Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA
JOHN K. SMALL
WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY
H. H. RUSBY
HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION
C. STUART GACER
JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE
H. A. GLEASON
TULIPS
KENNETH R. BOYNTON
THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND
N. L. BRITTON
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post- offlce in Lancaster, Pa., as second- class matter.
Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies io cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
FREDERIC S. LEE, President JAMES F. KEMP
HENRY W. DE FOREST, Vice President ADOLPH LEWISOHN
F. K. STURGIS, Vice President KENNETH K MACKENZIE
JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer W. J. MATHESON
N. L. BRITTON, Secretary BARRINGTON MOORE
EDWARD D. ADAMS J. P. MORGAN
HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
PAUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND
ROBERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS
CHILDS FRICK HENRY H. RUSBY
WILLIAM J. GIES GEORGE J. RYAN
R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATTUCK
JOSEPH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON
W. GILMAN THOMPSON
JOHN F. HYLAN, Mayor of the City of New York
FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN. President of the Department of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. HARPER, P H . D., Chairman JAMES F. KEMP, SC. D., LL. D.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D., FREDERIC S. LEE, P H . D., LL. D.
LL. D., LITT. D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
WILLIAM J. GIES, P H . D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D.
GEORGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N. L. BRITTON, P H . D., Sc. D., LL. D Director- in- Chief
MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D„ Sc. D Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D., Sc. D Head Curator of the Museums
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
P. A. RYDBERG, P H . D Curator
H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator
FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D Curator
ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer
SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses
MARY E. EATON Artist
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
HESTER M. RUSK, A. M Technical Assistant
H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
JOHN R. BRINLEY, C. E Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXVI JULY, 1925 No. 307
THE SCRUB- PALMETTO— SABAL ETONIA
The mature stage of the scrub- palmetto resembles the young
stage of the cabbage- tree ( Sabal Palmetto). This palm was
doubtless observed by the early botanical travelers in peninsular
Florida, but, on account of its habit of growth, it was not dis­tinguished
by them from the young plants of the common cab­bage-
tree. The mature plants of the scrub- palmetto and the
plants of the cabbage- tree before the trunk has developed, are
very similar in their vegetative characters. The only prominent
characters above the ground to separate the two species are the
shorter leaf- stalks, the short prostrate spadices, and the large
fruit of the scrub- palmetto.
Two very different geologic formations, the one a firm lime­stone,
the other a very loose sand, harbor the scrub- palmetto. In­dependently,
these habitats yielded it to botanists within a period
of a score of years.
These two different geologic formations are covered with quite
unlike plant- associations. The limestone, an oolite, forming the
Everglade Keys, supports a typically West Indian flora. In its
plant- covering, the Caribbean- pine ( Pinus caribaea) and the saw-palmetto
( Serenoa repens)— a small green form— are the con­spicuous
elements, and associated with these is a miscellany of
tropical American herbs and shrubs, as well as a series of en­demic
species.
The sandy habitat of the scrub- palmetto is the so- called
" scrub," whence the English name of the palm. The flora of
the " scrub " is supported on a fine white sand. Its most promi-
145
147
nent elements are the spruce- pine ( Pinus clausa), various scrub-oaks
( Quercus spp.), the saw- palmetto ( Serenoa repens)— a
large white form, the rosemary ( Ceratiola ericoides), and a
curious composite shrub, Garberia fruticosa. Associated with
these is a series of specialized Floridian plants and endemic trees,
shrubs, and herbs.
Whether the scrub- palmetto represents a remnant of a former
wider geographic distribution, including Florida, perhaps, as a
result of immigration from the West Indies, where, evidently, it
is now extinct, or whether it originated in Florida and spread no
further, we do not know. If, however, the species is not tending
toward extermination through natural conditions and enemies,
then the white man is doing his part to exterminate it, not only
in the clearing of land generally, but in removing the esculent
bud for food, just as is done in the case of the cabbage- tree.
In the seventies of the last century, A. P. Garber, 1 during one
of his general collecting trips to Florida, discovered the scrub-palmetto
at Miami on the Everglade Keys. The specimens then
gathered were among those forming the first extensive represen­tation
of the flora of the Everglade Keys, especially about Miami.
Among other specimens from these collections they reached A.
W. Chapman, 2 who, seeing that they represented something dif­ferent
from any known palm of the United States, described the
plant in the second edition of his Flora3 as Sabal Palmetto mega-
1 Abram Paschall Garber was born 23 February 1838, at Columbia,
Pennsylvania. He was graduated from Lafayette College in 1868, and
studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his degree in
1872. He went to southern Florida as a health- seeker about 1877, and
while there devoted much time to the collection of the plants of that
region, whose flora was then little known. In 1880 he also collected
plants in Porto Rico. In 1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, and died there,
at Renovo, the same year, 26 August.— JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART.
2 Alvan Wentworth Chapman was born 28 September 1809, at South­ampton,
Mass. He was graduated from Amherst College, where he at­tended
Amos Eaton's lectures on botany, in 1831, and spent the next few
years as a teacher in Georgia, where he studied medicine. He removed
to Florida in 1835, and was a physician at Apalachicola from 1847 until
his death more than fifty years later. The first edition of his famous
" Flora of the Southern United States " was published in i860. He died
at Apalachicola, 6 April 1899, in his ninetieth year.— J. H. B.
3 Flora of the Southern United States. Ed. 2. 651. 1883.
carpa. This name refers to the large fruit, which somewhat re­sembles
that of the Texan cabbage- tree. The specific name,
Etonia, by which the plant now is known, is Indian, and is de­rived
from the habitat, the Etonia Scrub, where Walter T.
Swingle studied the plant and its habits in the early nineties of
the last century.
This is one of our four endemic palms. The four kinds are all
low- growing plants, at least typically so. The three— needle-palm,
blue- stem, dwarf- palmetto— other than the scrub- palmetto,
moreover, have no immediate relatives. The scrub- palmetto is,
so to speak, a cabbage tree much modified in habit. It has two
relatives in the United States, the one the common cabbage- tree
of rather wide geographic distribution and the other the Texan,
cabbage- tree of restricted distribution. During the last decade
of the last century this palm was observed in the lake region of
Florida. The species was thoroughly studied. Subsequent to this
study, almost twenty years after it was discovered in southern
Florida, it was described and published as a species. Appended
to the descriptive matter were the following notes by G. V.
Nash : 4
" It [ Sabal Etonia] is related to Sabal Palmetto, but it is abun­dantly
distinct from that species, particularly in its manner of
growth. The rootstocks of the two species are totally unlike. In
the seedling state they are probably very similar, judging from
examinations made on comparatively young plants of both forms.
As they grow older, however, the differences in manner of
growth become very marked. In Sabal Etonia the rootstock is
elongated and more or less contorted, in some instances doubling
4 George Valentine Nash was born 6 May 1864, in Brooklyn, New
York. He early became interested in the flora of New Jersey; about 1888
he made the acquaintance of George Thurber ( 1821- 1890), who influ­enced
him toward specialization in Gramineae, and divided his grass her­barium
with him. In 1894 and 1895 he made extensive plant collections in
Florida. In 1898 he was appointed general assistant at The New York
Botanical Garden, then being established; two years later he became head
gardener, a position he retained throughout his life. He made botanical
expeditions to Haiti, in 1903; to Inagua, in 1904, and to Turks Islands
and Haiti, in 1905. In later years he devoted more time to the study of
orchids than to that of grasses. He died in New York City, 15 July 1921.
— J. H. B.
ISO
and redoubling on itself, forming a perfect 5. It is firmly an­chored
in the soil by innumerable roots, borne along its under
surface, the growing end running along the surface of the soil,
but never rising above it. As stated above, the rootstock is
always elongated, from 2- 3 feet in length, the rear part appar­ently
dying and rotting away as the bud advances.
" In Sabal Palmetto the behavior of the rootstock is very dif­ferent,
and only in the very young plants can its early stages be
found. It goes directly down, then bends sharply and rises to
the surface, continuing in an erect aerial stem which often attains
a height of 50- 70 feet. In the young plants this downward por­tion
is manifest as an erect spur- like body, appressed to and
much smaller than the ascending part of the rootstock, but it
soon disappears and in plants but a few feet in height no trace
of it can be found. In old individuals, therefore, the subterranean
extremity of the trunk is knob- like, with hundreds of roots radi­ating
in all directions, making a marked contrast to the elongated
and contorted rootstock of Sabal Etonia, bearing roots its entire
length. The fruit in Sabal Etonia is larger than that in Sabal
Palmetto." 5
The habit of the stem or rootstock of this palm, as described in
the preceding paragraph, is, apparently, immutable. It is easy to
understand that the characteristic underground movements and
postures can be readily accomplished in loose sand, as when the
plants grow in the " scrub " of the lake region, but on the rocky
floor of the pinewoods of the Everglade Keys conditions are
quite different. However, the plant holds true to this peculiar
characteristic, even here, apparently without exception. The
rock surface of the Everglade Keys was honeycombed long ago
by erosion, and the cavities, large and small, long since were
filled with sand, humus, and fragments of rock. Now, the seed­ling
palm in growing evidently adjusts itself to conditions and
finds buried erosion holes or pot- holes of sufficient size to accom­modate
the mature rootstock, else the individual dies. Never
have we noticed a rootstock above the surface.
Although its quarters must often be cramped in the rock floor
of the Everglade Keys, the plants in that region are just as robust
and prolific as they are in the loose sand of the " scrub."
5 Bulletin of the Torrey Club 23: 99, 100. 1896.
i5i
The scrub- palmetto is not as ubiquitous as the cabbage- tree,
nor nearly as beautiful. Nor, does it grow naturally in such a
great variety of habitats. It may have been more plentiful and
more wide- spread formerly. Being an esculent plant, the Florida
aborigines may have seriously curtailed its abundance, just as
the present inhabitants are now doing where the plants grow
plentifully. In some places where it was abundant about a quar­ter
of a century ago, plants are now hard to find.
The bud is eaten, as is that of the cabbage- tree, and it is said
to be superior to that of the Sabal Palmetto, although it is not
quite as large. The fruits also are edible, and in both size and
flavor are superior to those of the cabbage- tree.
JOHN K. SMALL.
WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY1
For the purposes of this lecture, drinking is defined as the swal­lowing
of a liquid for other than medicinal purposes.
The presentation is neither fanatical nor controversial. In
stating why people drink certain beverages, it is their own view
that is supposed to furnish their reason, and their reasons are
analyzed and evaluated only so far as established facts may
justify.
The drinking of such liquid foods as milk and soup is purely a
dietetic procedure, aside from its addition to the supply of water
in the body, the latter pertaining to the satisfaction of thirst. The
dietetic importance of foods in this form is of great, often of
vital importance. Such foods are more appetizing than solids,
and may appeal in cases of malnutrition when other foods are
objectionable. Their greater digestibility is often of importance.
The particles of nutrient matter, being finely divided, are more
readily reached by the digestive enzymes, their nutritive efficiency
being thus increased.
The principal object of drinking is to satisfy the thirst, by
which is meant not merely the moistening of the mouth and
fauces, but supplying all the tissues of the body with the water
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture delivered by the Dean of the Col­lege
of Pharmacy of Columbia University, at The New York Botanical
Garden, June 20, 1925.
152
that is necessary for maintenance of their work. The moistening
of the mouth and fauces contributes great comfort when thirsty,
but the thirst itself could be equally assuaged by the injection of
water into the blood- vessels. The various ways in which water
functions in the vital processes were briefly reviewed. It was
specially noted that for the performance of some of these func­tions,
certain substances held in solution in the water are respon­sible.
When the natural body fluid is deficient in such dissolved
substances, they must be artifically supplied, this subject involv­ing
medical considerations.
Outside of the meeting of these absolute physiological require­ments,
which involve the use of water only, all objects of drink­ing
may be classed under the heads of protection, comfort, pleas­ure,
and assistance in the performance of work, which subjects
are severally considered.
Protection.— Under certain conditions, as long- continued ex­posure
to cold, the superficial blood- vessels may become con­tracted
and the blood be concentrated in the internal organs, re­sulting
in congestion, stasis, and dangerous or fatal disease, such
as pneumonia. The introduction of alcohol to the circulation will
enlarge these superficial vessels, restoring the circulation to these
parts, and averting the dangers referred to, and its use is resorted
to for that purpose with great frequency. There are large and
often densely populated districts, even entire countries, where the
water supply is polluted by disease germs to a dangerous degree
and where the people habitually drink wine or malt beverages as
a sanitary precaution. Millions of such people never taste water,
as a beverage, from one year's end to another.
Comfort may be promoted by the addition of substances to
beverages which will reduce the annoyance of a dry mouth and
throat. In very dry and hot weather, the moistening effects of
water are very quickly lost, and the desire to drink becomes
almost continuous. The relief afforded by drinking may then be
increased by the addition of mucilaginous substances to the water.
In country districts, flax- seed, elm bark, and sassafras are com­monly
employed to secure this result. Acid substances, such as
lemon- juice and tamarind are very grateful. In southern Europe,
and in the orient, the mucilaginous seeds of various species of
Plantago ( plantain) are largely employed. In the arid regions
153
of the southwestern United States, and in Mexico, the seeds of
several species of Salvia are similarly used, under the name of
Chia. Northern people, visiting the tropics, are tempted to use
great quantities of lemonade and limeade for this purpose and
serious and persistent stomach troubles are often produced in this
way. A combination of acidity with mucilaginous content is
secured among farmers by the very common practice of adding
vinegar, molasses, and wheat bran to the drinking water. A very
thirst- satisfying beverage, largely used in the tropics, is the liquid
contained in young coconuts. A clear, watery liquid, it is very
slightly sweet and acidulous, and is cool even when the surround­ing
temperature is high. There are other plants in tropical re­gions
from which almost pure drinking water can be obtained, as
the hollow joints of bamboos, the hollow leaf bases of the trav­eler's
palm, the juicy pulp of cactuses, and the porous items of
various woody vines. Most of these liquids contain small
amounts of dissolved substances which increase their power of
relieving the sense of thirst in mouth and throat. It is to be
noted that many plant juices, as those of oranges and pineapples,
contain vitamins that are essential to human health. The subject
of vitamins has been greatly abused through ignorance and char­latanry,
but the importance of the subject can scarcely be over­estimated.
The daily administration of a small drink of fresh
orange juice to children is very beneficial.
Under the head of comfort, reference may be made to the
common country practice of using alcohol to secure warmth in
winter, and to promote coolness in summer. Inconsistent as it
seems, both customs are based on physiological processes. Our
sense of heat resides in the heat- nerve endings of the skin. When
a low temperature drives the warm blood from the surface we
have the sensation of being cold. When alcohol restores the blood
to these vessels, which closely invest the heat- nerve endings, an
agreeable feeling of warmth is afforded, although this condition
promotes the radiation of heat from the surface, with a reduction
of temperature. In the summer, on the other hand, the tendency
of the alcohol is to paralyze or depress the heat- nerves so that
we do not sense the warmth, and thus appear to be cool. It also
increases heat radiation.
This depressing effect of alcohol, which, after all, is its chief
and dominating action, may work in many ways to reduce indi-
154
vidual discomfort. All physical sensation of pain is lessened by
the depressing or stupefying effect of alcohol, and it can be so
used as to become a complete anaesthetic. Enormous amounts
of alcohol have been consumed to secure this result. Anxiety,
grief, remorse, fear, and other forms of mental suffering are
similarly lessened, and inebriety has been greatly promoted
through the habitual dependence of such sufferers on this arti­ficial
relief.
Closely allied to this relief of physical and mental discomfort
by the depressing effects of alcohol is its negative action in carry­ing
a subject through physical or mental emergencies. An un­derstanding
of this subject, like most of what follows, depends
on an appreciation of the difference between an action and a
resulting effect. The belief is almost universal that alcohol acts
as a stimulant, whereas the reverse is true. When, however, its
depressing action is exerted on an inhibitory function, the visible
effect is naturally one of stimulation. The Spanish fleet, lying in
Santiago Harbor, and realizing that it must go forth and en­counter
the United States fleet, resorted to the use of liberal
amounts of alcohol by its officers and men. The depressing action
of these libations on the faculties of judgment and prudence over­came
the emotion of fear, and imbued the force with what is
often called " Dutch courage," and they went forth to a desperate
fight, the adverse result of which was the more certain for them
because of the incapacitation effected by the same agent that had
stupefied their just fear. In other words, the alcohol did not give
these men courage, but it did reduce their fear. Between these
two actions, there is all the difference of a contradiction.
Unprincipled employers, in the olden days, were accustomed to
supply rations of rum to their workmen when an extraordinary
occasion called for exceptional activity. Not only the dread of
hard work, but the sense of its fatigue were deadened, and the
men could be hurrahed into unusual endurance. Undoubtedly,
the quality of their work was impaired by the related impairment
of their powers, but yet there was an increased output and an
apparent stimulation of activity. In the same way literary work­ers,
under stress of emergency, may lose a part of their feeling
of fatigue and be led to work on to the verge of exhaustion by
the use of this so- called stimulant. Lawyers, actors, public
155
speakers, even preachers may dull their feelings of timidity,
whether justified or uncalled for, in facing their ordeals, and be
enabled to win applause when they had been oppressed by a fear
of failure. This artificial killing of fear is far less worthy than
the firm conquering of oneself by the summoning of his own
powers and the development of his just confidence in them. The
cumulative effect of the latter process, however difficult, or even
painful, is one of healthy development and individual growth.
That of the former is very apt to result in deterioration. The
world's biographical histories are blackened by thousands of fail­ures
and wrecks of brilliant men and women in every walk of
life, resulting from this habit.
Of a very similar character is the promotion of social fellow­ship
and jollity by the aid of John Barleycorn. From the mere
effacement of excessive reserve, there are all stages to that in
which the individual loses all powers of self- restraint and all sense
of proper modesty. All this is manifestly a process of depres­sion,
though commonly regarded as one of stimulation. To the
action here described, the term narcotic has been firmly attached.
By it, the intellectual functions are affected unequally and the
proper intellectual equilibrium is destroyed. Mental activity is
not stimulated, or even induced, but it is permitted by the sup­pression
of restraint, and its character is neither restrained nor
regulated by either judgment or will. Quantity is increased, but
usually at the expense of quality.
Totally different is the action exerted by another class of bev­erages,
depending for their activity on the presence of caffeine or
related alkaloids. These substances are directly stimulating to
cerebral activity, and stimulate all its functions. Thus, the men­tal
equilibrium is preserved, and quantity of mental activity is
increased without any sacrifice of quality. This effect is in no
sense a narcotic one, although tea and coffee are often spoken of
as narcotics. Although the habit of tea or coffee drinking to
excess may be feared, this habit is not a dominating one, and is
not to be classed as a dope addiction, as is that of excessive use
of narcotics. Besides tea and coffee, we have in this group Mate,
or so- called Paraguay tea, the Cola seed, guarana, dahoon, and
chocolate. All these substances increase circulation and elimina­tion,
produce a feeling of comfort and cheerfulness, and are justly
156
said to cheer without inebriating. The use of one or more of
them is almost universal. It is not improbable that additions to
our present known list may yet be made, as the habits of aborigi­nal
people become better known. Where no beverage of this
kind is known, the natives sometimes resort to the chewing of
substances containing similar constituents. To this class may be
referred the chewing of coca leaves, the alkaloid cocaine acting
in some ways like caffeine, although definitely habit- forming, and
very dangerous.
In tropical America, one or more seeds in the bean family, as
those of Cassia occidentalis, are used as a coffee substitute, but
their action is quite different. They are true narcotics, and dan­gerous.
The same is true of the leaves of Ledum, or Labrador
tea.
The so- called cereal coffees, as postum, are scarcely entitled to
any classification here. They are merely flavored water, with a
little dissolved nutrient matter, and more properly classed as
weak broths.
Reverting again to the consideration of alcoholic beverages, it
must not be overlooked that the use of some of them is largely
for the effects of constituents other than the contained alcohol.
Most important of these substances is perhaps carbonic acid gas.
This substance is very efficient in destroying disease germs in the
beverage. It is agreeable to the palate, and is more efficient in
relieving the source of thirst than plain water. Its presence in
our soft summer drinks is about all that can justify the use of
many of these digestion- destroying mixtures. Plain carbonated
waters are far preferable to most of the over- sweetened and
highly flavored slops so extensively used. The use of beer and
its relatives is largely for its carbonic gas, and the stomachic and
digestive properties of its hops and malt. Its moderate use is
probably better justified than that of any other beverage except
water.
Of the many alcoholic beverages in use by aborigines the con­stituents
are not so innocent. As is well known, an alcoholic
liquid can be prepared from any substance that contains sugar,
or any that contains starch, provided the latter is first converted
into sugar by the action of an amylolytic enzyme, such as diastase
or ptyalin. Some of these vegetable substances contain consti-
157
tuents that profoundly affect the system. For example, Kava,
so largely drunk by the Pacific islanders, contains an anaesthetic,
that has a peculiar soothing or numbing effect on the nervous
system, and another that is powerfully diuretic. Some of these
constituents are extremely powerful narcotics, producing halluci­nations
and trances similar to those of opium and hashish. To
this class belongs the pellota or Mescal buttons used by the natives
of northern Mexico and adjacent United States. A very similar
one is the Caapi of the Colombian natives, of which so much has
been written of late. These substances produce a very profound
disturbance of the entire nervous system, and are even capable
of causing death if used in great excess.
H. H. RUSBY.
HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION1
The lecturer's thesis was that the most important thing is to
know how to think about such questions as religion and science
and their relation to each other. If one knows how to think, the
question of what to think is largely settled. The prime requisite
is an open mind, ready at any time to receive new evidence and,
if necessary, to discard ideas based upon inadequate evidence, no
matter how fondly cherished the old ideas may have been. Noth­ing
should be accepted as fact, except upon verifiable evidence.
All science advances by the accumulation of data based on ob­servation,
the framing of hypotheses as to the most probable
explanation of the observed facts, and the thorough testing of
the hypothesis. The lecturer emphasized the difference between
a hypothesis and a guess. Guessing has no place in scientific
method.
As a result of testing, a hypothesis may either be verified or
found inadequate. If the latter, it must be abandoned, just as
were the hypotheses concerning the motions of the heavenly
bodies or concerning the nature of atoms.
1 Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on
the afternoon of July n by the Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Gar­den.
Dr. Gager is author of " Heredity and Evolution in Plants," and of
" The Relation between Evolution and Religion: How to Think about It.,,
now in press.
158
This history of human thought shows the necessity for tolera­tion
among those of divergent views, and the futility of person­alities
and the imputing of unworthy motives to those who hon­estly
differ from us on matters of religion and science.
The present more or less organized attack upon science— par­ticularly
upon the principle of evolution— by churchmen has been
characterized by the imputing of unworthy motives to scientific
investigators and teachers, and has disclosed a gross ignorance of
the aims of science, and of the nature of scientific method— par­ticularly
the difference between fact and hypothesis.
In particular the lecturer showed that, while there may be
irreconcilable conflict between superstition or tradition and mod­ern
science, there cannot be any conflict between true religion and
science, for there can be no conflict between two truths.
C. STUART GAGEE.
JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE1
The Island of Java, lying just across the equator south of
Singapore, is the most crowded country in the world. Thirty- six
millions of people are massed together in a space no larger than
the state of New York, and a great part of the area is too moun­tainous
to be inhabited. The lower lands appear to the traveler
to be almost one continuous village. Rice, tea, rubber, sugar, and
coconuts are the chief productions, and Java yields through these
industries a handsome profit to the Dutch, who own the island
and control its commerce.
When the Dutch took possession of Java, at the close of the
Napoleonic wars, they found it populated by a much smaller
number of people, divided into numerous tribes continually at
war with each other. The rapid growth of population in a cen­tury
speaks well for the colonial policy of the Dutch government.
During the same time the country has been completely civilized,
and hundreds of miles of railways and roads opened throughout
the island.
Visitors to Java find it necessary to learn the Malay language
in order to make their wants known to the natives. This is not
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden, June 13, 1925.
159
difficult, since the language is remarkably simple, having neither
conjugations nor declensions. LTsually the tourist learns all the
Malay he needs in less than a week.
Regular lines of passenger and freight steamers connect Java
with Europe, Asia, and North America. The chief passenger
port is Batavia, near the western end of the island and its largest
city, but much freight is handled from Soerabaya, located in the
great sugar- growing region of eastern Java.
The chief attraction to tourists is the world- famous botanical
garden at Buitenzorg, where a marvelous collection of over six­teen
thousand varieties of tropical plants may be seen in cultiva­tion.
Here are the largest existing collections of orchids and
palms, while the famous avenue of canary trees, their trunks cov­ered
with tropical vines and their crowns meeting in a Gothic
arch over the driveway, is the delight of every visitor. Their
displays of fig trees, of tropical oaks, of dipterocarps, and of
bamboos are equally interesting, though less striking to the aver­age
tourist. All of these are grown without the protection of
greenhouses, since the temperature rarely falls below seventy
degrees. Vegetation of all kinds is here unusually luxuriant,
since rain falls every day and amounts to 180 inches per year.
Laboratories have been provided for visiting botanists, and here
some of the most important research on the life of tropical plants
has been carried on.
Within sight of Buitenzorg are three volcanoes, two of them
rising to heights of over twelve thousand feet. On one of them
is a large reservation of tropical forest and an annex to the
botanical garden, with excellent collections of conifers, tree- ferns,
and grass trees.
H. A. GLEASON.
TULIPS1
The spectacle offered here a year ago by nearly the whole of
a collection of 80,000 tulips of 166 varieties being in bloom at
once and again today by the blooming of more than half that
number has served to direct special attention to this magnificent
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden, May 9, 1925.
i6o
flower. Not that the tulip is a rare flower, for it is an acquaint­ance
of everyone who pays the least attention to flowers. And
it is not a new flower, for from all accounts of Europeans who
have loved and developed it, it had been raised by the Turks in
the sixteenth century, and it was then that the enthusiasm over
the tulip started. By 1613 there were many kinds in cultivation.
Besler described nearly 50 varieties from the Archbishop John
Conrad's garden on Mt. St. Wilibald, in Eistadt, Germany. The
plates illustrating those flowers show a flower about like our
early single tulips of today. Then the Dutch found that they
were able to raise tulips in quantity with succeess and in the early
17th century were so enamored with the beauty of the flower
that the rulers of Holland had to legislate against speculation in
tulip bulbs.
For several reasons tulips should be our favorite spring flowers.
In the first place, they give us masses, veritable carpets of rich
colors, of unequaled diversity. Then an almost certain result
may be obtained for a comparatively small expenditure and
thirdly they are grown very easily and last a number of seasons
( attained by using the several types of tulips).
For success use in planting a well- drained, deeply dug soil, with
well- rotted manure previously added or bonemeal directly added.
Plant in the autumn, according to the old rule of " when the
leaves fall," placing the early varieties four to five inches apart
and as deep, and the late varieties five to six inches apart and as
deep. About 200 to 250 tulips will fill a bed twelve feet long and
four feet wide. After the ground freezes, cover the bed with a
mulch of salt hay or straw or leaves. This mulch is removed in
March and the flowers may be expected in late April and all of
the month of May.
The varieties of tulips are so numerous that each must pick his
own variety. In general, tulips are rich red, yellow, white, pink,
purple, and violet, in the early spring types; yellow, rose, russet,
lavender, pink, white, and the more delicate shades of red, in the
Cottage or May- flowering types; bronze, tinged purple, red, and
yellow, in the Breeder types; and maroon, chocolate, mahogany,
rose, pink, and red, in the globular, long- stemmed sorts in the late
Darwin types. These types and varieties may be grown under
all conditions.
Besides the varieties shown on the slides, with which this lec­ture
was abundantly illustrated, a study of the varieties then in
bloom was made after the lecture.
KENNETH R. BOYNTON.
THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG
DALY FUND
The will of ex- Chief- Justice Charles Patrick Daly, probated
October 23, 1899, provides:
" Article 8, Section 3. I give, devise and bequeath to my exec­utor,
Henry R. Hoyt, the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in
trust, nevertheless, to invest and reinvest the same, and to pay
over the net annual interest, dividends or income thereof to my
wife's sister, Rosalie Staples, semi- annually for and during the
term of her natural life, and upon her death to pay over the said
principal sum to The New York Botanical Garden."
Subsequent to the death of Mr. Hoyt, this bequest was trans­ferred
to The New York Botanical Garden, in trust, and annual
interest has been paid over to Mrs. Staples semi- annually. The
death of Mrs. Staples, early in 1925, has brought the principal
sum into the ownership of the Garden; at the meeting of the
Board of Managers held June 18th, 1925, it was designated, The
Charles Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly Fund, as a memorial
of Judge Daly and Mrs. Daly, highly esteemed and valued ad­visors
and benefactors of the Garden in its early years. The in­come
of this fund, about $ 1,000 annually, will be available for
any of the corporate purposes of the Garden.
N. L. BRITTON,
Secretary.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST
The following is the program of the lectures given on Saturday
afternoons at four o'clock in the Museum Building of The New
York Botanical Garden during July and August:
July 4. " Trinidad: Its Flora and Scenery."
Dr. F. J. Seaver.
162
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
I I .
18.
25-
i.
8.
15-
2 2 .
29.
" How To Think About Evolution."
Dr. C. Stuart Gager.
" Seeds: Their Tricks and Traits."
Dr. William Crocker.
" Lilies." Dr. A. B. Stout.
" The Forest Resources of the Northwest and Their
Conservation." Prof. George B. Rigg.
" Flowers of the Summer Garden."
Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton.
" The Rose Mallows, Cultivated and Wild."
Dr. A. B. Stout
" The Dismal Swamp of Virginia."
Dr. Arthur Hollick.
" Scenery of Our Western Mountains."
Mr. Le Roy Jeffers.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Mr. Otto Degener, who has been spending the year at The New
York Botanical Garden, studying his collections of Hawaiian
plants, is returning to Honolulu. He began his transcontinental
journey in June by motor- car, planning to make botanical collec­tions
on the way.
Dr. A. B. Stout, of the Garden staff, spent a week in June at
the State Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in further work
in the breeding of grapes for seedlessness. Observations were
also made on the results of the tenting experiments with various
fruit trees conducted earlier in the season.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of
The New York Botanical Garden, is devoting a large part of
June and July to field work in the Allegheny Mountains. He is
traveling by automobile and is accompanied by Mr. John T.
Perry, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
At a meeting of the Linnean Society of London held on May
7, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director- in- Chief of The New
York Botanical Garden ; Professor Carl Schroeter, of Zurich; and
163
Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Director of the Department of Bot­any
of Natural History Museum in Vienna, were elected Foreign
Members.
During the early part of June, The New York Botanical Gar­den,
represented by Dr. F. J. Seaver, joined with Cornell Univer­sity,
Department of Plant Pathology, and the Pennsylvania State
College, Department of Botany, in a mycological excursion to
Trout Run, Pennsylvania. This is the third " foray " of this
nature held by the above institutions.
The Garden has issued invitations to its members and friends
to make special inspections of its various floral exhibits on desig­nated
days when such displays were anticipated to be at their best,
so far as this might be determined or conjectured a week or two
in advance. Thus, for the present season, April 24 was Narcissus
Day, June 9 was Peony Day, and June 16 was Rose Day. The
tulips were so nearly in their prime on the day of the Annual
Spring Inspection, which occurred on April 30, that no special
Tulip Day was observed.
The July number of The National Geographic Magazine con­tains
a contribution by Miss Mary E. Eaton, artist of the staff of
The New York Botanical Garden, under the title " Pages from
the Floral Life of America." The editor's introduction is as
follows:
" The 24 color plates, representing 55 flower paintings, appear­ing
in this number of The National Geographic Magazine, are
from the brush of Miss Mary E. Eaton, whose work has brought
so much pleasure to members of the National Geographic So­ciety
during the past decade. They are reproduced from the
Society's ' The Book of Wild Flowers,' recently published, and
are printed in the Magazine in order that those who have saved
their back numbers may have a complete collection of Miss
Eaton's published paintings. The flowers represented in this
number belong to 49 different families, and, together with those
previously published, make a representative cross- section of the
floral life of America."
On many of the western yellow pine forests in the Northwest,
the pine squirrel and the second- growth pine may be said to be
engaged in a struggle to the death, with the squirrel holding a
164
conspicuous advantage according to latest reports, says the Forest
Service, United States Department of Agriculture. The squir­rel's
advantage is due to the fact that, somewhat like the early
bird, he is busily collecting the seed before it has a chance to " dig
itself i n " and develop into a pine seedling. In examining some
15- year- old cuttings in Montana, the Priest River Forest Experi­ment
Station found that practically no new growth has come in.
Cones are plentiful in the two or three seed trees an acre left for
seeding new growth and show sufficient seed to start up at least
an open stand in 15 or 20 years against all other enemies of
young trees; but there is evidence that the pine squirrel is deter­mining
otherwise, and that possibly nothing short of planting such
areas with seedlings will circumvent the sharp eyes and insatiable
appetite of this small foe.
Meteorology for June. The total precipitation for the month
was 2.9S inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each
week were 101.50 on the 5th, 92.5" on the 10th, 93° on the 18th,
and 85.50 on the 22nd. The minimum temperatures were 640 on
the 3rd, 51" on the 12th, 500 on the 17th, and 53.5" on the 24th.
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL
GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 ( CONTINUED)
ACOSTA, CHRISTOEAL. Traicte des drogues & medicamens qui naissent
aux hides. Ed. 2. Lyon, 1619.
AGARDH, JACOB GEORG. Rcccnsio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae,
1839.
ALPINO, PROSPERO. Histoire du baulme. Lyon, 1619.
Annates de Musce du Congo Beige. Bruxelles, 1898- 1902.
ASCHERSON, PAUL FRIEDRICH AUGUST, & KANITZ, AUGUST. Catalogus cor-mophytorum
et anthophytorum Serbiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Montis
Scodri, Albaniae hucusque cognitorum. Claudiopoli, 1877.
BAINES, HENRY. Flora of Yorkshire. London, 1840.
BAKER, JOHN GILBERT. Handbook of the Amaryllideae, including the
Alstroemericae a) id Agaveae. London, 1888.
. Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. London, 1889.
BARONI, EUGENIO. Supplemento generate al " Prodromo della Flora tos-cana
di T. Caruel." Firenze, 1897.
i 6 5
BENTHAM, GEORGE. Catalogue des plantes indigenes des Pyrenees et du
Bas Languedoc . . . precede a" une notice sur un voyage botanique fait
dans les Pyrenees pendant I'ete de 1825. Paris, 1S26.
BERTRAND, CHARLES EUGEXE. & CORXAILLE, FELIX. Etude sur quelques
caracteristiques de la structure des FUicinees actuelles. 1. La masse
lihero- tigneuse elementaire. . . . Lille, 1902.
BTTONA- BERXARDI, AXTOXTO. Sicularum plantarum centuria prima [ ei]
secunda. Panonni, 1806- 07.
BONNET, CHARLES. Considerations sur les corps organises. Ed. 2, 2 vols.
Amsterdam, 1768*
. La palingenesie philosophique; ou, idees sur letat passe ei sur
fetal futur des ctres ziz- ans. 2 vols. Geneve, 1770.
BRAXDEGEE, TOWXSHEXD STTTH. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja Cali­fornia.
[ San Francisco] 1891.
BRIQUET, JOHX ISAAC Fragmenta monographiae Labiatarum. 5 fasc
Geneve, 1889- 08.
. Prodrome de la flore Corse. Vol. 1, vol. 2, pt. 1. Geneve, 1910-
I9I3-
CAXDOLLE, AUGUSTIX PYILIMUS DE. Essai sur les proprietes medicates des
plantes. Ed. 2. Paris, 1816.
CARRIERE, ELEE ABEL Traite general des coniferes. Paris. 1S55.
CHRIST, HERMANN. Die Farnkrauter der Erde. Jena, 1897.
COIXCY, AUGUSTE HENRI CORNUT DE LA FONTAINE DE. Ecloga plantarum
hispanicarum ; sett, icones speeierum nozarum zel minus cognitarum
per His pa mas nuperrime deteclarum. Parts I. 2, 5. Paris, 1893- 1901.
COUOLLL GIUSEPPE. Flora comense. 7 vols. Como, 1S34- 57.
COXSTAXTIX. JULIEX XOEI_ L'heredite acquise; ses consequences horti-coles.
agricoles et medicates. Paris, 1901.
COSTE, HIPPOLYTE JACQUES. & SOULTE. JOSEPH. Florule du Val d'Aran. Le
Mans, 1913.
DEBEAUX, JEAN ODOX, SC DAUTEZ, GUSTAVE. Synopsis de la fere de Gib­raltar.
Paris. 1889.
DELALANDE, JEAN MARIE. Hoedtc et Houat; histoire, moeurs, productions
naturelles de ces deux ties du Morbihan.. Xantes, 1850.
DELPTXO, GIAOOMO GIUSEPPE FEDERICO. Studi sopra un lignaggio anemo-filo
delle Composte ossia sopra 3 gruppo delle Artemisiaceae. Firenzo,
. Sugli apparecchi delta fecondazione nelte piante anfocarpee
{ Fanerogame'). Sommario di osserz- asioni fatte negli anni 1863- 66.
Firenze, 1867.
DESFONTArxES, RENE LOTHCHE. Catalogus plantarum horti regit Parisi-ensis.
Ed. 3. Parisiis, 1839.
. Tableau de tecole de botanique du Museum d° histoire naturelle.
Paris, 1804.
DETMER, WILHELM: ALEXANDER. Das pfansenphysiologische Praktikum.
Jena, 188&
i66
DETONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cogni­tarum.
Vol. 2. Bacillariseae. Patavii, 1891- 94.
DUCELLIER, FR. Catalogue des Desmidiacees de la Suisse et de quelques
localites frontieres. Geneve, 1914.
DUGGELI, MAX. Pflanzengeographische und wirtschafliche Monographic
des Sihltales bei Einsiedeln von Roblosen bis Studen. Zurich, 1903.
DUMORTIER, BARTHELEMY CHARLES JOSEPH. Analyse des families des
plantes, avec Vindication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent.
Tournay, 1829.
DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & PITTIER DE FABREGA, HENRI FRANCOIS.
Catalogue de la flore vaudoise. Fasc. 3. Lausanne, 1887.
DURAND, THEOPHILE ALEXIS, & SCHINZ, HANS. Etudes sur la flore de
I'Etat Independant du Congo. Part 1. Bruxelles, 1896.
DUREAU DE LA MALI. E, ADOLPHE JULES CESAR AUGUSTE. Climatologie com-paree
de ITtalie et de VAndalousie anciennes ct modemes. Paris, 1849.
ENGELMANN, GEORGE. A revision of the North American species of the
genus Juncus, with a description of neiv or imperfectly known species.
St. Louis, 1868.
ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF. Ueber die Fruhlingsflora des Tafel-berges
bei Kapstadt. [ Berlin, 1903.]
ENGLER, HEINRICH GUSTAV ADOLF, & DIELS, LUDWIG. Combretaceae. 2
parts. Leipzig, 1899, 1900.
FLAIIAULT, CHARLES HENRI MARIE. L'institut de botanique. Montpellier,
1890.
FLEISCHER, FRANZ VON. Beitrage zur Lehre von dem Keimen der Somen
und Gezvachse, insbesondere der Samen bkonomischer Pfianzen. Stutt­gart,
[ 1851].
FRIEDRICHSTHAL, EMANUEL VON. Reise in den siidlichen Theilen von
Neu- Griechenland. Leipzig, 1858.
FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS. Epicrisis generis Hieraciorum. [ Upsala, 1862.]
GEILINGER, GOTTLIEB. Die Grignagruppe am Comersee; eine pflanzengeo-graphischc
Studie. Dresden, 1908.
GERARD, RENE CONSTANT JOSEPH. Recherches sur le passage de la racine
a la tige. Paris, 1881.
GIESENHAGEN, KARL FRIEDRICH GEORG. Die Farngattung Niphobolus.
Jena, 1901.
GILIBERT, JEAN EMMANUEL. Histoire des plantes d'Europe et etrangeres,
les plus communes, les plus utiles et les plus curieuses. 3 vols. Lyon,
1806.
GOTTSCHE, CARL MORITZ, LINDENBERG, JOHANN BERNHARD WILHELM, &
NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL. Synopsis hepati-carum.
Hamburgi, 1844.
GREVILLE, ROBERT KAYE. Flora edinensis; or a description of plants grow­ing
near Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1824.
GUEPIN, JEAN PIERRE. Flore de Maine et Loire. Ed. 3. Angers, 1845.
. Supplement 1. Angers, 1850.
167
GUSSONE, GIOVANNI. Florae Siculae prodromus; sive, plantarum in Sicilia
ulieriori nascentium enumeratio. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1827- 28. Supple­mentum.
Fasc. 1. Neapoli, 1832.
. Florae Siculae synopsis exhibens plantas vasculares in Sicilia
insulisque adjacentibus hue usque detectas. 2 vols. Neapoli, 1842-
1844-
HABERLANDT, GOTTLIEB JOHANNES FRIEDRICH. Physiologische Pflanzen-aniomie.
Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1909.
HAMILTON, FREDERIC. La botanique de la Bible. Nice, 1871.
HAUSMANN, FRANZ VON. Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol
und Vorarlberg wild wachsenden und haufiger gebauten Gefasspflan-zen,
3 vols. Innsbruck, 1851- 54.
HAWORTH, ADRIAN HARDY. Synopsis plantarum succulentarum. Londini,
1812.
PIELLER, FRANZ XAVER. Flora wirceburgensis. 2 vols. Wirceburgi, 1810-
1811.
HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON. Handbook of the Nezv Zealand flora. London,
1864- 67.
HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON, & others. The flora of British India. Vols.
1- 7. London, 1875- 97.
HOVELACQUE, MAURICE JEAN ALEXANDRE. Recherches sur Vappareil vege-tatif
des Bignoniacces, Rhinanthacees, Orobanchees et Utriculariees.
Paris, 1888.
HUTH, ERNST. Monographic der Gattung Delphinium. Leipzig, 1895.
JAEGER, F. M. Lectures on the principle of symmetry and its applications
in all natural sciences. Amsterdam, 1917.
JANSEN, ALBERT. Jean- Jacques Rousseau als Botaniker. Berlin, 1885.
JARDIN, EDELESTAN. Notice sur I'archipel de Mendana ou des Marquises,
1853- 1854. [ Cherbourg, 1856.]
JORDAN, ALEXIS. Pugillus plantarum novarum praesertim gallicarum.
Paris, 1852.
JUSSIEU, ADRIEN HENRI LAURENT DE. Taxonomie; coup d'oeil sur I'his-toire
et les principes des classifications botaniques. Paris, 1848.
KAULFUSS, GEORG FRIEDRICH. Enumeratio filicum quas in itinere circa
terram legit CI. Adalbertus de Chamisso. Lipsiae, 1824.
KILLIAS, EDUARD. Die Flora des Unterengadins. Chur, 1887- 88.
KOCH, WILHELM DANIEL JOSEPH. Synopsis florae gcrmanicae et helveti-cae.
Francofurti ad Moenum, 1837.— Index. 1838.
. Ed. 2. 2 vols. Francofurti ad Moenum [ et] Lipsiae, 1843- 44.
KUHN, MAXIMILIAN FRIEDRICH ADALBERT. Filices africanae; revisio cri-tica
omnium hucusque cognitarum cormophytorum Afrxcae indige-norum,
. . . accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lipsiae,
1868.
Kunene- Zambesi- Expedition, H. Baum, 1903. Berlin, 1903.
LAMARCK, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE PIERRE MONNET DE. Encyclopedie
methodique; botanique. 8 vols. & supplement. 5 vols. Paris, 1783-
1817.
. Tableau encyclopedique et methodique; botanique. 7 vols. Paris,
1791- 1823.
LAMOTTE, MARTIAL. Prodrome de la flore du plateau central de la France.
2 vols. Paris, 1877- 81.
LANGE, JOHAN MARTIN CHRISTIAN. Pugillus plantarum imprimis hispani-carum
quas initinere 1851— 52 legit Joh. Lange. Hafniae, 1860- 65.
L'annce scientifique et industrielle: vingt- sixieme annee ( 1882). Paris,
1883.
LECOMTE, PAUL HENRI. Flore generate de ITndochine. Vol. 1. Paris,
1907- 12.
LEDEBOUR, CARL FRIEDRICH VON. Flora rossica. 4 vols. Stuttgartiae, 1842-
1853.
LEGRE, LUDOVIC. La botanique en Provence au XVI€ siecle. Leonard
Rauwolff, Jacques Raynaudet. Marseille, 1900.
LINDLEY, JOHN. Rosarum monographia; or, a botanical history of roses.
London, 1820.
LINNAEUS, CARL. Fundamentorum botanicorum. Pars prima [ et] secunda
. curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert. 3 vols. Coloniae- Allobrogum,
1786, 1787.
. Species plantarum . . editio quarto . . curante Carolo Ludo-vico
JVUldenozv. 6 vols, and index. Berolini, 1797- 1824.
Systema plantarum Europae . . . curante Joan. Emman. Gilibert.
Vols. 1, 2. Coloniae- Allobrogum, 1785.
LUBBOCK, JOHN. A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings. 2 vols.
London, 1892.
MILDE, CARL AUGUST JULIUS. Monographia Equisetorum. Dresden, 1865.
MINKS, ARTHUR. Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Baues und Lebens der
Flechten. 1. Gonangium und Gonocystium. Wien, 1876.
MONARDES, NICOLAS. Histoires des simples medicamens apportes de
I'Amerique, des qxiels on se sert en la medicine. Lyon, 1619.
MOTELAY, LEONCE, & VENDRYES, ALBERT. Monographie des Isoeteae. Bor­deaux,
1924.
MULLER, KARL AUGUST FRIEDRICK WILHELM. Synopsis muscorum fron-dosorum
omnium hucusque cognitorum. 2 vols. Berolini, 1849- 51.
NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON. Ueber das Wachsthum des Gefdsstammes.
[ Zurich, 1846.]
NAGELI, CARL WILHELM VON, & PETER, GUSTAV ALBERT. Die Hieracium
Mittel- Europas. Monographische Bearbeitung der Piloselloiden mit
besonderer Berucksichtigung der mitteleuropdischen Sippen. Miinchen,
1885.
NEES VON ESENBECK, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED DANIEL, HORNSCHUCH, CHRIS­TIAN
FRIEDRICH, & STURM, JACOB. Bryologia germanica. Vol. 1; vol.
2, pt. 1. Niirnberg, 1823- 27.
NOACK, MARTIN. Ueber die seltenen nordischen Pfianzen in den Alpen.
Berlin, 1922.
NOBBE, FRIEDRICH. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin, 1876.
NYLANDER, WILLIAM. Lichenes Scandinavian Helsingforsiae, 1861.
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE N EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, io cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- sixth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $ 4.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven­teenth
volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied
by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number,
thirty- two in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not
offered in exchange.] Now in its tenth volume.
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em­bodying
results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to
others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its thirteenth volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer­ica,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned
to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of
four or more parts. 54 parts now issued. Subscription price, $ 1.50 per
part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not
offered in exchange.]
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of
the Garden, $ 1.50 per volume. To others, $ 3.00.
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel­lowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix - f- 492 pp., with detailed map.
1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel­opment,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischer­ville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, xiii + 138 pp., with 29
plates. 1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni­versary
of the New York Botanical Garden, viii + 594 pp., with 43
plates and many text figures. 1916.
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per vol­ume.
In the eleventh volume.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries.
Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies,
gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of
greenhouse- blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants.
An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer­ican
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­istic
flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above
features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural,
and forestal subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000
Member for Life single contribution 250
Fellowship Member annual fee 100
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
Annual Member annual fee 10
The following is an approved form of bequest:
/ hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Laws of Neiv York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of
All requests for further information should be sent to
T H E NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY