Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

              VOL. XXXIII APRIL, 1932 No. 388
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
SOMETHING OLD AND SOMETHING NEW
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM
BEGONIAS
T. H. EVERETT
HOUSE PLANT EXHIBIT
FORMAN T. MCLEAN
PRACTICAL GARDENING
FORMAN T. MCLEAN
A BOTANISTS RAMBLES THROUGH THE WEST INDIES
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN
A GLANCE A T CURRENT LITERATURE
CAROL H. WOODWARD
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
Entered fit the post- office in Lancaster, Pa., as second- class matter.
Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
HENRY W. DE FOREST, President ADOLPH LEWISOHN
HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN, Vice President HENRY LOCKHART, JR.
JOHN L. MERRILL, Vice President and Treas. D. T. MACDOUGAL
E. D. MERRILL, Secretary KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
RAYMOND F. BACON H. DE LA MONTAGNE, JR.
CHARLES P. BERKEY J- PIERPONT MORGAN
MARSTON T. BOGERT LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
GEORGE S. BREWSTER g- HoBA? T
R
P ° R Tf
v r n„. » ™ „ HENRY H. RUSBY
N. L. BRITTON GEORCE J R y A N
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER MRS A E T H U R H . SCRIBNER
THOMAS J. DOLEN EDMUND W. SINNOTT
CHILDS FRICK F. K. STURGIS
R. A. HARPER SAM F. TRELEASE
CLARENCE LEWIS WILLIAM H. WEBSTER
JAMES J. WALKER, Mayor of the City of New York
WALTER R. HERRICK, President of the Department of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. HARPER, P H . D„ SC. D., Chairman D. T. MACDOUGAL, P H . D., LL. D.
RAYMOND F. BACON, P H . D , SC. D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D., SC. D.
CHARLES P. BERKEY, P H . D., SC. D. r„ , D r l f T p „ » T T n
MARSTON T. BOGERT, SC. D., LL. D. GEORGE J - R y A N ' L U U"
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, P H . D., EDMUND W. SINNOTT, P H . D.
LL. D., LITT. D. SAM F. TRELEASE, P H . D.
DIRECTOR EMERITUS
N. L. BRITTON, P H . D., SC. D., LL. D.
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. MERRILL, SC. D Director- in- Chief
MARSHALL A. HOWE, P H . D., SC. D Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, P H . D., SC. D Head Curator of the Museums
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Curator
FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D., SC. D Curator
ARTHUR HOLLICK, P H . D Paleobotanist
BERNARD O. DODGE, P H . D Plant Pathologist
FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., P H . D Supervisor of Public Education
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator
SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of'the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses
FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator
ALBERT C. SMITH, A. B Assistant Curator
CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
MARJORIE E. SWIFT, A. M Assistant Pathologist
ROSALTE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener
G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent
H. M. DENSLOW, A. M., D. D Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
E. B. SOUTHWICK, P H . D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXXIII APRIL, 1932 No. 388
SOMETHING OLD AND SOMETHING XEW1
The adage, " Something old, something new, something bor­rowed,
something blue," used to be applied to weddings, but there
is no reason why we should not use it in connection with gardens.
The oldest thing most of us perpetrate is a joke and not the
worst of them was that supposed to be started in the Garden of
Eden. We have a habit of calling something that does not work
properly a " joke " and we look scornfully on old gardening tools
and appliances and methods; but there are many of these that are
better than some of the new- fangled things made only to draw
pennies ( and often more) out of people's pockets. We have an
idea that the bathtub is an American institution and that it is new
to show people in the comic papers seated in a tub enjoying some
delicate repast, receiving their friends, or making startling re­marks
over the telephone. Ablutions in full view of a theatre
audience, slipperiness of soap, etc., are really old things, and so
are receptions in bathtubs in gardens with only a simple, low
fence about to keep the main crush of guests off the performer!
A picture in a very ancient book shows a lady reclining in such a
tub, guests promenading about outside the wattle fence, a table
laid out with appetizing things to eat, and a retainer in Eastern
dress working a small coffee- roaster such as one still sees in gen­eral
use in old French towns. The title of this charming scene is
" The Joys of Life! "
I know of a Roman cistern at least two thousand years old, still
serving the purpose originally intended for it— that of collecting
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on Saturday afternoon, March 19, 1932.
69
70
and tempering the water from cold mountain streams to the
warmer air of the valley, so delicate plants may be encouraged
to grow in the best and quickest way.
Among other things still worth using are good old garden de­signs
and plans, for a well- laid- out garden will always be satisfac­tory.
Even if the flowering plants should gradually disappear be­cause
of neglect, the ground- plan of trees, shrubs, hedges, etc.,
being properly placed and spaced, will hold the pattern.
We often see in old pictures gardeners doing something we
recognize as a perfectly necessary operation each year in our gar­dens
of today. We see men grafting, we see them pruning, and
we often see them holding the knife or shears wrongly, too, just
as most people do today! The man who sells us secateurs at the
flower- show knows they are good tools that will cut well, but he
rarely is a skilled primer, so he never tells the amateur the best
way to use them, nor do lecturers; and I suppose artists, lecturers,
salesmen, and hired men are the same today as they were hun­dreds
of years ago, with the same varying value and the same old
faults.
Sometimes we notice a combination of the very ancient with the
most modern, and nowhere is it better emphasized than in Italy,
where good telephone and trolley service go hand in hand with
ancient Roman structures, and where young plants clamber over
old, old ruins. In France we see it also in hundreds of ways but
especially in the way olive- oil is made and in the type of baskets
used for packing fruit, both dating back two thousand years or
longer.
Then we come to borrowed things— plants borrowed from other
countries, deliberately or inadvertently: cocoanut palms on south­ern
shores, floated there by stormy seas; Rosa rugosa on islands
off the Maine Coast, brought there either by waves or birds; for­eign
weed- seeds brought with crops or in the soil of ballast, dozens
of ways.
Perhaps things went from us to other climes also, such as the
famous " domus pyramidalis," a sort of tepee- like' summer- house
or support for climbing plants. This " domus pyramidalis " was
apparently unknown in the Old World until Columbus brought
the idea back with him, after which it became very popular. It
seems to be used here more now by Italians ( who again reintro-
7i
FIGURE I. " The Joys of Life.'' " Receptions in bath- tubs in gardens
are really old things."
duced it to this part of America) than by the descendants of the
early settlers, though one would think it would have remained
here all the time, as it was most certainly learned by the Spaniards
from the Indians. I have noticed this is used a great deal in
Louisiana, and it is possible that the training of climbing plants
has always been carried on here in this manner without interrup­tion.
There is another kind of borrowing, the use of something for
another purpose than that for which it was made. Some think it
wonderful to be ingenious in the garden and in houses, too, and,
with restraint, good things are sometimes accomplished— but what
frightful effects are usually obtained! How about leaky boats
sprouting nasturtiums or, again, water- boilers set in the middle
of small front lawns and bursting with scarlet sage and magenta
petunias? On the other hand, we have a sensible substitution to
which even the most esthetic may not object. In France they
use " cloches," bells of glass, to protect early planted lettuce, etc.,
72
from frosts; here we may use cheese- covers for the same purpose
if cloches are not to be obtained or are too costly, or we may use
glass battery- jars of the largest size in the same way.
In hot countries we see lath covers made in slat fashion to shade
young plants. We can borrow the method of bracing them and
we can use the skeleton to cover with cheese- cloth and put these
screens along our newly set out tomatoes if a wind should come
up and threaten to whip them about.
We come now to the blue part of the adage. Some people run
to blue gardens. They can even make blue fields or woods, if
they wish, by planting Scillas, as has been done at Kew, or they
can have blue rock- gardens or they can often just be blue in their
own garden, and they are likely to be so if they use for a ground-cover
a plant that dies away shortly after blooming, such as Mer-tensia
virginica, which I heard recommended by a well- known
landscape architect as a cover for tulips !
In ancient tomes we see woodcuts of plants, many of which we
can identify as old favorites. Thus, in John Parkinson's works
of the early sixteen hundreds we can see a page of crocuses, sev­eral
of daffodils, of irises, and so on. Some of these plants we
still use, some we have neglected, many have been improved, new
hybrids have been made from them, or special culture has made
them larger or more floriferous. Mr. E. Augustus Bowles has
been working for a number of years with crocuses and has pro­duced
some lovely new varieties which are now coming on the
market. Some of these are Copenhagen Blue ( light and dark
blue), Mrs. E. A. Bowles ( pale yellow), Kittywake and Bunting
( mauve), Sun Bird ( blue with glow of yellow), Herbert Edel-sten
( red- purple and white), and many others.
The narcissi we see pictured in Parkinson can, many of them,
be found in old gardens today and one or two wild species can
be easily recognized. Narcissus triandrus is certainly there and
N. Bulbocodium also, and these, while rare in cultivation, can be
procured. N. cyclamineus is another known over three hundred
years ago, lost for most of that time, rediscovered, and now much
used in hybridizing. Charming hybrids from these old species are
Harvest Moon, Golden Ingot, Mrs. L. Harrison, and Trewirgie.
Wonderful things are being done abroad in the breeding of daf­fodils
and a few people are starting here but we are far behind.
73
There are one or two collections now in this country that have
fine modern daffodils in them; one is that of Mr. Mead at Fort
Wayne, another that of Mrs. Foote of Grand Rapids. Mr. Wister
has a good collection, Mr. Morrison a very choice one, also Miss
Beirne of Ashland, Va., and one of the best is, I hear, that of Mrs.
Davis of Nashville, Tennessee. There are some fine commercial
collections, of course, but I am speaking of those being used for
breeding. All these people have been allowed permits to import
FIGURE 2. ilen grafting and pruning in 1625. " The same today."
good varieties, because they are doing breeding or are going to
sell. It seems sad to think that the rest of us who merely want to
improve our gardens and horticulture in general are prevented
from having our own particular choice from the good foreign
varieties. If we have a discriminating taste that will not let us
grow Will Scarlett because of the wingy perianth, and, if we
have money to spend, why should we not be allowed Fortune,
Fortune's Gift, Fortune's Cheer, Coverack Gem, Coverack Per­fection,
and many others? If we desire a new and clear white
double daffodil, may we be allowed to have Daphne?
74
But, to go back to Parkinson, among his irises we see old
friends, old enemies too, and, should we look in Redoute at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, we will see the dwarf bearded
irises, several of them, both /. pumila and /. Chamaeiris looking
just as in Parkinson and also as in our gardens. We are still
recommending Iris cvanea, which is a form of Chamaeiris, as one
of the best to be had among blue- purple dwarfs, and the American
Iris Society is still trying to get Swertii out of our gardens, for
there are flowers to be had in the same color that are far, far
better.
Not only do we have old things still in use but we have new
theories about plants, and we still have botanists who are switch­ing
the same old plant about from one genus to another!
And then, besides old varieties improved we have new hybrids
made between different groups such as the Oncocyclus irises and
Regelias that have been crossed to form the Regelio- cyclus group,
the so- called Intermediate irises, first made by crossing dwarf
bearded forms with tall ones, and then we have new colors in
plants.
And sometimes we do find new plants too, although one would
think the world had been adequately explored. Such was the case
with irises in Louisiana, where Dr. John K. Small has discovered
so many new species and hybrids of colors not known in that type
of iris before.
And with all this there is little reason for having one's garden
exactly the same as everybody's. Why is it that gardeners have
to be sheep and do everything on the flock system? Let us be
original, restraining ourselves just enough so that we use ma­terial
that will hold its own through the ages with good contem­porary
taste.
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM.
75
BEGONIAS1
The Begonia family is one of the most interesting and impor­tant
tender- plant groups in cultivation today, comprising as it does
a vast number of hybrid forms in addition to almost 500 species
which are found growing naturally throughout the most tropical
and subtropical regions of the earth, being especially abundant in
India and in South America.
From this number the gardener can select kinds to provide a
succession of bloom throughout the whole year and varieties
adapted to such varied purposes as greenhouse and conservatory
decoration, window or sun- room cultivation, window- box embel­lishment,
and bedding- out in the summer garden. As greenhouse
plants, various kinds can be grown in pots or hanging baskets or
trained up pillars; in the open garden wre have the choice of the
fibrous- rooted semperfiorens group or the larger- flowered and
more exotic- looking tuberous varieties.
Botanically the Begonias form a natural group, and although
widely variable, their chief characteristics are so constant that a
Begonia can usually be recognized as such even by a novice in
things horticultural. The flowers vary in color from pure white
to scarlet and deep crimson and through every shade of yellow to
richest orange. Several kinds ( as Begonia Rex) possess very
handsomely colored foliage.
The first species to be introduced to cultivation was Begonia
nitida, which came to England from Jamaica in 1777. From then
on new species were introduced from time to time until shortly
after the middle of the 19th century the discovery and introduc­tion
of B. Rex excited great interest among horticulturists. But
the great impetus to Begonia- growing came a few years later when
the tuberous- rooted species began to come from South America,
commencing with Begonia Pearcei from Bolivia in 1865. In the
hands of the hybridists these species soon gave rise to magnificent
large- flowered single and double forms in a rich assortment of
colors, culminating in the splendid kinds we cultivate in our gar­dens
and greenhouses today.
The year 1880 marked a most important milestone in the history
of Begonias under cultivation, for in this year B. socotrana was
1 Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on
Saturday afternoon, January 30, 193^
introduced to cultivation by Prof. Bayley- Balfour, of Edinburgh
Botanic Garden. This species proved to be of the greatest value
to the hybridist and was the forerunner of the two important
classes of winter- flowering hybrids grown today, namely, the
Gloire de Lorraine types and the so- called large- flowered section,
of which such varieties as Optima and Mrs. Heal are representa­tives.
These large- flowering winter- blooming varieties resulted
from crossing Begonia socotrana with the tuberous- rooted species
and their hybrids, while Gloire de Lorraine was a result of hy­bridizing
B. socotrana with the fibrous- rooted B. Dregei. The
" Christmas Begonias," which are so popular about the festive sea­son,
belong to the Gloire de Lorraine section.
The culture of Begonias presents but few difficulties, the large
winter- flowering hybrids being most exacting in this respect. The
tropical species succeed best in temperatures of from 55 to 60 de­grees
at night during the winter months with a few degrees rise
in the daytime permitted. In summer a night temperature of 7$
is not too high, and this may be permitted to rise during the day­time.
Other species thrive in temperatures five or ten degrees
lower than these.
All enjoy moist atmospheric conditions with some shade from
the strong summer sunshine but full exposure to all available light
from mid- October to mid- February. Begonias are particularly
impatient of drafts and sudden changes in temperature, either of
which will quickly cause the leaves to fall. A plentiful supply of
humus in the soil is essential and extremely good drainage should
be provided, for, while Begonias require moist soil conditions,
stagnant moisture spells disaster.
The fibrous- rooted species and varieties are especially well
adapted to the requirements of the amateur. Of these, Begonia
Haageana, B. Thurstoni, B. semperfiorens and such rhizomatous
kinds as B. manicata, B. conchaefolia and B. Fcasti are to be
recommended. All are easily propagated by means of cuttings of
the young shoots taken in the months of April or May and in­serted
in moist sand, the atmosphere being kept " close," and the
cuttings shaded until such time as roots are emitted.
When a good root system is developed, pot the young plants into
a mixture of loam, leaf- mold ( or humus) and coarse sand. Do
not press the soil firmly at this time. Even at subsequent pottings
77
Begonias should be potted fairly lightly. Water with care, en­deavoring
to maintain the soil always moist but never overwet,
and on the mornings of bright days lightly spray the foliage over­head
with clear water.
As the plants grow they must be moved into larger pots, the size
of the receptacles being increased a little at a time. In these sub­sequent
transfers use a soil similar to that already advised except
that fertilizer in the form of some old, rotted manure and Scotch
soot at the rate of a six- inch pot- full to each bushel of compost
may be added with advantage. When the final pots are filled with
roots, systematic feeding may be commenced, using dilute liquid
cow- manure alternated with weak soot- water and varied occa­sionally
by the use of an approved commercial fertilizer.
The Wax Begonia ( a common name applied to all varieties of
B. semperfiorens) in addition to being an excellent house plant is
also fine for use in the summer garden and will withstand sun
better than any other. It is usually grown from seed, although
cuttings root readily. The seed should be sown in January or
February in pots or flats containing a mixture consisting of loam,
sharp sand and leaf- mold ( or humus) in about equal proportions,
the whole having been passed through a sieve having a quarter-inch
mesh. Provide plenty of drainage in the receptacles and
fill to within a little way of the top, surfacing off with a light
covering of the same compost passed through a piece of fine
screen- meshing, making the surface perfectly level. Water well
with boiling water and allow to drain for fifteen minutes before
sowing the seed.
Sow thinly and evenly. As the seed is extremely fine it should
not be covered at all but merely lightly pressed into the surface
with a piece of smooth, dry board, the pot or flat then being cov­ered
with glass and a piece of strong paper and placed in a
warm, moist atmosphere. Examine carefully every day and as
soon as the first signs of germination are apparent remove the
paper and glass and gradually accustom the young plants to the
light, later transplanting to other flats and then potting as advised
for cuttings. These Begonias may be planted out in the garden
after all danger of damage from frost is passed.
Rex Begonias can be readily propagated by taking a leaf and
nicking through the junctions of the main veins with a keen- bladed
78
knife, the leaf then being pinned down on moist sand under
similar atmospheric conditions advised for stem- cuttings. A
young plantlet will arise from each incision, and when a leaf or
two and a fair mass of roots is developed these may be detached
and potted.
Tuberous Begonias are summer- bloomers and will succeed well
in a sheltered sunny spot in the garden if the soil is moist. The
amateur should purchase tubers in the spring, for raising seedlings
requires much care and greenhouse facilities. The tubers may
be started into growth indoors by placing them upside down in
flats containing moist moss or leaf- soil ( this method prevents
water from collecting in the hollow crown and causing rot), and
inverting them as soon as growth is well started, later potting
them into three- or four- inch pots. They may be planted out in
the open garden in early June or may be potted on and utilized
as pot plants. A simpler method is to plant the tubers where
they are to flower a week or ten days after the date when the last
frost may visit the locality. If this plan is followed, they will
not bloom quite so early but will produce a magnificent show
through the late summer and fall.
The Christmas Begonias of the Gloire de Lorraine section do
not make satisfactory house plants and should not be purchased
if a permanent subject is required. They are, however, among
the most decorative of all Begonias. These are usually grown
from leaf- cuttings taken in November or December and many
growers are of the opinion that this method is decidedly the most
satisfactory, but my personal experience shows that equally good
results are obtained from stem- cuttings taken in March or April
and these latter are far less troublesome to root.
Plants of the larger- flowered, winter- blooming section are per­haps
the choicest of all Begonias, but these test the skill of the
professional gardener with every greenhouse facility at com­mand
and are quite hopeless unless they can be accorded the
specialized conditions they demand. They are usually grown
from basal cuttings taken in spring. After flowering is the most
critical period and at this time every effort must be made to keep
the foliage green as long as possible, yet only the minimum amount
of water must be given, for the plants are inactive and in a rest­ing
condition at this time.
T. H. EVERETT.
79
HOUSE PLANT EXHIBIT
Special exhibits of plants recommended for house culture are
now on display at the Museum Building, at Conservatory Range
i, and at Conservatory Range 2. These were arranged by Mr.
Becker and include some of the most dependable plants for the
living room. House plants must be resistant to dry air, to rather
high temperatures, and to shading. It takes more sunlight to pro­duce
flowers than to keep foliage plants in good health. Accord­ingly,
there are more good house plants among the foliage plants
than among those that are grown especially for their flowers.
The foliage plants in the exhibit include two species of Sansevi­eria,
Pandanus, Begonia Rex, Zebrina pendula, Codaeums ( Cro-tons),
Wax Palm ( Chrysalidocarpus lutescens), English Ivy,
Rubber Plant ( Ficus elastica), Curculigo recurvata, Gasteria,
Cotyledon, Creeping Nettle ( Helxine), Billbergia, Sedum, Forked
Boston Fern, Hoya carnosa, Aloe, and Coleus repens.
Two cacti, Opuntia and the Night- blooming Cereus ( Seleni­cereus),
are included, and Christmas Cactus ( Zygocactus) and
Phyllocactus might well be included. These, the South African
Aloe and Gasteria, and the Cotyledon may all be regarded as des­ert
plants; and the Sansevierias are also quite drouth- resistant.
Others, like the Billbergia and Boston Fern are in their native
haunts tree- dwellers or epiphytes, and so must be inured to occa­sional
drouths, between rains.
In contrast, the Rex Begonias, Coleus repens, and Wandering
Jew ( Zebrina pendula) belong to the moist tropics.
Among the plants grown for their flowers are " Amaryllis "
( Hippeastrum), Geranium, Hoya carnosa or Wax Plant, and the
Everblooming Begonia, which is probably the most dependable
flowering plant for the average home living- room. The Amaryl­lis
is now in full bloom, before the leaves appear, and it can be so
managed that it will make its main growth of foliage during the
summer outdoors, in which case it can be bloomed indoors with
comparatively little sunlight during the winter.
FORMAN T. MCLEAN.
PRACTICAL GARDENING
The course under the above title, announced in the JOURNAL
for March, started March 2, 1932, with thirty- four people en­rolled.
Seed flats were prepared and seeds of annuals started in
them. These will be grown on the bench at Conservatory Range
2 until planting time. The following topics were discussed:
SEED FLATS
The usual flat used for growing seedlings is four inches deep
and a convenient size is about 12 x 18 inches. The best of them
are made of cypress wood and will last for three or four years.
Ordinary packing boxes can be cut down and used for seed flats,
but the pine wood, from which most of them are made, rots out in
one or two years. The bottom boards of the flat should be spaced
about one quarter inch apart to allow for drainage. If these
chinks are too wide it will be necessary in filling the flats to cover
them with bits of broken crocks, leaves, or coarse leaf mold.
A soil suitable for growing most seeds consists of two parts
fibrous garden loam, one part sharp sand, and one part humus
or leaf mould. The best loam for use in seed flats is old sod
which has been piled up and rotted for about six months. This
contains enough well- decayed organic matter to make it loose
and friable. Ordinary field or garden soil may be used, but will
not be nearly so good. The sand should be good and sharp so
that it will pack reasonably well. The leaf mold or humus
used should be about half decayed, a part of it still being fibrous
and showing some leaf structure. Each of these three ingredients
should first be sifted through a one- fourth- inch sieve and mixed
thoroughly. If the mixing is done with the sifting, it will be
easier than to mix separately.
Then fill each flat a little over- full of this material, tap the
flat down on the floor once or twice to settle the soil, but not pack
it, then run a board along the top to level the soil even with the
top boards of the flat. Then use a small board as a tamper and
pack the soil down until it is evenly firmed and about one half
inch below the top. There should be no low spots or humps in
it.
For sowing the seeds, make furrows of suitable depth one
and one half inches apart. The depth will depend on the size
82
of the seed, the usual rule being to put the seeds in the soil two
and one half times their thickness at a distance about equal to
five times the thickness of the seed. The distance apart will de­pend
upon how long the plants will remain in the flats and
whether the particular kinds are especially subject to damping
off. Sow seeds that are subject to damping off much more
thinly than the average. If the seeds are chaffy and known to
be of low germination they may, of course, be sown thickly.
After sowing, all except the very finest seeds should be covered
and the soil again packed down. For very fine seeds, such as
Begonias, Lobelias and Petunias, sow them on the surface and
cover with a light dusting of soil from a sieve of wire mosquito
netting.
After sowing, water thoroughly with a very fine spray or, if
dealing with exceedingly small seeds that are liable to be disturbed
by watering, cover the flat with one layer of newspaper, turn in
the corners so the newspaper rests directly on the soil with edges
turned up, then fill the hollow thus made with water and let it
soak in through the paper. After this the paper can be left on for
four or five days until the seeds begin to develop. This method
of watering was demonstrated by Mrs. Lockwood at our last
meeting and proved most effective.
SOILS AND FERTILIZERS
Practically all soils can be benefitted by regular fertilizing.
The amount and kind of material to use will depend not only
on the past history of the soil, but on its texture and character.
A loose loamy soil containing a small amount of sand is the easiest
to handle. A stiff clay may prove more fertile, but is harder to
keep in good condition and is liable to become acid and for many
garden crops to need liming. Sandy soil is the easiest to work, is
apt to be the least fertile, and requires the most attention in
fertilizing and manuring.
While plants require, in varying amounts, a large proportion
of the ninety- two chemical elements now recognized, and while
we are constantly learning more about their needs for minute
quantities of the rarer substances, we need now to consider only
three chemical aids. These are nitrogen ( N), phosphorus
( PX),), and potash ( KX>).
§ 3
Of these three the most constantly needed is nitrogen. Next
to carbon and water, which form the real basis of all living mate­rial,
nitrogen is used in the greatest amount. This used to be sup­plied
as ammonia in manures and organic wastes. Nowadays,
since we depend more and more on machinery and less on live­stock,
manures are becoming scarce and gardeners must depend
on chemicals for fertilizer. There are certain advantages, par­ticularly
in nitrogenous fertilizers, even where manure is plen­tiful.
For instance, in early spring and during cool seasons,
manure does not decay rapidly enough to supply an optimum
amount of nitrogen for plant growth. Then nitrate of soda,
sulphate of ammonia or some other immediately soluble nitrogen
compound will give immediate and beneficial results even on soil
heavily manured.
Phosphorus, the next most important fertilizer, is specially im­portant
in cell- building and so is most useful in encouraging
flower and seed production. The old- fashioned source of this was
bone, supplied as ground bone, steamed bonemeal, or acid- treated
bone. Bone in the natural state decays very slowly and even
finely ground bone takes six or seven years to become fully avail­able,
so it is both slow- acting and very safe to use. A quicker
source of phosphorus is acid- treated rock phosphate from our
eastern states. This is sold in the trade as superphosphate and
the greater part of the phosphorus in it is soluble and immediately
useful. Manure is normally very poor in phosphorus, so either
bone or superphosphate should be used to supplement it at the
rate of about one hundred pounds or somewhat more per ton of
manure used.
The third important fertilizer, potash, is abundant in manures.
It may also be supplied from sources such as wood ashes, the
ash from hardwood being much superior to that from pine or
other conifers. A good grade of wood ashes, not too much leached
by the weather, contains from ten to fifteen percent potash. The
commercial source of potash is now the salts produced by the
French and German potash mines. The raw material from these
is muriate ( chloride) of potassium which contains about forty
percent potash. The purified potash, which is sulphate of
potassium, contains fifty percent potash.
The amounts of these used on the soil is approximately as
follows: nitrate of soda— about one pound per hundred square
84
feet; superphosphate— about two pounds per hundred square
feet, or bonemeal at nearly the same rate; muriate of potash—
not more than one half pound per hundred square feet; one
third pound would be better.
MIXED FERTILIZERS
The law in New York State and in most states requires that
fertilizer dealers print the analysis of their fertilizers on the
package as sold. This analysis is usually given as three per­centages,
the first number representing the amount of nitrogen
in percent of the total; the second, the amount of phosphorus;
and the third, the amount of potash. Thus, a good fertilizer
nowadays will have approximately the formula about 5- 10- 5,
that is, five percent nitrogen, ten percent phosphorus, and five
percent potash. Since this contains only about one third as much
strength of nitrogen as nitrate of soda, it can be used at the rate
of three pounds per hundred square feet with advantage. A
mixed fertilizer of such moderate concentration usually contains
some immediately available material and some that is slow- acting,
so that one or two applications per year of such material is
sufficient. For gardens that are worked intensively and from
which quicker results are demanded, a more concentrated and
highly soluble material may be required. To meet this demand
some dealers are putting out fertilizers of highly soluble material
of formula 15- 30— 15 or thereabouts. This should be used fre­quently
and in small amounts, since it is highly soluble and liable
to " burn." A good rule is to use concentrated fertilizers in about
the same way you would nitrate of soda; that is, about a pound
per hundred square feet at a time, repeating the dose every month
or so. For dahlias and show flowers, a still smaller application
every ten days may prove successful. In my own garden I have
made no effort to secure any organic manure at all and have
used only decaying leaf moulds, different kinds of commercial
humus, and chemical fertilizers. The results have been entirely
satisfactory; and at the agricultural experiment stations, fields
have been fertilized chemically for half a century with good
production, with no use of manure at all.
FORMAN T. MCLEAN,
Supervisor of Public Education.
A BOTANIST'S RAMBLES THROUGH THE
WEST INDIES1
The West Indian tropics have a peculiar charm for those who
have been there. It may be due to the dense vegetation, the
gorgeous flowers, birds, and insects, or the blue skies and the
azure Caribbean. The many people, of different race and color,
and the odd customs and dress add to the interest. Combined,
they cause a yearning to go again and this yearning inspired the
wanderlust during the cold days of the winter of 1930.
The West Indies stretch in a long chain of over two thousand
miles from east of Yucatan to within a few miles of Venezuela.
The four large western islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti- San
Domingo, and Porto Rico are called the Greater Antilles, and the
smaller ones, in a curved chain southward from Porto Rico, the
Lesser Antilles. It was to the latter that our journey carried us.
In these Lesser Antilles are several hundred islands, but aside
from those to be mentioned, there are only four or five large and
important enough for steamers to stop at, the others being very
small or mere uninhabited rocks. A few of the islands are of the
so- called coral formation, Barbados being the largest. The
others are of volcanic origin, the tops of a high range of moun­tains
which in past geologic time was the rim of a stagnant marsh,
and which marsh by later subsidence became the Caribbean Sea.
There are said to be eleven volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles,
several of which have been violently active within historic time.
Numerous other evidences of volcanic activity also exist. All of
the islands are within the tropics, lying between about ten and
eighteen degrees of north latitude.
Our first stop was made at St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands,
and later ones ranging in duration from a few hours to a full
day, were made at St. Croix, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Antigua,
Dominica, St. Lucia, and Martinique. All these islands appear
to be much alike when observed superficially, but the close ob­server
will note many differences between them, in their geology,
their flora and fauna, and their people. We have pleasant recol­lections
of Dominica, a botanist's paradise, and Martinique, with
its great volcano Mont Pelee.
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on Saturday afternoon, November 21, 1931.
86
After Martinique we arrived at Barbados, where we had
planned to stay a week, so that I could study the famous deposits
of infusorial earth that are located there. They are in the north­eastern
part of the island, in a hilly section called Scotland be­cause
of its resemblance to the crags and valleys of old Scot­land.
The deposits are composed principally of the fossil,
siliceous remains of microscopic organisms called Radiolaria,
which are animals, but among them are numerous beautiful
diatoms, a low group of microscopic plants in which I am par­ticularly
interested. I was fortunate in making the acquaintance
of an English gentleman resident on the island, who also is a
student of these organisms and from him obtained much in­formation.
Barbados is of " coral" formation. It is low, without
forests or jungles, and not as interesting from a botanist's stand­point
as the other islands visited.
A night's run brought us to Trinidad, the largest and probably
the most interesting of the Lesser Antilles. Port of Spain, a city
of 70,000 inhabitants, many of whom are coolies, is the capital
and numbers among its people many cultured scientific men and
women. I had the pleasure of becoming acquainted with many
of them during our three weeks' stay, and this afforded oppor­tunities
for seeing much of the island. There are vast forests,
jungles, and marshes in which wild animal life still abounds.
The luxurious growth of tropical plants and flowers is every­where.
The oil fields and the famous pitch lake from which
New York City's streets have been paved are interesting sights.
My interest here was in the Myxomycetes, a low group of
living organisms, lying in the border- land between the animals
and the plants. Many interesting collecting trips into the cocoa
plantations and the Mora forest yielded sufficient specimens to
indicate their probable abundance at the proper season. Ar­rangements
made with local collectors to continue the work
have so far yielded good results.
Our stay in charming Trinidad came to a close. We returned
on the same vessel that brought us down, and after ten days,
stopping again at all the islands to say adieux to friends, we ar­rived
at New York, filled with glorious memories.
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN.
87
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE1
How observation of natural forms is stimulating to the de­signer's
sense of beauty, and why observation of natural
processes is essential to stability and success in the work of the
landscape architect are told in an article by the late O. C. Simonds
in the first quarterly issue of Landscape Architecture for 1932.
But, warns the author, the designer must be careful to make the
proper selection of the material and arrangements that nature
offers.
A new botanical publication, Leaflets of Western Botany, by
Alice Eastwood and John Thomas Howell made its appearance
on January 16, 1932, in San Francisco. It contains " The
Pittosporums in California Garden and Parks" by Miss East­wood
and " A New California Baeria" by Mr. Howell.
* * * *
" Hellebores in Folk- lore and Fact" in The Gardeners' Chron­icle
for January 9, cites curious myths and early beliefs sur­rounding
this poisonous root, more than one of which bestows
upon it the power to cure insanity. Its original name was
Melampode, in honor of the shepherd Melampus, who was first
believed to have used it.
* * * *
Three new patents which have been granted for plants are
described in the December Journal of Heredity. The recipients
are Joseph Spanbauer, for a variety of rose produced by
hybridizing; Otto A. Mueller, for an improved fragrant white
carnation; and Elmer L. Pollard and Jubal E. Sherrill, for a
thornless young dewberry.
* * * *
H. O. Evans writes of his experiences with thrips in The
Gladiolus Review for February. In telling how they can best
be controlled, he advises, among other steps, fumigating bulbs
and spraying the plants every ten days after they are six inches
high.
1 All publications mentioned here— and many others— are available in the
library of The New York Botanical Garden in the Museum Building.
88
Trees in and around the city of Washington, and trees asso­ciated
with the life of George Washington, fill most of the pages
of American Forests for February. Many fine photographs
adorn this issue, and there is also a horticultural map of Lafayette
Park in the National Capitol.
New books reviewed by Willard N. Clute in his January num­ber
of The American Botanist include, besides his own " Swamp
and Dune," " The Garden of the World" by Janet McGill ( tech­nical
botany for younger readers) ; " The Modern Nursery" by
Alex. Laurie and L. C. Chadwick; " Adventures in a Suburban
Garden" by Louise Beebe Wilder; " Fieldwork for the Local
Botanist" by A. S. Hitchcock; " Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M.
Grieve ( first published in England, but now brought out in the
United States) ; and " Trees in Winter" by A. F. Blakeslee and
C. D. Jarvis.
* * * *
How mosses can be used effectively in landscape gardening is
revealed in the September issue of The Bryologist. Give them
abundant moisture, keep them clear of dead leaves and other
coverings, and select suitable species for each location, advises
A. J. Grout, the author.
Romaine B. Ware writes of garden pools in Nature Magazine
for March, illustrating in words and pictures how to install pools,
what to plant in and around them, and how to care for such a
garden. Horticulture for February i also has an article on " The
Place of Pools in the Garden Picture."
* * * #
There is an excellent gardening guide in House and Garden
for March, prepared by F. F. Rockwell. It gives, in tabulated
form, suggestions for planting vines, trees ( both evergreen and
deciduous), shrubs, perennials, and annuals in the Northeast,
Northwest, and Middle West, giving the color, size, character,
uses, requirements, and season of each plant.
* * * *
Many cypress stumps, all upright, and one of them seventeen
feet in circumference, have been found in a recent excavation in
downtown Philadelphia, Bartonia tells in its issue of February
13. The excavation uncovered 2800 cubic feet of swamp sod 38
feet below the street and ten feet below sea- level. It is believed
the trees grew there prior to the last glaciation of the region.
The small garden becomes a fairyland when trees with showy
flowers are used. C. F. Greeves- Carpenter tells which ones to
plant in the Gardeners' Chronicle of America for February.
Cacti and other succulents used in interior decoration are fea­tured
in the Cactus and Succulent Journal for January. Among
the wall decorations and table ornaments shown is an exquisite
Echeveria moulded in enameled copper.
* * * *
American Forests for January contains some magnificent
photographic studies entitled " The Garden in Winter"; also a
tempting sketch of Dominica as a botanical paradise by Paul
Griswold Howes.
Snapdragons for the garden and how to care for them, and
" hollow- wall" gardening, in which a brick enclosure is filled with
flowers and hanging vines, are two of the interesting gardening
features in Nature Magazine for February.
* * * *
The American Home for February offers among other articles,
" Embowered Beauty in Vines," " Flowering Plants for the
Shaded Nook," and " Modern Fashions in Old- time Flowers."
* * * *
How grass has formed the foundation for civilization and
wealth throughout all ages the world over is the fascinating story
unfolded in the book called " Grass," written by A. S. Hitchcock
and Agnes Chase of the United States Department of Agricul­ture
and recently published by the Smithsonian Institution.
" Man's first attempt to control his fate, to provide for future
need instead of remaining the victim of droughts or other unto­ward
circumstances, must have been on grasslands where the
young calves, lambs, and kids he caught and tamed could find
forage," the authors say. " It was on grasslands, too, that primi-
9o
tive man, after he had reached the food- producing as dis­tinguished
from the food- gathering stage, developed most
rapidly." And thus is the history of man traced from country
to country, and from lower to ever higher levels of civilization,
always with grass— that is, with feed for animals and grains as
food for man himself, as the basis of his changing life.
* * * *
A new- illustrated manual of the flora of Quebec, written by
Pere Louis- Marie under the title of " Flore- Manuel " has just
been issued in French. It is designated as Contribution 23 from
the Tnstitut Agricole d'Oka.
* * * *
The Proceedings of the Americal Society for Horticultural
Science for 1930, recently published, contains a host of material
of value to flower, fruit, and vegetable- growers. There are
nearly 600 pages of text, with abundant illustrations and an
index, containing about 150 authoritative articles on horticulture
done in readable language.
* * * #
Chrysanthemums are a feature of The Gardeners' Chronicle
for January 16. One especially noteworthy plant illustrated is
a small- flowered Sho- Rin from Hibiya Park in Tokyo, where it
is grown in the Ken- gai style— that is, " hanging over a precipice."
There is another photograph of this " cascade" chrysanthemum,
as it is generally known, in the Gardenej- s' Chronicle of America
for February, and still another in the Bulletin of the Missouri
Botanical Garden for January.
Those interested in the discussions of the International Botan­ical
Congress in Cambridge, England, in 1930, will find a com'
plete report of them in the volume of Proceedings which has just
been issued.
* * * *
The centenarv of Robert Brown's discovery of the nucleus of
plant cells is described, with excerpts from his notes, in The
Journal of Botany for January. A centenary exhibit was shown
in the British Museum, where the discoverer was once Keeper
of Botany.
9i
Horticulture for February i mentions a new double sweet-scented
nasturtium known as " Golden Gleam."
* * * *
" Pitch Pine in Pennsylvania" is the title of Research Bulletin
2 of the State Department of Forests and Waters in Pennsyl­vania.
The authors. Joseph S. Illick and John E. Aughanbaugh,
point to Finns rigida as an important tree of many uses, the most
widely spread tree in the state and the most fire- resistant ever­green.
* * * *
So entrancing are the pictures in The National Horticultural
Magazine for January that one hesitates to recommend one article
more than another. Among the offerings are a series of photo­graphs
from Berlin, some special material on saxifrage, and
many pictures from exquisite rock gardens in bloom.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. J. H. Faull, Professor of Forest Pathology in Harvard
University, spent a day in the Garden recently, looking over
specimens of plant rusts in connection with the monograph of
the genus MUesia occurring on ferns and firs.
The Economic Museum is in receipt ( October 7) of a speci­men
of Asimina triloba, or paw- paw, consisting of four fruits and
a leaf- bearing twig, and representing a variety that is generally
recognized in the Ohio Valley under the name " White Paw- paw."
The donor is Mr. William H. Rudder, a valued correspondent,
a pharmacist of Salem, Indiana, and a keenly observant local
botanist. Mr. Rudder submits the following remarks concerning
this variety:
" They are not looked on with favor by the lovers of the yellow
paw- paw, which grows larger and longer, with a deep cream to
golden yellow meat, and also ripens earlier. The only other dif­ference
I have observed is in the size of the bushes. I have
never found the two growing together. The white bushes are
five to fifteen feet high and the yellow eight to thirty feet or
more."
92
The variability of this species is well- known, but most of its
variations are inconstant and accidental, whereas the one here
considered is so constant and well- characterized as to be gen­erally
recognized among country people and to have a definite
name. As stated by Mr. Rudder, the fruit characters as to size,
form, and color of pulp are accompanied by a smaller habit of
growth and it would appear that it should be recognized as a
definite variety in botanical literature. [ H. H. RUSBY]
Meteorology for February: The maximum temperatures
recorded at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or
part of a week were: 560 F on the 7th; 60° on the 8th; 48° on
the 17th; and 580 on the 26th. The minimum temperatures
recorded were: 19° F. on the 1st; 21° on the 15th; 14° on the
21st; and 160 on the 24th and the 25th. The total precipitation
for the month was 2.45 inches. This includes a half inch of snow
figured as .05 inches of rainfall, which fell on the 17th of the
month. Traces of snow fell on the 4th, the 24th, and the 29th
of the month.
Meteorology for March. The maximum temperatures recorded
at The New York Botanical Garden for each week or part of a
week were: 590 F. on the 5th; 460 on the 12th; 54° on the 19th;
630 on the 26th ; and 57° on the 31st. The minimum temperatures
recorded were: 29° on the 5th; 13° on the 10th; 140 on the 15th;
24° on the 21st; and 31" on the 29th. The total precipitation for
the month was 4.43 inches. Traces of snow fell on the 7th, the
14th, and the 21st.
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non- technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $ 1.00 a year. Now in its thirty- third volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $ 5.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [ Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twenty-fourth
volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied
by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number,
thirty- two in each volume. Subscription price, $ 10.00 a year. [ Not
offered in exchange.] Now in its seventeenth volume.
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
Director- in- Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em­bodying
results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to
others, $ 3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer­ica,
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned
to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of
four or more parts. 71 parts now issued. Subscription price, $ 1- 5° Per
part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $ 2.00 each. [ Not
offered in exchange.]
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of
the Garden, vols. I- VI, $ 1.50 per volume; to others, $ 3.00. Vol. VII, $ 2.50
to members; to others, $ 5.00.
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel­lowstone
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map.
1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel­opment,
by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischer-ville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. x i i i + 138 pp., with 29
plates. 1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor, vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni­versary
of The New York Botanical Garden, viii + 594 pp., with 43
plates and many text figures. 1916.
Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae from Porto Rico, by N. L.
Gardner; The Flower Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Descrip­tions
of New Genera and Species of Plants Collected on the Mulford
Biological Exploration of the Amazon Valley, 1921- 1922, by H. H. Rusby;
and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, Kootenay Valley, British Co­lumbia,
by Arthur Hollick. v i i i + 464 pp., with 47 plates, 10 charts, and
II text- figures. 1927.
Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $ 5.00 per
volume. Now in its first volume.
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech­nical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $ 5.00 per vol­ume.
In the fourteenth volume.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving
plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries.
Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies,
water- lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays
of greenhouse- blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants.
An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer­ican
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­istic
flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 41,700 books
and numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above
features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and
forestal subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor single contribution $ 25,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000
Member for Life single contribution 250
Fellowship Member annual fee 100
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
Annual Member annual fee 10
Contributions to the Garden mny be deducted from taxable incomea.
The following is an approved form of bequest:
/ hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of .
Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor
or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime.
All requests for further information should be sent to
T H E NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.