sand, harbor the scrub- palmetto. Independently, these habitats yielded it to botanists within a period of a score of years. These two different geologic formations are covered with quite unlike plant- associations. The limestone, an oolite, forming the Everglade Keys, supports a typically West Indian flora. In its plant- covering, the Caribbean- pine ( Pinus caribaea) and the saw-palmetto ( Serenoa repens)— a small green form— are the conspicuous elements, and associated with these is a miscellany of tropical American herbs and shrubs, as well as a series of endemic species. The sandy habitat of the scrub- palmetto is the so- called " scrub," whence the English name of the palm. The flora of the " scrub " is supported on a fine white sand. Its most promi- 145 147 nent elements are the spruce- pine ( Pinus clausa), various scrub-oaks ( Quercus spp.), the saw- palmetto ( Serenoa repens)— a large white form, the rosemary ( Ceratiola ericoides), and a curious composite shrub, Garberia fruticosa. Associated with these is a series of specialized Floridian plants and endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs. Whether the scrub- palmetto represents a remnant of a former wider geographic distribution, including Florida, perhaps, as a result of immigration from the West Indies, where, evidently, it is now extinct, or whether it originated in Florida and spread no further, we do not know. If, however, the species is not tending toward extermination through natural conditions and enemies, then the white man is doing his part to exterminate it, not only in the clearing of land generally, but in removing the esculent bud for food, just as is done in the case of the cabbage- tree. In the seventies of the last century, A. P. Garber, 1 during one of his general collecting trips to Florida, discovered the scrub-palmetto at Miami on the Everglade Keys. The specimens then gathered were among those forming the first extensive representation of the flora of the Everglade Keys, especially about Miami. Among other specimens from these collections they reached A. W. Chapman, 2 who, seeing that they represented something different from any known palm of the United States, described the plant in the second edition of his Flora3 as Sabal Palmetto mega- 1 Abram Paschall Garber was born 23 February 1838, at Columbia, Pennsylvania. He was graduated from Lafayette College in 1868, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his degree in 1872. He went to southern Florida as a health- seeker about 1877, and while there devoted much time to the collection of the plants of that region, whose flora was then little known. In 1880 he also collected plants in Porto Rico. In 1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, and died there, at Renovo, the same year, 26 August.— JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. 2 Alvan Wentworth Chapman was born 28 September 1809, at Southampton, Mass. He was graduated from Amherst College, where he attended Amos Eaton's lectures on botany, in 1831, and spent the next few years as a teacher in Georgia, where he studied medicine. He removed to Florida in 1835, and was a physician at Apalachicola from 1847 until his death more than fifty years later. The first edition of his famous " Flora of the Southern United States " was published in i860. He died at Apalachicola, 6 April 1899, in his ninetieth year.— J. H. B. 3 Flora of the Southern United States. Ed. 2. 651. 1883. carpa. This name refers to the large fruit, which somewhat resembles that of the Texan cabbage- tree. The specific name, Etonia, by which the plant now is known, is Indian, and is derived from the habitat, the Etonia Scrub, where Walter T. Swingle studied the plant and its habits in the early nineties of the last century. This is one of our four endemic palms. The four kinds are all low- growing plants, at least typically so. The three— needle-palm, blue- stem, dwarf- palmetto— other than the scrub- palmetto, moreover, have no immediate relatives. The scrub- palmetto is, so to speak, a cabbage tree much modified in habit. It has two relatives in the United States, the one the common cabbage- tree of rather wide geographic distribution and the other the Texan, cabbage- tree of restricted distribution. During the last decade of the last century this palm was observed in the lake region of Florida. The species was thoroughly studied. Subsequent to this study, almost twenty years after it was discovered in southern Florida, it was described and published as a species. Appended to the descriptive matter were the following notes by G. V. Nash : 4 " It [ Sabal Etonia] is related to Sabal Palmetto, but it is abundantly distinct from that species, particularly in its manner of growth. The rootstocks of the two species are totally unlike. In the seedling state they are probably very similar, judging from examinations made on comparatively young plants of both forms. As they grow older, however, the differences in manner of growth become very marked. In Sabal Etonia the rootstock is elongated and more or less contorted, in some instances doubling 4 George Valentine Nash was born 6 May 1864, in Brooklyn, New York. He early became interested in the flora of New Jersey; about 1888 he made the acquaintance of George Thurber ( 1821- 1890), who influenced him toward specialization in Gramineae, and divided his grass herbarium with him. In 1894 and 1895 he made extensive plant collections in Florida. In 1898 he was appointed general assistant at The New York Botanical Garden, then being established; two years later he became head gardener, a position he retained throughout his life. He made botanical expeditions to Haiti, in 1903; to Inagua, in 1904, and to Turks Islands and Haiti, in 1905. In later years he devoted more time to the study of orchids than to that of grasses. He died in New York City, 15 July 1921. — J. H. B. ISO and redoubling on itself, forming a perfect 5. It is firmly anchored in the soil by innumerable roots, borne along its under surface, the growing end running along the surface of the soil, but never rising above it. As stated above, the rootstock is always elongated, from 2- 3 feet in length, the rear part apparently dying and rotting away as the bud advances. " In Sabal Palmetto the behavior of the rootstock is very different, and only in the very young plants can its early stages be found. It goes directly down, then bends sharply and rises to the surface, continuing in an erect aerial stem which often attains a height of 50- 70 feet. In the young plants this downward portion is manifest as an erect spur- like body, appressed to and much smaller than the ascending part of the rootstock, but it soon disappears and in plants but a few feet in height no trace of it can be found. In old individuals, therefore, the subterranean extremity of the trunk is knob- like, with hundreds of roots radiating in all directions, making a marked contrast to the elongated and contorted rootstock of Sabal Etonia, bearing roots its entire length. The fruit in Sabal Etonia is larger than that in Sabal Palmetto." 5 The habit of the stem or rootstock of this palm, as described in the preceding paragraph, is, apparently, immutable. It is easy to understand that the characteristic underground movements and postures can be readily accomplished in loose sand, as when the plants grow in the " scrub " of the lake region, but on the rocky floor of the pinewoods of the Everglade Keys conditions are quite different. However, the plant holds true to this peculiar characteristic, even here, apparently without exception. The rock surface of the Everglade Keys was honeycombed long ago by erosion, and the cavities, large and small, long since were filled with sand, humus, and fragments of rock. Now, the seedling palm in growing evidently adjusts itself to conditions and finds buried erosion holes or pot- holes of sufficient size to accommodate the mature rootstock, else the individual dies. Never have we noticed a rootstock above the surface. Although its quarters must often be cramped in the rock floor of the Everglade Keys, the plants in that region are just as robust and prolific as they are in the loose sand of the " scrub." 5 Bulletin of the Torrey Club 23: 99, 100. 1896. i5i The scrub- palmetto is not as ubiquitous as the cabbage- tree, nor nearly as beautiful. Nor, does it grow naturally in such a great variety of habitats. It may have been more plentiful and more wide- spread formerly. Being an esculent plant, the Florida aborigines may have seriously curtailed its abundance, just as the present inhabitants are now doing where the plants grow plentifully. In some places where it was abundant about a quarter of a century ago, plants are now hard to find. The bud is eaten, as is that of the cabbage- tree, and it is said to be superior to that of the Sabal Palmetto, although it is not quite as large. The fruits also are edible, and in both size and flavor are superior to those of the cabbage- tree. JOHN K. SMALL. WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY1 For the purposes of this lecture, drinking is defined as the swallowing of a liquid for other than medicinal purposes. The presentation is neither fanatical nor controversial. In stating why people drink certain beverages, it is their own view that is supposed to furnish their reason, and their reasons are analyzed and evaluated only so far as established facts may justify. The drinking of such liquid foods as milk and soup is purely a dietetic procedure, aside from its addition to the supply of water in the body, the latter pertaining to the satisfaction of thirst. The dietetic importance of foods in this form is of great, often of vital importance. Such foods are more appetizing than solids, and may appeal in cases of malnutrition when other foods are objectionable. Their greater digestibility is often of importance. The particles of nutrient matter, being finely divided, are more readily reached by the digestive enzymes, their nutritive efficiency being thus increased. The principal object of drinking is to satisfy the thirst, by which is meant not merely the moistening of the mouth and fauces, but supplying all the tissues of the body with the water 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture delivered by the Dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University, at The New York Botanical Garden, June 20, 1925. 152 that is necessary for maintenance of their work. The moistening of the mouth and fauces contributes great comfort when thirsty, but the thirst itself could be equally assuaged by the injection of water into the blood- vessels. The various ways in which water functions in the vital processes were briefly reviewed. It was specially noted that for the performance of some of these functions, certain substances held in solution in the water are responsible. When the natural body fluid is deficient in such dissolved substances, they must be artifically supplied, this subject involving medical considerations. Outside of the meeting of these absolute physiological requirements, which involve the use of water only, all objects of drinking may be classed under the heads of protection, comfort, pleasure, and assistance in the performance of work, which subjects are severally considered. Protection.— Under certain conditions, as long- continued exposure to cold, the superficial blood- vessels may become contracted and the blood be concentrated in the internal organs, resulting in congestion, stasis, and dangerous or fatal disease, such as pneumonia. The introduction of alcohol to the circulation will enlarge these superficial vessels, restoring the circulation to these parts, and averting the dangers referred to, and its use is resorted to for that purpose with great frequency. There are large and often densely populated districts, even entire countries, where the water supply is polluted by disease germs to a dangerous degree and where the people habitually drink wine or malt beverages as a sanitary precaution. Millions of such people never taste water, as a beverage, from one year's end to another. Comfort may be promoted by the addition of substances to beverages which will reduce the annoyance of a dry mouth and throat. In very dry and hot weather, the moistening effects of water are very quickly lost, and the desire to drink becomes almost continuous. The relief afforded by drinking may then be increased by the addition of mucilaginous substances to the water. In country districts, flax- seed, elm bark, and sassafras are commonly employed to secure this result. Acid substances, such as lemon- juice and tamarind are very grateful. In southern Europe, and in the orient, the mucilaginous seeds of various species of Plantago ( plantain) are largely employed. In the arid regions 153 of the southwestern United States, and in Mexico, the seeds of several species of Salvia are similarly used, under the name of Chia. Northern people, visiting the tropics, are tempted to use great quantities of lemonade and limeade for this purpose and serious and persistent stomach troubles are often produced in this way. A combination of acidity with mucilaginous content is secured among farmers by the very common practice of adding vinegar, molasses, and wheat bran to the drinking water. A very thirst- satisfying beverage, largely used in the tropics, is the liquid contained in young coconuts. A clear, watery liquid, it is very slightly sweet and acidulous, and is cool even when the surrounding temperature is high. There are other plants in tropical regions from which almost pure drinking water can be obtained, as the hollow joints of bamboos, the hollow leaf bases of the traveler's palm, the juicy pulp of cactuses, and the porous items of various woody vines. Most of these liquids contain small amounts of dissolved substances which increase their power of relieving the sense of thirst in mouth and throat. It is to be noted that many plant juices, as those of oranges and pineapples, contain vitamins that are essential to human health. The subject of vitamins has been greatly abused through ignorance and charlatanry, but the importance of the subject can scarcely be overestimated. The daily administration of a small drink of fresh orange juice to children is very beneficial. Under the head of comfort, reference may be made to the common country practice of using alcohol to secure warmth in winter, and to promote coolness in summer. Inconsistent as it seems, both customs are based on physiological processes. Our sense of heat resides in the heat- nerve endings of the skin. When a low temperature drives the warm blood from the surface we have the sensation of being cold. When alcohol restores the blood to these vessels, which closely invest the heat- nerve endings, an agreeable feeling of warmth is afforded, although this condition promotes the radiation of heat from the surface, with a reduction of temperature. In the summer, on the other hand, the tendency of the alcohol is to paralyze or depress the heat- nerves so that we do not sense the warmth, and thus appear to be cool. It also increases heat radiation. This depressing effect of alcohol, which, after all, is its chief and dominating action, may work in many ways to reduce indi- 154 vidual discomfort. All physical sensation of pain is lessened by the depressing or stupefying effect of alcohol, and it can be so used as to become a complete anaesthetic. Enormous amounts of alcohol have been consumed to secure this result. Anxiety, grief, remorse, fear, and other forms of mental suffering are similarly lessened, and inebriety has been greatly promoted through the habitual dependence of such sufferers on this artificial relief. Closely allied to this relief of physical and mental discomfort by the depressing effects of alcohol is its negative action in carrying a subject through physical or mental emergencies. An understanding of this subject, like most of what follows, depends on an appreciation of the difference between an action and a resulting effect. The belief is almost universal that alcohol acts as a stimulant, whereas the reverse is true. When, however, its depressing action is exerted on an inhibitory function, the visible effect is naturally one of stimulation. The Spanish fleet, lying in Santiago Harbor, and realizing that it must go forth and encounter the United States fleet, resorted to the use of liberal amounts of alcohol by its officers and men. The depressing action of these libations on the faculties of judgment and prudence overcame the emotion of fear, and imbued the force with what is often called " Dutch courage," and they went forth to a desperate fight, the adverse result of which was the more certain for them because of the incapacitation effected by the same agent that had stupefied their just fear. In other words, the alcohol did not give these men courage, but it did reduce their fear. Between these two actions, there is all the difference of a contradiction. Unprincipled employers, in the olden days, were accustomed to supply rations of rum to their workmen when an extraordinary occasion called for exceptional activity. Not only the dread of hard work, but the sense of its fatigue were deadened, and the men could be hurrahed into unusual endurance. Undoubtedly, the quality of their work was impaired by the related impairment of their powers, but yet there was an increased output and an apparent stimulation of activity. In the same way literary workers, under stress of emergency, may lose a part of their feeling of fatigue and be led to work on to the verge of exhaustion by the use of this so- called stimulant. Lawyers, actors, public 155 speakers, even preachers may dull their feelings of timidity, whether justified or uncalled for, in facing their ordeals, and be enabled to win applause when they had been oppressed by a fear of failure. This artificial killing of fear is far less worthy than the firm conquering of oneself by the summoning of his own powers and the development of his just confidence in them. The cumulative effect of the latter process, however difficult, or even painful, is one of healthy development and individual growth. That of the former is very apt to result in deterioration. The world's biographical histories are blackened by thousands of failures and wrecks of brilliant men and women in every walk of life, resulting from this habit. Of a very similar character is the promotion of social fellowship and jollity by the aid of John Barleycorn. From the mere effacement of excessive reserve, there are all stages to that in which the individual loses all powers of self- restraint and all sense of proper modesty. All this is manifestly a process of depression, though commonly regarded as one of stimulation. To the action here described, the term narcotic has been firmly attached. By it, the intellectual functions are affected unequally and the proper intellectual equilibrium is destroyed. Mental activity is not stimulated, or even induced, but it is permitted by the suppression of restraint, and its character is neither restrained nor regulated by either judgment or will. Quantity is increased, but usually at the expense of quality. Totally different is the action exerted by another class of beverages, depending for their activity on the presence of caffeine or related alkaloids. These substances are directly stimulating to cerebral activity, and stimulate all its functions. Thus, the mental equilibrium is preserved, and quantity of mental activity is increased without any sacrifice of quality. This effect is in no sense a narcotic one, although tea and coffee are often spoken of as narcotics. Although the habit of tea or coffee drinking to excess may be feared, this habit is not a dominating one, and is not to be classed as a dope addiction, as is that of excessive use of narcotics. Besides tea and coffee, we have in this group Mate, or so- called Paraguay tea, the Cola seed, guarana, dahoon, and chocolate. All these substances increase circulation and elimination, produce a feeling of comfort and cheerfulness, and are justly 156 said to cheer without inebriating. The use of one or more of them is almost universal. It is not improbable that additions to our present known list may yet be made, as the habits of aboriginal people become better known. Where no beverage of this kind is known, the natives sometimes resort to the chewing of substances containing similar constituents. To this class may be referred the chewing of coca leaves, the alkaloid cocaine acting in some ways like caffeine, although definitely habit- forming, and very dangerous. In tropical America, one or more seeds in the bean family, as those of Cassia occidentalis, are used as a coffee substitute, but their action is quite different. They are true narcotics, and dangerous. The same is true of the leaves of Ledum, or Labrador tea. The so- called cereal coffees, as postum, are scarcely entitled to any classification here. They are merely flavored water, with a little dissolved nutrient matter, and more properly classed as weak broths. Reverting again to the consideration of alcoholic beverages, it must not be overlooked that the use of some of them is largely for the effects of constituents other than the contained alcohol. Most important of these substances is perhaps carbonic acid gas. This substance is very efficient in destroying disease germs in the beverage. It is agreeable to the palate, and is more efficient in relieving the source of thirst than plain water. Its presence in our soft summer drinks is about all that can justify the use of many of these digestion- destroying mixtures. Plain carbonated waters are far preferable to most of the over- sweetened and highly flavored slops so extensively used. The use of beer and its relatives is largely for its carbonic gas, and the stomachic and digestive properties of its hops and malt. Its moderate use is probably better justified than that of any other beverage except water. Of the many alcoholic beverages in use by aborigines the constituents are not so innocent. As is well known, an alcoholic liquid can be prepared from any substance that contains sugar, or any that contains starch, provided the latter is first converted into sugar by the action of an amylolytic enzyme, such as diastase or ptyalin. Some of these vegetable substances contain consti- 157 tuents that profoundly affect the system. For example, Kava, so largely drunk by the Pacific islanders, contains an anaesthetic, that has a peculiar soothing or numbing effect on the nervous system, and another that is powerfully diuretic. Some of these constituents are extremely powerful narcotics, producing hallucinations and trances similar to those of opium and hashish. To this class belongs the pellota or Mescal buttons used by the natives of northern Mexico and adjacent United States. A very similar one is the Caapi of the Colombian natives, of which so much has been written of late. These substances produce a very profound disturbance of the entire nervous system, and are even capable of causing death if used in great excess. H. H. RUSBY. HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION1 The lecturer's thesis was that the most important thing is to know how to think about such questions as religion and science and their relation to each other. If one knows how to think, the question of what to think is largely settled. The prime requisite is an open mind, ready at any time to receive new evidence and, if necessary, to discard ideas based upon inadequate evidence, no matter how fondly cherished the old ideas may have been. Nothing should be accepted as fact, except upon verifiable evidence. All science advances by the accumulation of data based on observation, the framing of hypotheses as to the most probable explanation of the observed facts, and the thorough testing of the hypothesis. The lecturer emphasized the difference between a hypothesis and a guess. Guessing has no place in scientific method. As a result of testing, a hypothesis may either be verified or found inadequate. If the latter, it must be abandoned, just as were the hypotheses concerning the motions of the heavenly bodies or concerning the nature of atoms. 1 Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of July n by the Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Dr. Gager is author of " Heredity and Evolution in Plants," and of " The Relation between Evolution and Religion: How to Think about It.,, now in press. 158 This history of human thought shows the necessity for toleration among those of divergent views, and the futility of personalities and the imputing of unworthy motives to those who honestly differ from us on matters of religion and science. The present more or less organized attack upon science— particularly upon the principle of evolution— by churchmen has been characterized by the imputing of unworthy motives to scientific investigators and teachers, and has disclosed a gross ignorance of the aims of science, and of the nature of scientific method— particularly the difference between fact and hypothesis. In particular the lecturer showed that, while there may be irreconcilable conflict between superstition or tradition and modern science, there cannot be any conflict between true religion and science, for there can be no conflict between two truths. C. STUART GAGEE. JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE1 The Island of Java, lying just across the equator south of Singapore, is the most crowded country in the world. Thirty- six millions of people are massed together in a space no larger than the state of New York, and a great part of the area is too mountainous to be inhabited. The lower lands appear to the traveler to be almost one continuous village. Rice, tea, rubber, sugar, and coconuts are the chief productions, and Java yields through these industries a handsome profit to the Dutch, who own the island and control its commerce. When the Dutch took possession of Java, at the close of the Napoleonic wars, they found it populated by a much smaller number of people, divided into numerous tribes continually at war with each other. The rapid growth of population in a century speaks well for the colonial policy of the Dutch government. During the same time the country has been completely civilized, and hundreds of miles of railways and roads opened throughout the island. Visitors to Java find it necessary to learn the Malay language in order to make their wants known to the natives. This is not 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, June 13, 1925. 159 difficult, since the language is remarkably simple, having neither conjugations nor declensions. LTsually the tourist learns all the Malay he needs in less than a week. Regular lines of passenger and freight steamers connect Java with Europe, Asia, and North America. The chief passenger port is Batavia, near the western end of the island and its largest city, but much freight is handled from Soerabaya, located in the great sugar- growing region of eastern Java. The chief attraction to tourists is the world- famous botanical garden at Buitenzorg, where a marvelous collection of over sixteen thousand varieties of tropical plants may be seen in cultivation. Here are the largest existing collections of orchids and palms, while the famous avenue of canary trees, their trunks covered with tropical vines and their crowns meeting in a Gothic arch over the driveway, is the delight of every visitor. Their displays of fig trees, of tropical oaks, of dipterocarps, and of bamboos are equally interesting, though less striking to the average tourist. All of these are grown without the protection of greenhouses, since the temperature rarely falls below seventy degrees. Vegetation of all kinds is here unusually luxuriant, since rain falls every day and amounts to 180 inches per year. Laboratories have been provided for visiting botanists, and here some of the most important research on the life of tropical plants has been carried on. Within sight of Buitenzorg are three volcanoes, two of them rising to heights of over twelve thousand feet. On one of them is a large reservation of tropical forest and an annex to the botanical garden, with excellent collections of conifers, tree- ferns, and grass trees. H. A. GLEASON. TULIPS1 The spectacle offered here a year ago by nearly the whole of a collection of 80,000 tulips of 166 varieties being in bloom at once and again today by the blooming of more than half that number has served to direct special attention to this magnificent 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden, May 9, 1925. i6o flower. Not that the tulip is a rare flower, for it is an acquaintance of everyone who pays the least attention to flowers. And it is not a new flower, for from all accounts of Europeans who have loved and developed it, it had been raised by the Turks in the sixteenth century, and it was then that the enthusiasm over the tulip started. By 1613 there were many kinds in cultivation. Besler described nearly 50 varieties from the Archbishop John Conrad's garden on Mt. St. Wilibald, in Eistadt, Germany. The plates illustrating those flowers show a flower about like our early single tulips of today. Then the Dutch found that they were able to raise tulips in quantity with succeess and in the early 17th century were so enamored with the beauty of the flower that the rulers of Holland had to legislate against speculation in tulip bulbs. For several reasons tulips should be our favorite spring flowers. In the first place, they give us masses, veritable carpets of rich colors, of unequaled diversity. Then an almost certain result may be obtained for a comparatively small expenditure and thirdly they are grown very easily and last a number of seasons ( attained by using the several types of tulips). For success use in planting a well- drained, deeply dug soil, with well- rotted manure previously added or bonemeal directly added. Plant in the autumn, according to the old rule of " when the leaves fall," placing the early varieties four to five inches apart and as deep, and the late varieties five to six inches apart and as deep. About 200 to 250 tulips will fill a bed twelve feet long and four feet wide. After the ground freezes, cover the bed with a mulch of salt hay or straw or leaves. This mulch is removed in March and the flowers may be expected in late April and all of the month of May. The varieties of tulips are so numerous that each must pick his own variety. In general, tulips are rich red, yellow, white, pink, purple, and violet, in the early spring types; yellow, rose, russet, lavender, pink, white, and the more delicate shades of red, in the Cottage or May- flowering types; bronze, tinged purple, red, and yellow, in the Breeder types; and maroon, chocolate, mahogany, rose, pink, and red, in the globular, long- stemmed sorts in the late Darwin types. These types and varieties may be grown under all conditions. Besides the varieties shown on the slides, with which this lecture was abundantly illustrated, a study of the varieties then in bloom was made after the lecture. KENNETH R. BOYNTON. THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND The will of ex- Chief- Justice Charles Patrick Daly, probated October 23, 1899, provides: " Article 8, Section 3. I give, devise and bequeath to my executor, Henry R. Hoyt, the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in trust, nevertheless, to invest and reinvest the same, and to pay over the net annual interest, dividends or income thereof to my wife's sister, Rosalie Staples, semi- annually for and during the term of her natural life, and upon her death to pay over the said principal sum to The New York Botanical Garden." Subsequent to the death of Mr. Hoyt, this bequest was transferred to The New York Botanical Garden, in trust, and annual interest has been paid over to Mrs. Staples semi- annually. The death of Mrs. Staples, early in 1925, has brought the principal sum into the ownership of the Garden; at the meeting of the Board of Managers held June 18th, 1925, it was designated, The Charles Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly Fund, as a memorial of Judge Daly and Mrs. Daly, highly esteemed and valued advisors and benefactors of the Garden in its early years. The income of this fund, about $ 1,000 annually, will be available for any of the corporate purposes of the Garden. N. L. BRITTON, Secretary. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST The following is the program of the lectures given on Saturday afternoons at four o'clock in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden during July and August: July 4. " Trinidad: Its Flora and Scenery." Dr. F. J. Seaver. 162 July July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. I I . 18. 25- i. 8. 15- 2 2 . 29. " How To Think About Evolution." Dr. C. Stuart Gager. " Seeds: Their Tricks and Traits." Dr. William Crocker. " Lilies." Dr. A. B. Stout. " The Forest Resources of the Northwest and Their Conservation." Prof. George B. Rigg. " Flowers of the Summer Garden." Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton. " The Rose Mallows, Cultivated and Wild." Dr. A. B. Stout " The Dismal Swamp of Virginia." Dr. Arthur Hollick. " Scenery of Our Western Mountains." Mr. Le Roy Jeffers. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Mr. Otto Degener, who has been spending the year at The New York Botanical Garden, studying his collections of Hawaiian plants, is returning to Honolulu. He began his transcontinental journey in June by motor- car, planning to make botanical collections on the way. Dr. A. B. Stout, of the Garden staff, spent a week in June at the State Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in further work in the breeding of grapes for seedlessness. Observations were also made on the results of the tenting experiments with various fruit trees conducted earlier in the season. Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden, is devoting a large part of June and July to field work in the Allegheny Mountains. He is traveling by automobile and is accompanied by Mr. John T. Perry, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. At a meeting of the Linnean Society of London held on May 7, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director- in- Chief of The New York Botanical Garden ; Professor Carl Schroeter, of Zurich; and 163 Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Director of the Department of Botany of Natural History Museum in Vienna, were elected Foreign Members. During the early part of June, The New York Botanical Garden, represented by Dr. F. J. Seaver, joined with Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology, and the Pennsylvania State College, Department of Botany, in a mycological excursion to Trout Run, Pennsylvania. This is the third " foray " of this nature held by the above institutions. The Garden has issued invitations to its members and friends to make special inspections of its various floral exhibits on designated days when such displays were anticipated to be at their best, so far as this might be determined or conjectured a week or two in advance. Thus, for the present season, April 24 was Narcissus Day, June 9 was Peony Day, and June 16 was Rose Day. The tulips were so nearly in their prime on the day of the Annual Spring Inspection, which occurred on April 30, that no special Tulip Day was observed. The July number of The National Geographic Magazine contains a contribution by Miss Mary E. Eaton, artist of the staff of The New York Botanical Garden, under the title " Pages from the Floral Life of America." The editor's introduction is as follows: " The 24 color plates, representing 55 flower paintings, appearing in this number of The National Geographic Magazine, are from the brush of Miss Mary E. Eaton, whose work has brought so much pleasure to members of the National Geographic Society during the past decade. They are reproduced from the Society's ' The Book of Wild Flowers,' recently published, and are printed in the Magazine in order that those who have saved their back numbers may have a complete collection of Miss Eaton's published paintings. The flowers represented in this number belong to 49 different families, and, together with those previously published, make a representative cross- section of the floral life of America." On many of the western yellow pine forests in the Northwest, the pine squirrel and the second- growth pine may be said to be engaged in a struggle to the death, with the squirrel holding a 164 conspicuous advantage according to latest reports, says the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The squirrel's advantage is due to the fact that, somewhat like the early bird, he is busily collecting the seed before it has a chance to " dig itself i n " and develop into a pine seedling. In examining some 15- year- old cuttings in Montana, the Priest River Forest Experiment Station found that practically no new growth has come in. Cones are plentiful in the two or three seed trees an acre left for seeding new growth and show sufficient seed to start up at least an open stand in 15 or 20 years against all other enemies of young trees; but there is evidence that the pine squirrel is determining otherwise, and that possibly nothing short of planting such areas with seedlings will circumvent the sharp eyes and insatiable appetite of this small foe. Meteorology for June. The total precipitation for the month was 2.9S inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were 101.50 on the 5th, 92.5" on the 10th, 93° on the 18th, and 85.50 on the 22nd. The minimum temperatures were 640 on the 3rd, 51" on the 12th, 500 on the 17th, and 53.5" on the 24th. ACCESSIONS BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 ( CONTINUED) ACOSTA, CHRISTOEAL. Traicte des drogues & medicamens qui naissent aux hides. Ed. 2. Lyon, 1619. AGARDH, JACOB GEORG. Rcccnsio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae, 1839. ALPINO, PROSPERO. Histoire du baulme. Lyon, 1619. Annates de Musce du Congo Beige. Bruxelles, 1898- 1902. ASCHERSON, PAUL FRIEDRICH AUGUST, & KANITZ, AUGUST. Catalogus cor-mophytorum et anthophytorum Serbiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Montis Scodri, Albaniae hucusque cognitorum. Claudiopoli, 1877. BAINES, HENRY. Flora of Yorkshire. London, 1840. BAKER, JOHN GILBERT. Handbook of the Amaryllideae, including the Alstroemericae a) id Agaveae. London, 1888. . Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. London, 1889. BARONI, EUGENIO. Supplemento generate al " Prodromo della Flora tos-cana di T. Caruel." Firenze, 1897. i 6 5 BENTHAM, GEORGE. Catalogue des plantes indigenes des Pyrenees et du Bas Languedoc . . . precede a" une notice sur un voyage botanique fait dans les Pyrenees pendant I'ete de 1825. Paris, 1S26. BERTRAND, CHARLES EUGEXE. & CORXAILLE, FELIX. Etude sur quelques caracteristiques de la structure des FUicinees actuelles. 1. La masse lihero- tigneuse elementaire. . . . Lille, 1902. BTTONA- BERXARDI, AXTOXTO. Sicularum plantarum centuria prima [ ei] secunda. Panonni, 1806- 07. BONNET, CHARLES. Considerations sur les corps organises. Ed. 2, 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1768* . La palingenesie philosophique; ou, idees sur letat passe ei sur fetal futur des ctres ziz- ans. 2 vols. Geneve, 1770. BRAXDEGEE, TOWXSHEXD STTTH. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California. [ San Francisco] 1891. BRIQUET, JOHX ISAAC Fragmenta monographiae Labiatarum. 5 fasc Geneve, 1889- 08. . Prodrome de la flore Corse. Vol. 1, vol. 2, pt. 1. Geneve, 1910- I9I3- CAXDOLLE, AUGUSTIX PYILIMUS DE. Essai sur les proprietes medicates des plantes. Ed. 2. Paris, 1816. CARRIERE, ELEE ABEL Traite general des coniferes. Paris. 1S55. CHRIST, HERMANN. Die Farnkrauter der Erde. Jena, 1897. COIXCY, AUGUSTE HENRI CORNUT DE LA FONTAINE DE. Ecloga plantarum hispanicarum ; sett, icones speeierum nozarum zel minus cognitarum per His pa mas nuperrime deteclarum. Parts I. 2, 5. Paris, 1893- 1901. COUOLLL GIUSEPPE. Flora comense. 7 vols. Como, 1S34- 57. COXSTAXTIX. JULIEX XOEI_ L'heredite acquise; ses consequences horti-coles. agricoles et medicates. Paris, 1901. COSTE, HIPPOLYTE JACQUES. & SOULTE. JOSEPH. Florule du Val d'Aran. Le Mans, 1913. DEBEAUX, JEAN ODOX, SC DAUTEZ, GUSTAVE. Synopsis de la fere de Gibraltar. Paris. 1889. DELALANDE, JEAN MARIE. Hoedtc et Houat; histoire, moeurs, productions naturelles de ces deux ties du Morbihan.. Xantes, 1850. DELPTXO, GIAOOMO GIUSEPPE FEDERICO. Studi sopra un lignaggio anemo-filo delle Composte ossia sopra 3 gruppo delle Artemisiaceae. Firenzo, . Sugli apparecchi delta fecondazione nelte piante anfocarpee { Fanerogame'). Sommario di osserz- asioni fatte negli anni 1863- 66. Firenze, 1867. DESFONTArxES, RENE LOTHCHE. Catalogus plantarum horti regit Parisi-ensis. Ed. 3. Parisiis, 1839. . Tableau de tecole de botanique du Museum d° histoire naturelle. Paris, 1804. DETMER, WILHELM: ALEXANDER. Das pfansenphysiologische Praktikum. Jena, 188& i66 DETONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum. Vol. 2. Bacillariseae. Patavii, 1891- 94. DUCELLIER, FR. Catalogue des Desmidiacees de la Suisse et de quelques localites frontieres. Geneve, 1914. DUGGELI, MAX. Pflanzengeographische und wirtschafliche Monographic des Sihltales bei Einsiedeln von Roblosen bis Studen. Zurich, 1903. DUMORTIER, BARTHELEMY CHARLES JOSEPH. Analyse des families des plantes, avec Vindication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Tournay, 1829. DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & PITTIER DE FABREGA, HENRI FRANCOIS. Catalogue de la flore vaudoise. Fasc. 3. Lausanne, 1887. DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & SCHINZ, HANS. Etudes sur la flore de I'Etat Independant du Congo. Part 1. Bruxelles, 1896. DUREAU DE LA MALI. E, ADOLPHE JULES CESAR AUGUSTE. Climatologie com-paree de ITtalie et de VAndalousie anciennes ct modemes. Paris, 1849. ENGELMANN, GEORGE. A revision of the North American species of the genus Juncus, with a description of neiv or imperfectly known species. St. Louis, 1868. ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF. Ueber die Fruhlingsflora des Tafel-berges bei Kapstadt. [ Berlin, 1903.] ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF, & DIELS, LUDWIG. Combretaceae. 2 parts. Leipzig, 1899, 1900. FLAIIAULT, CHARLES HENRI MARIE. L'institut de botanique. Montpellier, 1890. FLEISCHER, FRANZ VON. Beitrage zur Lehre von dem Keimen der Somen und Gezvachse, insbesondere der Samen bkonomischer Pfianzen. Stuttgart, [ 1851]. FRIEDRICHSTHAL, EMANUEL VON. Reise in den siidlichen Theilen von Neu- Griechenland. Leipzig, 1858. FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS. Epicrisis generis Hieraciorum. [ Upsala, 1862.] GEILINGER, GOTTLIEB. Die Grignagruppe am Comersee; eine pflanzengeo-graphischc Studie. Dresden, 1908. GERARD, RENE CONSTANT JOSEPH. Recherches sur le passage de la racine a la tige. Paris, 1881. GIESENHAGEN, KARL FRIEDRICH GEORG. Die Farngattung Niphobolus. Jena, 1901. GILIBERT, JEAN EMMANUEL. Histoire des plantes d'Europe et etrangeres, les plus communes, les plus utiles et les plus curieuses. 3 vols. Lyon, 1806. GOTTSCHE, CARL MORITZ, LINDENBERG, JOHANN BERNHARD WILHELM, & NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL. Synopsis hepati-carum. Hamburgi, 1844. GREVILLE, ROBERT KAYE. Flora edinensis; or a description of plants growing near Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1824. GUEPIN, JEAN PIERRE. Flore de Maine et Loire. Ed. 3. Angers, 1845. . Supplement 1. Angers, 1850. 167 GUSSONE, GIOVANNI. Florae Siculae prodromus; sive, plantarum in Sicilia ulieriori nascentium enumeratio. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1827- 28. Supplementum. Fasc. 1. Neapoli, 1832. . Florae Siculae synopsis exhibens plantas vasculares in Sicilia insulisque adjacentibus hue usque detectas. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1842- 1844- HABERLANDT, GOTTLIEB JOHANNES FRIEDRICH. Physiologische Pflanzen-aniomie. Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1909. HAMILTON, FREDERIC. La botanique de la Bible. Nice, 1871. HAUSMANN, FRANZ VON. Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und haufiger gebauten Gefasspflan-zen, 3 vols. Innsbruck, 1851- 54. HAWORTH, ADRIAN HARDY. Synopsis plantarum succulentarum. Londini, 1812. PIELLER, FRANZ XAVER. Flora wirceburgensis. 2 vols. Wirceburgi, 1810- 1811. HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON. Handbook of the Nezv Zealand flora. London, 1864- 67. HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON, & others. The flora of British India. Vols. 1- 7. London, 1875- 97. HOVELACQUE, MAURICE JEAN ALEXANDRE. Recherches sur Vappareil vege-tatif des Bignoniacces, Rhinanthacees, Orobanchees et Utriculariees. Paris, 1888. HUTH, ERNST. Monographic der Gattung Delphinium. Leipzig, 1895. JAEGER, F. M. Lectures on the principle of symmetry and its applications in all natural sciences. Amsterdam, 1917. JANSEN, ALBERT. Jean- Jacques Rousseau als Botaniker. Berlin, 1885. JARDIN, EDELESTAN. Notice sur I'archipel de Mendana ou des Marquises, 1853- 1854. [ Cherbourg, 1856.] JORDAN, ALEXIS. Pugillus plantarum novarum praesertim gallicarum. Paris, 1852. JUSSIEU, ADRIEN HENRI LAURENT DE. Taxonomie; coup d'oeil sur I'his-toire et les principes des classifications botaniques. Paris, 1848. KAULFUSS, GEORG FRIEDRICH. Enumeratio filicum quas in itinere circa terram legit CI. Adalbertus de Chamisso. Lipsiae, 1824. KILLIAS, EDUARD. Die Flora des Unterengadins. Chur, 1887- 88. KOCH, WILHELM DANIEL JOSEPH. Synopsis florae gcrmanicae et helveti-cae. Francofurti ad Moenum, 1837.— Index. 1838. . Ed. 2. 2 vols. Francofurti ad Moenum [ et] Lipsiae, 1843- 44. KUHN, MAXIMILIAN FRIEDRICH ADALBERT. Filices africanae; revisio cri-tica omnium hucusque cognitarum cormophytorum Afrxcae indige-norum, . . . accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lipsiae, 1868. Kunene- Zambesi- Expedition, H. Baum, 1903. Berlin, 1903. LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE PIERRE MONNET DE. Encyclopedie methodique; botanique. 8 vols. & supplement. 5 vols. Paris, 1783- 1817. . Tableau encyclopedique et methodique; botanique. 7 vols. Paris, 1791- 1823. LAMOTTE, MARTIAL. Prodrome de la flore du plateau central de la France. 2 vols. Paris, 1877- 81. LANGE, JOHAN MARTIN CHRISTIAN. Pugillus plantarum imprimis hispani-carum quas initinere 1851— 52 legit Joh. Lange. Hafniae, 1860- 65. L'annce scientifique et industrielle: vingt- sixieme annee ( 1882). Paris, 1883. LECOMTE, PAUL HENRI. Flore generate de ITndochine. Vol. 1. Paris, 1907- 12. LEDEBOUR, CARL FRIEDRICH VON. Flora rossica. 4 vols. Stuttgartiae, 1842- 1853. LEGRE, LUDOVIC. La botanique en Provence au XVI€ siecle. Leonard Rauwolff, Jacques Raynaudet. Marseille, 1900. LINDLEY, JOHN. Rosarum monographia; or, a botanical history of roses. London, 1820. LINNAEUS, CARL. Fundamentorum botanicorum. Pars prima [ et] secunda . curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert. 3 vols. Coloniae- Allobrogum, 1786, 1787. . Species plantarum . . editio quarto . . curante Carolo Ludo-vico JVUldenozv. 6 vols, and index. Berolini, 1797- 1824. Systema plantarum Europae . . . curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert. Vols. 1, 2. Coloniae- Allobrogum, 1785. LUBBOCK, JOHN. A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings. 2 vols. London, 1892. MILDE, CARL AUGUST JULIUS. Monographia Equisetorum. Dresden, 1865. MINKS, ARTHUR. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Baues und Lebens der Flechten. 1. Gonangium und Gonocystium. Wien, 1876. MONARDES, NICOLAS. Histoires des simples medicamens apportes de I'Amerique, des qxiels on se sert en la medicine. Lyon, 1619. MOTELAY, LEONCE, & VENDRYES, ALBERT. Monographie des Isoeteae. Bordeaux, 1924. MULLER, KARL AUGUST FRIEDRICK WILHELM. Synopsis muscorum fron-dosorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. 2 vols. Berolini, 1849- 51. NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON. Ueber das Wachsthum des Gefdsstammes. [ Zurich, 1846.] NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON, & PETER, GUSTAV ALBERT. Die Hieracium Mittel- Europas. Monographische Bearbeitung der Piloselloiden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der mitteleuropdischen Sippen. Miinchen, 1885. NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL, HORNSCHUCH, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, & STURM, JACOB. Bryologia germanica. Vol. 1; vol. 2, pt. 1. Niirnberg, 1823- 27. NOACK, MARTIN. Ueber die seltenen nordischen Pfianzen in den Alpen. Berlin, 1922. NOBBE, FRIEDRICH. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin, 1876. NYLANDER, WILLIAM. Lichenes Scandinavian Helsingforsiae, 1861. PUBLICATIONS OF THE N EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- sixth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $ 4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seventeenth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its thirteenth volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 54 parts now issued. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not offered in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00. Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix - f- 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, xiii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 1916. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per volume. In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- blooming plants. A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the characteristic flora. Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subjects. The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Annual Member annual fee 10 The following is an approved form of bequest: / hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of Neiv York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of All requests for further information should be sent to T H E NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY |
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